| Revision as of 22:25, 3 November 2021 editInvasive Spices (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users22,124 editsm The first paragraphs of both articles explain why: They are not synonymous just pretty close.Tags: citing a blog or free web host Removed redirect Undo Reverted Disambiguation links added← Previous edit | Revision as of 22:30, 3 November 2021 edit undoHemiauchenia (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users59,915 edits Undid revision 1053440835 by Invasive Spices (talk) This is currently being discussed at WT:TOL do not restore until the discussion is resolvedTags: New redirect Undo RevertedNext edit → | ||
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| #REDIRECT ] | |||
| {{other uses}} | |||
| {{short description|Subclass of arachnids}} | |||
| {{Automatic taxobox | |||
| | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Early Devonian|recent}} | |||
| | image = Peacock mite, Tuckerella sp.jpg | |||
| | image_caption = ] (''Tuckerella'' sp.),<br />] ], magnified 260× | |||
| | taxon = Acari | |||
| | authority = ], 1817 | |||
| | subdivision_ranks = Superorders | |||
| | subdivision = | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| and see ] | |||
| }} | |||
| The '''Acari''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|k|ər|aɪ}} (or '''Acarina''' {{IPAc-en|æ|k|ə|ˈ|r|aɪ|n|ə}}) are a ] of ] that contains ]s and ]s. The diversity of the Acari is extraordinary and their ] goes back to at least the early ] period.<ref>{{cite web |first1= David Evans | last1= Walter| first2= Gerald |last2= Krantz| first3= Evert |last3= Lindquist |title=Acari. The Mites |url= http://tolweb.org/Acari/2554/1996.12.13 |date=December 13, 1996 |publisher= ] |access-date=June 21, 2010}}</ref> Acarologists (people who study the Acari) have proposed a complex set of taxonomic ranks to classify mites. In most modern treatments, the Acari are considered a ] of the Arachnida and are composed of two or three ]s or ]: ] (or Actinotrichida), ] (or Anactinotrichida), and ]; the latter is often considered a subgroup within the Parasitiformes. The ] of the Acari is open to debate, and the relationships of the acarines to other arachnids is not at all clear.<ref name=Garw>{{cite journal|title=Three-dimensional reconstruction and the phylogeny of extinct chelicerate orders|first1=Russell J.|last1=Garwood|first2=Jason A.| last2= Dunlop |year= 2014| journal= PeerJ| volume= 2| pages= e641| doi= 10.7717/peerj.641 |pmid= 25405073 |pmc= 4232842}}</ref> In older treatments, the subgroups of the Acarina were placed at order rank, but as their own subdivisions have become better understood, treating them at the superorder rank is more usual. | |||
| Most acarines are minute to small (for example, {{cvt|0.08|-|1.00|mm|disp=or|3}}), but the largest (some ticks and ]s) may reach lengths of {{cvt|10|-|20|mm|1}}. Over 50,000 species have been described (as of 1999) and an estimated million or more species may exist. The study of mites and ticks is called ''']''' (from ] {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀκαρί}}/{{Lang|grc|ἄκαρι}}, {{transl|grc|akari}}, a type of mite; and {{wikt-lang|grc|-λογία}}, ]),<ref name="Walter">{{cite book |first1= D. E. | last1= Walter| first2=H. C.| last2= Proctor |year=1999 |title=Mites: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour |publisher=University of NSW Press, Sydney and ], Wallingford |isbn=978-0-86840-529-2}}</ref> and the leading ]s for acarology include '']'', '']'' and the '']''. | |||
| ==Morphology== | |||
| Mites are ]s, and as such, evolved from a segmented body with the segments organised into two ]: a ] (cephalothorax) and an ] (abdomen). However, only the faintest traces of primary segmentation remain in mites; the prosoma and opisthosoma are fused, and a region of flexible cuticle (the circumcapitular furrow) separates the chelicerae and pedipalps from the rest of the body. This anterior body region is called the capitulum or ], and according to some works, is also found in the ]. The remainder of the body is called the idiosoma and is unique to mites. | |||
