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{{short description|Eastern region of Asia}}
{{Other uses}} {{Other uses}}
{{pp-move-indef}} {{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}

{{Infobox Continent
{{Infobox settlement
|title = East Asia
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
|image = East Asia (orthographic projection).svg
|area = {{convert|11840000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}&nbsp;(]) | name = East Asia
| native_name =
|population = 1.6 billion (2020; ])
| native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead -->
|density = 141.9/km<sup>2</sup> (54.8/sq mi)
| settlement_type =
|GDP_nominal = $25.6 trillion (2021)<ref name="IMFWEOCN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=924,532,158,542,546,948,528,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,&sy=2020&ey=2020&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1
| image_skyline =
|title=World Economic Outlook Database |date=October 2020 |website=International Monetary Fund |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>
|GDP_PPP = $37 trillion (2021)<ref name="IMF" /> | image_alt =
| image_caption =
|GDP_per_capita = $16,000 (nominal)<ref name="IMFWEOCN" />
|demonym = ] | image_map = East Asia (orthographic projection).svg
|countries = {{collapsible list | map_alt =
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| list_style = text-align:left;
| coordinates_region =
| title = ]<ref name="Kort 2005 7"/><ref name="RAND"/><ref name="DEU"/><ref name="NO"/>
| subdivision_type = States and territories
| 1 = {{flag|China}}
| subdivision_name = {{plainlist|
| 2 = {{flag|Japan}}
| 3 = {{flag|Mongolia}} * {{Flag|China}}
* {{HKG}}
| 4 = {{flag|North Korea}}
* {{JPN}}
| 5 = {{flag|South Korea}}
| 6 = {{flag|Taiwan}} * {{MAC}}
* {{MGL}}
* {{PRK}}
* {{KOR}}
* {{Flag|Taiwan}}
}}
| subdivision_type1 = Capital cities
| subdivision_name1 = {{Plainlist|
* {{flagicon|CHN}} ]
* {{flagicon|HKG}} ]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} ]
* {{flagicon|MGL}} ]
* {{flagicon|PRK}} ]
* {{flagicon|KOR}} ]
* {{flagicon|TWN}} ]
}}
| subdivision_type2 = Other major cities
| subdivision_name2 = {{collapsible_list|
* {{flagicon|KOR}} ]
* {{flagicon|KOR}} ]
* {{flagicon|KOR}} ]
* {{flagicon|CHN}} ]
* {{flagicon|KOR}} ]
* {{flagicon|CHN}} ]
* {{flagicon|CHN}} ]
* {{flagicon|KOR}} ]
* {{flagicon|TWN}} ]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} ]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} ]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} ]
* {{flagicon|TWN}} ]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} ]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} ]
* {{flagicon|KOR}} ]
* {{flagicon|CHN}} ]
* {{flagicon|CHN}} ]
* {{flagicon|TWN}} ]
* {{flagicon|CHN}} ]
* {{flagicon|CHN}} ]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} ]
* '']''
}}
| blank_name_sec1 = Languages and language families
| blank_info_sec1 = {{Flatlist|
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
}} }}
| unit_pref = Metric
|dependencies = {{collapsible list
| area_footnotes = <ref group=note>The area figure is based on the combined areas of ] (including ], ], Aksai Chin, and Trans-Karakoram Tract), ], ], ], ], and ] as listed at ].</ref>
| list_style = text-align:left;
| area_note =
| title = ]
| area_water_percent =
| 1 = {{flag|Hong Kong}} (])
<!-- square kilometers -->
| 2 = {{flag|Macau}} (])
| area_total_km2 = 11839074
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| length_km =
| width_km =
| dimensions_footnotes =
| population_footnotes = <ref group=note>The population figure is the combined populations of China (Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau), Japan , North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan as listed at ] (last updated Feb 22, 2011).</ref>
| population_total = 1,575,784,500
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = {{Plainlist|
* UTC +7:00 (Western Mongolia)
* UTC +8:00 (Rest of Mongolia, China, Taiwan, Macau and Hong Kong)