| Most adult mites have four pairs of legs, like other arachnids, but some have fewer. For example, gall mites like '']'' (family ]) have a worm-like body with only two pairs of legs; some parasitic mites have only one or three pairs of legs in the adult stage. Larval and prelarval stages have a maximum of three pairs of legs; adult mites with only three pairs of legs may be called 'larviform'. Also, members of the Nematalycidae within the ], which live between sand grains, have often worm-like and elongated bodies with reduced legs.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://macromite.wordpress.com/category/endeostigmata/ |website= macromite.wordpress.com| title= Of Knots & Worms Not: Gordialycus| date= May 23, 2010| access-date= October 31, 2017}}</ref> | |||
| The mouth parts of mites may be adapted for biting, stinging, sawing, or sucking. They breathe through ], stigmata (small openings of the skin), intestines, and the skin itself. Species hunting for other mites have very acute senses, but many mites are eyeless. The central eyes of arachnids are always missing, or they are fused into a single eye. Thus, any eye number from none to five may occur.<ref name=schmidt93>{{cite book |first= Günther |last= Schmidt |year=1993 |title=Giftige und gefährliche Spinnentiere |language= de |publisher=Westarp Wissenschaften |isbn=978-3-89432-405-6 |pages=58ff}}</ref> | |||
| ==Ontogeny== | |||
| ]'' (Astigmata); male not shown]] | |||
| ], beside eggs it has just laid]] | |||
| Acarine ] typically consists of an egg, a prelarval stage (often absent), a larval stage (hexapod except in the mite superfamily ], which have only two pairs of legs), and a series of nymphal stages. Any or all of these stages except the adult may be suppressed or occur only within the body of a previous stage. Larvae (and prelarvae) have a maximum of three pairs of legs (legs are often reduced to stubs or absent in prelarvae); legs IV are added at the first nymphal stage. Usually, a maximum of three nymphal stages are present and they are referred to in sequence as the protonymph, deutonymph, and tritonymph; however, some soft ticks have supernumerary nymphal stages. The females of some ] bear sexually mature young. If any nymphal stages are absent, then authors may disagree on which stages are present. Only the ] pass through all developmental stages.<ref name=schmidt93/> | |||
| ==Diversity and lifestyles== | |||
| Acarines are extremely diverse. They live in practically every habitat, and include aquatic (fresh and sea water) and terrestrial species. They outnumber other ]s in the soil ] and ]. Many are ], and they affect both ]s and ]s. Most parasitic forms are external parasites, while the free-living forms are generally ] and may even be used to control undesirable arthropods. Others are ]s that help to break down forest ] and dead organic matter, such as ] cells. Others still are ] and may damage ]. | |||
| The ]s, Astigmata, are found on almost all species of birds, except for penguins, and are highly specialized for life on their hosts. They may feed on ], skin flakes, fungus, bacteria, and feathers, depending on the taxon to which they belong. Their lifestyles are affected by the microclimate (ambient temperature and relative humidity); for example, seasonal change in temperature causes feather mites to shift their microhabitats on ]. However, no evidence shows microclimate affecting mite diversity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Diversity of Feather Mites (Acari: Astigmata) on Darwin's Finches|last1 = Villa|first1 = Scott M|date = October 2013|journal = The Journal of Parasitology|doi = 10.1645/12-112.1|pmid = 23691947|last2 = Bohec|first2 = Celine Le |volume=99 |issue = 5|pages=756–762|pmc = 4098782}}</ref> | |||
| ==Economic and medical importance== | |||
| ] | |||