* UTC +8:30 (North Korea)
* UTC +9:00 (Japan and South Korea)
}} }}
| utc_offset1 =
|languages = ], ], ], ], ], ]
|time = ], ] & ] | timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
|cities = ]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|title=Demographia.com}}</ref><br>{{hlist|] |]|]|] |]|] |] |] |]|] |] |]|] }}
|m49 = <code>030</code> – Eastern Asia<br /><code>142</code> – ]<br /><code>001</code> – ]
}} }}
{{Contains Chinese text}}
{{Contains Japanese text}}
{{Contains Korean text}}
{{Chinese {{Chinese
| t = 東亞/東亞細亞 |t=東亞/東亞細亞
| s = 东亚/东亚细亚 |s=东亚/东亚细亚
|p=Dōngyà ''or'' Dōng Yàxìyà
| order = st
|w=Tung<sup>1</sup>-ya<sup>3</sup>
| p = Dōngyǎ/Dōngyà ''or'' Dōng Yǎxìyǎ/Dōng Yàxìyà
|j=dung1 aa3
| w = Tung<sup>1</sup>-ya<sup>3</sup>
|poj=Tang-a
| j = dung1 aa3
|gan=Tung1 nga3
| poj = Tang-a
|wuu=ton<sup>平</sup> ia<sup>去</sup>
| gan = Tung1 nga3
| wuu = ton<sup>平</sup> ia<sup>去</sup> |h=dung<sup>24</sup> a<sup>31</sup>
|kana=ひがしアジア/とうあ
| h = dung<sup>24</sup> a<sup>31</sup>
|kanji=東亜細亜（東アジア）/東亜
| tib = ཨེ་ཤ་ཡ་ཤར་མ་
|kyujitai=東亞細亞/東亞
| mon = Зүүн Ази <br />{{MongolUnicode|ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠽᠢ}}
|revhep=Higashi Ajia/Tō-A
| monr = Dzuun Azi
|kunrei=Higasi Azia/Tou-A
| uig = شەرقىي ئاسىي
|hanja=東아시아/東亞細亞/東亞
| kana = ひがしアジア/とうあ
|hangul=동아시아/동아세아/동아
| shinjitai = 東亜細亜（東アジア）/東亜
|rr=Dong Asia/Dong Asea/Dong A
| kyujitai = 東亞細亞/東亞
|rus=Восточная Азия
| revhep = Higashi Ajia/Tō-A
|rusr=Vostochnaja Azija
| kunrei = Higasi Azia/Tou-A
|mon=Зүүн Ази<br>{{MongolUnicode|ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠽᠢ}}
| hanja = 東아시아/東亞細亞/東亞
|qn=Đông Á
| hangul = 동아시아/동아세아/동아
| rr = Dong Asia/Dong Asea/Dong A
| c =
| mi =
| ci =
| altname =
| uly = sherqiy asiy
}} }}


'''East Asia''' or '''Eastern Asia''' is the ]ern ] of the ]n continent, which can be defined in either ]<ref name=encarta-east-asia>{{cite web
'''East Asia''', sometimes defined geographically as '''Northeast Asia'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Northeast Asia |url=https://dppa.un.org/en/northeast-asia |website=un.org |publisher=]}}</ref>{{efn|A different geographical definition is given to Northeast Asia including only the Japanese archipelago, Korea, the ], ] (]), and ] in this subregion.<ref>{{cite book |first = Li |last = Narangoa |title = Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590-2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia |year = 2014 |publisher = Columbia University Press |location = New York |isbn = 9780231160704}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421515301993 |author=Takashi Otsukia, Aishah BintiMohd Isab, Ralph D.Samuelson |title=Electric power grid interconnections in Northeast Asia: A quantitative analysis of opportunities and challenges |publisher= ScienceDirect |access-date = 25 November 2021| date=February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =https://apjjf.org/-Nianshen-Song/4392 |author=Nianshen Song |title=Northeast Eurasia as Historical Center: Exploration of a Joint Frontier |publisher= The Asia-Pacific Journal- Japan focus |access-date = 25 November 2021| date=2 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> See ''']''' for more detail.}} and abbreviated as '''EA''' or '''NEA''', is along with ] located at the ] ]s of ], which is defined in both ] and ] terms.<ref name=encarta-east-asia>{{cite web
|url = http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861672714/East_Asia.html |url= http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861672714/East_Asia.html
|title = East Asia |title= East Asia
|access-date = 2008-01-12 |accessdate=2008-01-12
|work = ] |work= encarta
|publisher = Microsoft |publisher= Microsoft
|quote = the countries and regions of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Mongolia, South Korea, North Korea and Japan. |quote= the countries, territories, and regions of China, Mongolia, Hong Kong, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Macau, and Taiwan.
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kwbU9Hqq|archivedate=2009-10-31|deadurl=yes}}</ref> or ]<ref name=easia-columbia> "The East Asian cultural sphere evolves when Japan, Korea, and what is today Vietnam all share adapted elements of Chinese civilization of this period (that of the Tang dynasty), in particular Buddhism, Confucian social and political values, and literary Chinese and its writing system."</ref> terms. Geographically and geopolitically, it covers about {{convert|12000000|km2|abbr=on}}, or about 28% of the Asian ], about 15% bigger than the area of ].
|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/5kwbU9Hqq?url=http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861672714/East_Asia.html
|archive-date=2009-10-31
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Modern East Asia: An Introductory History |last=Miller |first=David Y. |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0765618221 |pages=xxi–xxiv }}</ref>


], about 38% of the population of Asia and 22% or over one fifth of all the people in the world, live in East Asia. The region is one of the world's ] places, with a ] of {{convert|133|PD/km2}}, being about three times the world average of {{convert|45|/km2|abbr=on}}, although ] has the ]. Using the ] definitions, East Asia ranks second in population only to ].
The modern ]s of East Asia include ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name="Kort 2005 7">{{cite book |title=The Handbook Of East Asia |last=Kort |first=Michael |publisher=Lerner Publishing Group |year=2005 |isbn=978-0761326724 |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofeastas0000kort/page/7 }}</ref><ref name="RAND">{{cite web |title=East Asia |url=https://www.rand.org/topics/east-asia.html |website=rand.org |publisher=] |access-date=12 August 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DEU">{{cite web |title=Tasks of German foreign policy-East Asia |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/blob/231800/756f9f7a0ea08ba707759d3b052e6682/konzeptostasien-data.pdf |website=auswaertiges-amt.de |publisher=] |date= May 2002 |access-date=12 August 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NO">{{cite web |title=Countries of Asia |url=https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/asia.htm#East-Asia |website=nationsonline.org |publisher=Nations Online |access-date=12 August 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><!--<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www1.essex.ac.uk/armedcon/world/asia/east_asia/default.htm |title=Country Profiles: East Asia |website=Children and Armed Conflict Unit at the University of Essex }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=East Asia |url = https://link.springer.com/journal/12140 |publisher=Springer Netherlands }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dictionary.com/browse/east-asia |title=East Asia |website=Dictionary.com }}</ref><ref name="encarta-east-asia"/><ref>{{cite web |url = https://asiasociety.org/china-korea-and-japan-forgiveness-and-mourning |title=China, Korea and Japan: Forgiveness and Mourning |last=Seybolt |first= Peter J. |website=Center for Asian Studies |publisher=Center for Asian Studies }}</ref><ref name="Asian History Module Learning">{{cite book |title=Asian History Module Learning |publisher=Rex Bookstore Inc. |year= 2002 |isbn=978-9712331244 |page=186 }}</ref><ref name="Salkind 2008 56">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaeduc00salk |url-access=limited |last=Salkind |first=Neil J. |publisher=Sage Publications |year=2008 |isbn = 978-1412916882 |page= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century |last=Holcombe |first= Charles |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0521731645 |page = 3 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-countries-are-part-of-east-asia.html |title=Which Countries Are Part of East Asia?|last=Kiprop |first= Victor |website=World Atlas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/sub-regions/east-asia/ |title=East Asia |website=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Wastewater Sludge |last = Spinosa |first=Ludovico |publisher=Iwa Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-1843391425 |page=57 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Neoliberal Australia and US Imperialism in East Asia |last = Paul |first=Erik |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2012 |isbn=978-1137272775 |page=114}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: A Multicultural Approach |last = Kim |first=Johnny |publisher= Sage Publications |year=2013 |isbn=978-1452256672 |page=55}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title = East Asian Development Model: Twenty-first century perspectives |last= Shiping |first= Hua |last2=Hu |first2= Amelia |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-0415737272 |edition=1st |publication-date = 2014-12-09 |page=3 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title = The Global Prehistory of Human Migration |last=Ness |first=Immanuel |last2= Bellwood |first2= Peter |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2014 |isbn= 978-1118970591|edition=1st |publication-date = 2014-11-10 |page=217 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Public Administration in East Asia: Mainland China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan |last = Berman |first=Evan M. |publisher= CRC Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1420051902 |page=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title = Sanitation, Latrines and Intestinal Parasites in Past Populations |last= Mitchell |first=Piers D. |publisher= Routledge|year=2015 |isbn=978-1472449078|page = 150}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title = Christianities in Asia |last= Phan |first=Peter |publisher= Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010 |isbn= 978-1405160902|page = xxiii}}</ref>--> China, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan are all unrecognised by at least one other East Asian state due to severe ongoing ] in the region, specifically the ] and the ]. Hong Kong and Macau, two small coastal ] located in the south of China, are officially highly autonomous but are under ''de jure'' Chinese sovereignty. East Asia borders ] and the ] to the north, ] to the south, ] to the southwest, and ] to the west. To the east is the ] and to the southeast is ] (a Pacific Ocean island group, classified as part of ]).


Historically, many societies in East Asia have been part of the ], and East Asian vocabulary and scripts are often derived from ] and ]. Sometimes ] is used to denote ] and ].<ref name="Northeast Asia">"." '']''. Retrieved on August 10, 2009.</ref> Major ] include ] (mostly ]), ] or ], ], ] in China and Taiwan, ] in ], ] in ], ] and other indigenous populations of northern East Asia,<ref>Chongho Kim, "Korean Shamanism", 2003 Ashgate Publishing</ref><ref>Andreas Anangguru Yewangoe, "Theologia crucis in Asia", 1987 Rodopi</ref> and recently ].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2800.htm |title= Background Note: South Korea |accessdate=2000-04-27 |work= State |publisher= U.S. Department of State }}</ref> The ] is the root from which many other East Asian ]s are derived.
East Asia, especially ], is regarded as one of the earliest ]. Other ancient civilisations in East Asia that still exist as independent countries in the present day include the ], ] and ] civilisations. Various other civilisations existed in East Asia in the past but have since been absorbed into neighbouring civilisations in the present day, such as ], ], ] and ], among many others. Taiwan has a relatively young ] in the region after the ]; originally, it was a major site of ] civilisation prior to ] by ]an colonial powers and China from the 17th century onward.<!--<ref>{{cite book |title = Towards a Sustainable Asia: The Cultural Perspectives |url = https://archive.org/details/towardssustainab00libg_856 |url-access = limited |author = Association of Academies of Sciences in Asia |publisher=Springer |year=2012 |isbn= 978-3642166686 |page= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title = Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia |last= Minahan |first= James B. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2014 |isbn=978-1610690171 |pages = xx–xxvi }}</ref>--> For thousands of years, China was the leading civilisation in the region, exerting influence on its neighbours.<ref>{{Cite book |title = Relational, Networked and Collaborative Approaches to Public Diplomacy: The Connective Mindshift |last1= Zaharna |first1= R.S. |last2=Arsenault |first2= Amelia |last3= Fisher |first3= Ali |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0415636070 |edition=1st |publication-date = 2013-05-01 |page=93 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title = A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century |last= Holcombe |first=Charles |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-1107544895 |page=13 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=A Companion to Chinese History |last=Szonyi |first=Michael |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2017 |isbn=978-1118624609 |page = 90 }}</ref> Historically, societies in East Asia have fallen within the ], and East Asian vocabulary and scripts are often derived from ] and ]. The ] serves as the root from which many other East Asian calendars are derived. Major ] include ] (mostly ]<ref>{{cite book |title = Nature Across Cultures: Views of Nature and the Environment in Non-Western Cultures |last= Selin |first= Helaine |publisher= Springer|year=2010 |isbn= 978-9048162710|page = 350}}</ref>), ] and ], ], ], and ] in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, ] in Japan, and ], and ] in Korea.