| Damage to crops is perhaps the most costly economic effect of mites, especially by the ]s and their relatives (Tetranychoidea), earth mites (]), thread-footed mites (]) and the gall and rust mites (]). The ] parasite '']'' has caused or contributed to large-scale die-offs of commercial pollinating populations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Potts|first1=Simon G.|last2=Biesmeijer|first2=Jacobus C.|last3=Kremen|first3=Claire|last4=Neumann|first4=Peter|last5=Schweiger|first5=Oliver|last6=Kunin|first6=William E.|date=2010-06-01|title=Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|volume=25|issue=6|pages=345–353|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007|pmid=20188434|citeseerx=10.1.1.693.292}}</ref> | |||
| Some parasitic forms affect ]s and other ]s, causing damage by their feeding, and can even be ], such as ], ], ], ], ], ], tick-borne ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/eh/progs/consumer/vectman/vcdocs/ticks.pdf | title =Managing Common Tick Pests in Los Angeles County | publisher= Vector Management Program, Department of Health Services, Los Angeles County, California | access-date=May 20, 2009}}</ref> A well-known effect of mites on humans is their role as ]s and the stimulation of ] in people affected by ]. | |||
| The use of predatory mites (for example, ]) in ] and herbivorous mites that infest weeds are also of importance. An unquantified, but major positive contribution of the Acari is their normal functioning in ecosystems, especially their roles in the decomposer subsystem.<ref name="Walter"/> In this context, the association of many species with carcasses and decaying organic matter qualify them as potential medicolegal indicators in ].<ref>{{cite journal | author1=González Medina, A|author2=González Herrera, L|author3=Perotti, MA|author4=Jiménez Ríos, G | title=Occurrence of ''Poecilochirus austroasiaticus'' (Acari: Parasitidae) in forensic autopsies and its application on postmortem interval estimation | journal=Exp. Appl. Acarol. | year=2013 | volume=59 | issue=3 | pages= 297–305 | doi=10.1007/s10493-012-9606-1|pmid=22914911|s2cid=16228053}}</ref> | |||
| Chemical agents used to control ticks and mites include ] and ]. | |||
| ==Taxonomy and phylogeny== | |||
| ]'' (size: 50 μm)]] | |||
| ] | |||
| The ] of the Acari is still disputed and several taxonomic schemes have been proposed for their classification. The third edition (2009) of the standard textbook ''A Manual of Acarology'' uses a system of six ], grouped into three superorders:<ref>{{cite book |title=A Manual of Acarology |edition=3rd |editor-first1= Gerald W. |editor-last1= Krantz|editor-first2= D. E.|editor-last2= Walter |year=2009 |publisher= ] |isbn=978-0-89672-620-8}}</ref> | |||
| * Superorder ''']''' – mites that superficially resemble ] (]), hence their name | |||
| * Superorder ''']''' – ticks and a variety of mites | |||
| ** ] | |||
| ** ] – ticks | |||
| ** ] – bird mites, phytoseiid mites, ''Raubmilben'' | |||
| *** ] | |||
| *** ] | |||
| * Superorder ''']''' – the most diverse group of mites | |||
| ** ] – plant parasitic mites (spider mites, peacock mites, gall mites, red-legged earth mites, etc.), snout mites, chiggers, hair follicle mites, velvet mites, water mites, etc. | |||
| *** ] | |||
| *** ] | |||
| ** ] | |||
| *** ] – oribatid mites, beetle mites, armored mites (also cryptostigmata) | |||
| *** ] – stored product, fur, feather, dust, and human itch mites, etc. | |||
| Genetic research has caused a change in the naming scheme, however, and publications changed the superorder Parasitiformes to an order.<ref name=Barker2004/> More recently, the rank of superorder for Parasitiformes was again accepted, including Opilioacarida (formerly Opilioacariformes) as an order.<ref name=Beaulieu2011/><ref name=Arribas2019/><ref name=itis/><ref name=gbif/> | |||