<ref name="Salkind 2008 56">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaeduc00salk |url-access=limited |last=Salkind |first=Neil J. |publisher=Sage Publications |year=2008 |isbn = 978-1412916882 |page= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first = Chongho |last = Kim|title = Korean Shamanism: The Cultural Paradox|date = 2003|publisher = Ashgate |isbn = 9780754631859}}</ref><ref>Andreas Anangguru Yewangoe, "Theologia crucis in Asia", 1987 Rodopi</ref> ] and ] are prevalent among ] and ] while other religions such as ] are widespread among the indigenous populations of northeastern China such as the ].<ref>{{cite book|last = Heissig|first = Walther|date= 2000|page = 46|title = The Religions of Mongolia|translator-first = Geoffrey |translator-last =Samuel|publisher = Kegan Paul International|isbn = 9780710306852}}</ref>{{sfnb |Elliott |2001|p=235}}{{sfnb|Shirokogorov|1929|p=204}} Major ] include ], ], and ]. Major ] include the ] (mainland China, {{cn-span|Hong Kong, Macau,|date=November 2021}} Taiwan), ] (Japan) and ] (North Korea, South Korea). ]s, although not as populous as the previous three ethnic groups, constitute the majority of Mongolia's population. There are 76 officially-recognised ] or ] ethnic groups in East Asia; 55 native to ] (including ], Manchus, ], Tibetans, ] and ] in the ]), 16 native to the ] (collectively known as ]), one native to the ] of ] (the ]) and four native to ] (]). ] are an unrecognised ethnic group indigenous to the ] in southern Japan, which stretch from ] (Japan) to Taiwan. There are also several unrecognised indigenous ethnic groups in mainland China and Taiwan.


== History ==
] comprise around {{#expr:{{replace|{{UN_Population|Eastern Asia}}|,||}}/1e9 round 1}} billion people, making up about 38% of the population in Continental Asia and 20.5% of the global population.<ref name="Spinosa 2007 57">{{cite book |title=Wastewater Sludge |last= Spinosa |first=Ludovico |publisher= Iwa Publishing |year= 2007 |isbn= 978-1843391425 |page=57}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1= Wang, Yuchen |author2= Lu Dongsheng |author3= Chung Yeun-Jun |author4 = Xu Shuhua |title = Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations |journal = Hereditas |volume= 155 |page = 19 |year=2018 |url= |doi = 10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5 |pmid= 29636655 |pmc= 5889524 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Yuchen |last2= Lu |first2=Dongsheng |last3=Chung |first3=Yeun-Jun |last4=Xu |first4=Shuhua |title=Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations |journal=Hereditas |volume=155 |page=19 |publication-date=April 6, 2018 |doi=10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5 |pmid=29636655 |pmc=5889524 |year=2018 }}</ref> The region is home to major world metropolises such as ], ], ], ], ], and ]. Although the coastal and riparian areas of the region form one of the world's most populated places, the population in ] and ], both landlocked areas, is very sparsely distributed, with Mongolia having the ]. The overall ] of the region is {{convert|133|PD/km2}}, about three times the world average of {{convert|45|/km2|abbr=on}}.{{When|date=May 2020}}{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

East Asia has some of the world's largest and most prosperous economies: ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/chapter/east-asia-in-the-21st-century/|title=East Asia in the 21st Century {{!}} Boundless World History|website=courses.lumenlearning.com|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of East Asia}} {{Main|History of East Asia}}
The history of East Asia is predominantly the history of the Chinese Dynasties that dominated the region in matters of trade as well as militarily, such as the ] and the ] Dynasties. There are records of ]s sent overseas from the early kingdoms of Korea and Japan. There were also considerable levels of cultural and religious exchange between the Chinese and other regional Dynasties and Kingdoms.


As connections began to strengthen with the Western world, China's power began to diminish. Around the same time, Japan solidified itself as a nation state. Throughout WWII, ], ], ] and Eastern China fell under Japanese control. Following Japan's defeat in the war, the Korean peninsula became independent, while Taiwan became part of the Republic of China.
China was the first region settled in East Asia and was undoubtedly the core of East Asian civilisation from where other parts of East Asia were formed.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Walker|first=Hugh Dyson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GBvRs-za0CIC&q=east+asia+history&pg=RA1-PR5|title=East Asia: A New History|date=2012-11-20|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4772-6517-8|language=en}}</ref> The various other regions in East Asia were selective in the Chinese influences they adopted into their local customs. Historian ] famously labeled Chinese civilisation as the "Cradle of Eastern Civilisation", in parallel with the "]" along the ] encompassing ] and ]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Holcombe|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYKlDQAAQBAJ&q=east+asia+history&pg=PA12|title=A History of East Asia|date=2017-01-11|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11873-7|language=en}}</ref> as well as the ] encompassing ] {{efn|See<ref name="EllynMcGinnis2004">{{cite book|author1=Maura Ellyn|author2=Maura McGinnis|title=Greece: A Primary Source Cultural Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N69iOTtVHGYC&pg=PT8|year=2004|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3999-2|page=8}}</ref><ref name="FindlingPelle2004">{{cite book|author1=John E. Findling|author2=Kimberly D. Pelle|title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&pg=PR23|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32278-5|page=23}}</ref><ref name="ThompsonMullin">{{cite book|author1=Wayne C. Thompson|author2=Mark H. Mullin|title=Western Europe, 1983|year=1983|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=serMXIpALD0C|publisher=Stryker-Post Publications|page=337|isbn=9780943448114|quote=for ancient Greece was the cradle of Western culture ...}}</ref><ref name="Copleston2003">{{cite book|author=Frederick Copleston|title=History of Philosophy Volume 1: Greece and Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y08L-MC36JUC&pg=PA13|date=1 June 2003|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-6895-6|page=13|quote=PART I PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY CHAPTER II THE CRADLE OF WESTERN THOUGHT: }}</ref><ref name="Iozzo2001">{{cite book|author=Mario Iozzo|title=Art and History of Greece: And Mount Athos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q51-HAiZQwMC&pg=PA7|year=2001|publisher=Casa Editrice Bonechi|isbn=978-88-8029-435-1|page=7|quote=The capital of Greece, one of the world's most glorious cities and the cradle of Western culture,}}</ref><ref name="Melotti2011">{{cite book|author=Marxiano Melotti|title=The Plastic Venuses: Archaeological Tourism in Post-Modern Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgIrBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA188|date=25 May 2011|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-3028-7|page=188|quote=In short, Greece, despite having been the cradle of Western culture, was then an “other” space separate from the West.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Library Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TFZVAAAAYAAJ|date=April 1972|publisher=Bowker|volume=97|page=1588|quote=Ancient Greece: Cradle of Western Culture (Series), disc. 6 strips with 3 discs, range: 44–60 fr., 17–18 min}}</ref><ref name="Burstein2002">{{cite book|author=Stanley Mayer Burstein|title=Current Issues and the Study of Ancient History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=17xmAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Regina Books|isbn=978-1-930053-10-6|page=15|quote=and making Egypt play the same role in African education and culture that Athens and Greece do in Western culture.}}</ref><ref name="Jr.2015">{{cite book|author=Murray Milner, Jr.|title=Elites: A General Model|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MvYlBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|date=8 January 2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-7456-8950-0|page=62|quote=Greece has long been considered the seedbed or cradle of Western civilization.}}</ref><ref name="Aa.Vv.2011">{{cite book|title=Slavica viterbiensia 003: Periodico di letterature e culture slave della Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere Moderne dell'Università della Tuscia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9fTPUTPPhkC&pg=PA148|date=10 November 2011|publisher=Gangemi Editore spa|isbn=978-88-492-6909-3|page=148|quote=The Special Case of Greece The ancient Greece was a cradle of the Western culture,}}</ref><ref name="Covert2011">{{cite book|author=Kim Covert|title=Ancient Greece: Birthplace of Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVMYJNvUiYkC&pg=PP5|date=1 July 2011|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-1-4296-6831-6|page=5|quote=Ancient Greece is often called the cradle of western civilization. ... Ideas from literature and science also have their roots in ancient Greece.