| Other recent research has suggested that Acari is ], with ticks and spiders being more closely related than ticks and mites.<ref name=Sanggaard2014/> The cladogram is based on Dabert et al. 2010, which used molecular data. It showed the Acariformes sister to the ] (camel spiders), while the Parasitiformes were sister to the ].<ref name= "DabertWitalinski2010"/> | |||
| {{barlabel | |||
| |size=5 | |||
| |at1=2|label1="'''Acari'''" (mites and ticks) | |||
| |cladogram={{clade | |||
| |label1=part of ] | |||
| |1={{cladex | |||
| |1={{cladex | |||
| |1={{cladex | |||
| |label1=] (false scorpions) | |||
| |1=] | |||
| |label2=] (parasitic mites, ticks) | |||
| |2={{cladex|barbegin1=red | |||
| |1=] (ticks) ] | |||
| |2=Parasitic mites, inc. '']'' ] | |||
| }} | |||
| }} | |||
| }} | |||
| |2={{cladex | |||
| |1={{cladex | |||
| |label1=] (other mites) | |||
| |1={{cladex | |||
| |1=] (chiggers, gall & velvet mites, etc) ] | |||
| |2=] (dust mites, fur mites, etc) ] | |||
| }} | |||
| |label2=] (camel spiders) |barend1=red | |||
| |2=] | |||
| }} | |||
| }} | |||
| }} | |||
| }} | |||
| }} | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist|28em|refs= | |||
| <ref name=Barker2004>{{cite journal |first1=S.C. |last1=Barker |first2=A. |last2=Murrell |date=2004 |title=Systematics and evolution of ticks with a list of valid genus and species names |journal=Parasitology |volume=129 |issue=7 |pages=S15–S36 |doi=10.1017/S0031182004005207 |name-list-style=amp |pmid=15938503 |url=https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/2545 }}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Sanggaard2014>{{cite journal|last1=Sanggaard|first1=Kristian W.|last2=Bechsgaard|first2=Jesper S.|last3=Fang|first3=Xiaodong|title=Spider genomes provide insight into composition and evolution of venom and silk|journal=Nature Communications |date=6 May 2014| volume= 5|pages=3765| doi= 10.1038/ncomms4765|language=en|issn=2041-1723| pmid= 24801114| pmc= 4273655|bibcode=2014NatCo...5.3765S}}</ref> | |||
| <ref name= "DabertWitalinski2010">{{cite journal |last1=Dabert |first1=Miroslawa |last2=Witalinski |first2=Wojciech |last3=Kazmierski |first3=Andrzej |last4=Olszanowski |first4=Ziemowit |last5=Dabert |first5=Jacek |title=Molecular phylogeny of acariform mites (Acari, Arachnida): Strong conflict between phylogenetic signal and long-branch attraction artifacts |journal= Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=56 |issue=1 |year=2010|pages=222–241 |issn= 1055-7903 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.020|pmid=20060051 }}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=itis> | |||
| {{Cite web| title=Parasitiformes Report | |||
| | url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=82758 | |||
| | website=Integrated Taxonomic Information System | |||
| | access-date=2021-10-31 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Beaulieu2011> | |||
| {{Cite journal | |||
| | title = Superorder Parasitiformes: In: Zhang, Z-Q. (ed.) Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness | |||
| | date = 2011 | |||
| | last1 = Beaulieu | first1 = Frédéric | |||
| | editor-last1 = Zhang | editor-first1 = Zhi-Qiang | |||
| | journal = Zootaxa | |||
| | volume = 3148 | |||
| | isbn = 978-1-86977-849-1 | |||
| | issn = 1175-5326 | |||
| | url = https://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/list/2011/3148.html | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=Arribas2019> | |||
| {{Cite journal | |||
| | title = Mitochondrial Metagenomics Reveals the Ancient Origin and Phylodiversity of Soil Mites and Provides a Phylogeny of the Acari | |||
| | date = 2019 | |||
| | last1 = Arribas | first1 = Paula | |||
| | last2 = Andújar | first2 = Carmelo | |||
| | last3 = Moraza | first3 = María Lourdes | |||
| | last4 = Linard | first4 = Benjamin | |||
| | last5 = Emerson | first5 = Brent C. | |||
| | last6 = Vogler | first6 = Alfried P. | |||
| | display-authors = 4 | |||
| | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | |||
| | volume = 37| issue = 3 | |||
| | url = https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/37/3/683/5610533 | |||
| | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msz255| doi-access = free | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| <ref name=gbif> | |||
| {{Cite web| title=Opilioacaridae | |||
| | url=https://www.gbif.org/species/7400 | |||
| | website=GBIF | |||
| | access-date=2021-10-31 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| }} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| * {{cite book |first= Wojciech |last= Niedbala |year=1992 |title=Phthiracaroidea (Acari, Oribatida): Systematic Studies |publisher=Warsaw: ], Amsterdam: ] |isbn=978-8-301-09740-0}} | |||
| * ], {{ISSN|1572-9702}} (electronic) {{ISSN|0168-8162}} (paper), Springer | |||
| * {{cite book |first= E. |last= Baker |year=1952 |title=An Introduction to Acarology |url= https://archive.org/details/introductiontoac00bake |publisher=New York: The MacMillan Company}} | |||
| * {{cite book |first= T. |last= Woolley |year=1988 |title=Acarology: Mites and Human Welfare |publisher=New York: ] |isbn=978-0-471-04168-9}} | |||
| * {{cite book |first1= R. B.| last1= Halliday|first2= D. E.| last2= Walter| first3= H. C. | last3= Proctor| first4= R. A.| last4= Norton| first5= M. J.| last5= Colloff |year=2001 |title=Acarology, Proceedings of the 10th International Congress |publisher=], Melbourne |pages=960 pp |isbn=978-0-643-06658-8 |location=Collingwood, Victoria}} | |||
| * {{cite book |first1= D. E.| last1= Walter| first2=H. C. |last2= Proctor |year=2001 |title=Mites in soil, an interactive key to mites and other soil microarthropods |publisher=ABRS Identification Series, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria}} | |||
| * {{cite book |title=A Manual of Acarology |edition=3rd |editor-first1=Gerald W. | editor-last1= Krantz| editor-first2= D. E. | editor-last2= Walter |year=2009 |publisher= ] |isbn=978-0-89672-620-8}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Commons category|Acari}} | |||
| {{Wikispecies|Acari}} | |||
| {{Wikibooks|Dichotomous Key|Acari}} | |||
| *] | |||
| ** {{cite web |url=http://tolweb.org/Acari/2554 |title=Acari. The Mites |first1= David Evans | last1= Walter| first2= Gerald |last2= Krantz |first3= Evert | last3= Lindquist |date=December 13, 1996 |website= tolweb.org |publisher= Tree of Life Web Project}} | |||
| ** {{cite web |url=http://tolweb.org/Acariformes/2563 | first= Heather |last=Proctor |date=August 9, 1998 |title=Acariformes. The "mite-like" mites |website= tolweb.org |publisher= Tree of Life Web Project}} | |||
| ** {{cite web |url=http://tolweb.org/Parasitiformes |first1= David Evans | last1= Walter|title= Parasitiformes. Holothyrans, ticks and mesostigmatic mites |date=December 13, 1996 |website= tolweb.org |publisher= Tree of Life Web Project}} | |||
| * {{cite web|url=http://www.lucidcentral.com/keys/lwrrdc/public/aquatics/aghydra/html/about.htm |title=Key to Families and Subfamilies of Water Mites (Hydracarina) in Australia |first1= Mark | last1= Harvey | first2= Heather |last2= Proctor |website= lucidcentral.com |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060825162404/http://www.lucidcentral.com/keys/lwrrdc/public/Aquatics/aghydra/html/about.htm |archive-date=2006-08-25 }} | |||
| * {{cite web|url=http://www.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/mites/Invasive_Mite_Identification/key/Whole_site/Home_whole_key.html |title=Invasive Mite Identification |first1= David Evans |website= lucidcentral.org | last1= Walter| date=September 15, 2006 |publisher=], USDA/APHIS/PPQ Center for Plant Health Science and Technology |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070313140656/http://www.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/mites/Invasive_Mite_Identification/key/Whole_site/Home_whole_key.html |archive-date=March 13, 2007 }} | |||
| * , jove.com | |||
| {{Arachnida}} | |||
| {{Acari}} | |||
| {{Taxonbar|from=Q19137}} | |||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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