}}</ref>}} and ] {{efn|<ref>{{cite book|title=Rome: the cradle of western civilisation as illustrated by existing monuments |author=Henry Turner Inman |isbn=9781177738538 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Birth-Western-Civilisation-Greece-Rome/dp/B0013K3FW6 |title=The Birth Of Western Civilisation, Greece & Rome |author=Michael Ed. Grant |website=Amazon.co.uk |access-date=4 January 2016|publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=1964 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abebooks.com/9780500040034/Birth-Western-Civilization-Greece-Rome-0500040036/plp |title=9780500040034: The Birth of Western Civilization: Greece and Rome |author=HUXLEY, George |display-authors=etal |website=AbeBooks.com |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/AncientCities-bradford-1835 |title=Athens. Rome. Jerusalem and Vicinity. Peninsula of Mt. Sinai.: Geographicus Rare Antique Maps |website=Geographicus.com |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://file104.filthbooks.org/6kln6_the-story-of-western-civilization-greece-and-rome-build-great-civilizati.pdf |title=Download This PDF eBooks Free |website=File104.filthbooks.org |access-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107211225/http://file104.filthbooks.org/6kln6_the-story-of-western-civilization-greece-and-rome-build-great-civilizati.pdf |archive-date=7 January 2016 }}</ref>}}

Chinese civilisation existed for about 1500 years before other East Asian civilisations emerged into history, Imperial China would exert much of its cultural, economic, technological, and political muscle onto its neighbours.<ref name="Ball 2005 104">{{cite book |title = The Transformation of Security in the Asia/Pacific Region |last= Ball |first=Desmond |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-0714646619|page = 104}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=East Asia: A New History |last=Walker |first=Hugh Dyson |publisher=AuthorHouse |year=2012 |page=119 }}</ref><ref name="Amy Chua, Jed Rubenfeld 2014 121">{{cite book |title=The Triple Package: How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America |publisher=Penguin Press HC |author1=Amy Chua |author2 = Jed Rubenfeld |year=2014 |page=121 |isbn=978-1594205460 }}</ref><ref name="Kang 2012 33–34" /> Succeeding Chinese dynasties exerted enormous influence across East Asia culturally, economically, politically and militarily for over two millennia.<ref name="Kang 2012 33–34">{{Cite book |title=East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute |last=Kang |first=David C. |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0231153195 |pages=33–34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=World History: Journeys from Past to Present |last1=Goucher |first1=Candice |last2=Walton |first2=Linda |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-0415670029 |publication-date=September 11, 2012 |page=232 }}</ref><ref name="2000years">{{cite book|last1=Smolnikov|first1=Sergey|title=Great Power Conduct and Credibility in World Politics|year=2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3LJZDwAAQBAJ&q=pax+sinica+han+dynasty&pg=PA112|isbn=9783319718859}}</ref> The ] shaped much of East Asia's history for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural influence over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.<ref>{{cite book |title=Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War |url=https://archive.org/details/dailylivescivili00lone |url-access=limited |last= Lone |first= Stewart |publisher=Greenwood |year=2007 |isbn=978-0313336843 |page = }}</ref><ref name="Warren I. Cohen 2000">Warren I. Cohen. ''East Asia at the Center : Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World.'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0231101082}}</ref><ref name="Amy Chua, Jed Rubenfeld 2014 121" /> Imperial China's cultural preeminence not only led the country to become East Asia's first literate nation in the entire region, it also supplied Japan and Korea with Chinese loanwords and linguistic influences rooted in their writing systems.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Chinese |last=Norman |first=Jerry |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0521296533 |page=17 }}</ref>

Under ], the ] made China the regional power in East Asia, projecting much of its imperial power on its neighbours.<ref name="Kang 2012 33–34"/><ref>{{cite book |title = East Asia at the Center : Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World |url = https://archive.org/details/eastasiaatcenter00cohe |url-access = limited |last= Cohen |first=Warren |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0231101080|page = }}</ref> Han China hosted the largest unified population in East Asia, the most literate and urbanised as well as being the most economically developed, as well as the most technologically and culturally advanced civilisation in the region at the time.<ref>{{cite book |title=Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance--and Why They Fall |last=Chua |first= Amy |publisher=Anchor |year=2009 |isbn=978-1400077410 |page=62 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=East and Southeast Asia 2012 |last=Leibo |first=Steve |publisher=Stryker Post |year=2012 |isbn=978-1610488853 |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781610488853/page/19 }}</ref> Cultural and religious interaction between the Chinese and other regional East Asian dynasties and kingdoms occurred. China's impact and influence on Korea began with the Han dynasty's ] in 108 BC when the Han Chinese conquered the northern part of the Korean peninsula and established a province called ]. Chinese influence would soon take root in Korea through the inclusion of the Chinese writing system, monetary system, rice culture, and Confucian political institutions.<ref>{{cite book |title=Maritime Taiwan: Historical Encounters with the East and the West |last= Tsai |first= Henry |date = 2009-02-15 |publisher= Routledge |isbn = 978-0765623287 |page = 3 }}</ref> Jomon society in ancient Japan incorporated wet-rice cultivation and metallurgy through its contact with Korea. Starting from the fourth century AD, Japan incorporated the ] which evolved into ] by the fifth century AD and has become a significant part of the ].<ref>{{cite book |title=Foreigners in Japan: A Historical Perspective |last= Kshetry |first= Gopal |date = 2008 |publisher=Xlibris Corp |isbn = 978-1425770495 |page = 30 }}</ref> Utilizing the Chinese writing system allowed the Japanese to conduct their daily activities, maintain historical records and give form to various ideas, thoughts, and philosophies.<ref>{{cite book |title=Foreigners in Japan: A Historical Perspective |last= Kshetry |first= Gopal |date = 2008 |publisher=Xlibris Corp |isbn = 978-1425770495 |page = 31 }}</ref> During the ], China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread to Japan and Korea.<ref name="lockard1999p2-3">{{Cite journal|last=Lockard|first=Craig|date=1999|title=Tang Civilization and the Chinese Centuries|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/ealac/moerman/fall2000/edit/pdfs/wk5/tangci.pdf|journal=Encarta Historical Essays|pages=2–3}}</ref><ref name="lockard1999p7">{{Cite journal|last=Lockard|first=Craig|date=1999|title=Tang Civilization and the Chinese Centuries|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/ealac/moerman/fall2000/edit/pdfs/wk5/tangci.pdf|journal=Encarta Historical Essays|pages=7}}</ref> As full-fledged medieval East Asian states were established, Korea by the fourth century AD and Japan by the seventh century AD, Japan and Korea actively began to incorporate Chinese influences such as ], the use of ], ], state institutions, ], religion, urban planning, and various ] methods into their culture and society through direct contacts with Tang China and succeeding Chinese dynasties.<ref name="lockard1999p2-3" /><ref name="lockard1999p7" /><ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Companion to Archaeology |last=Fagan |first=Brian M. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0195076189 |page=362 }}</ref> Drawing inspiration from the Tang political system, Prince ] launched the ] in 645 AD where he radically transformed Japan's political bureaucracy into a more centralised bureaucratic empire.<ref name="lockard1999p8">{{Cite journal|last=Lockard|first=Craig|date=1999|title=Tang Civilization and the Chinese Centuries|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/ealac/moerman/fall2000/edit/pdfs/wk5/tangci.pdf|journal=Encarta Historical Essays|pages=8}}</ref> The Japanese also adopted Mahayana Buddhism, Chinese style architecture, and the imperial court's rituals and ceremonies, including the orchestral music and state dances had Tang influences. Written Chinese gained prestige and aspects of Tang culture such as ], ], and ] became widespread.<ref name="lockard1999p8" /> During the ], Japan began to aggressively import Chinese culture and styles of government which included Confucian protocol that served as a foundation for Japanese culture as well as political and social philosophy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lockard|first=Craig A.|title=Societies Networks And Transitions: Volume B From 600 To 1750|year=2009|publisher=Wadsworth|isbn=978-1-4390-8540-0|pages=290–291}}</ref><ref name=Tang6>{{cite book|last1=Embree|first1=Ainslie|last2=Gluck|first2=Carol|title=Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1997|url=https://archive.org/details/asiainwesternwor00ains|url-access=registration|page=|quote=Japan culture tang dynasty.|isbn=9781563242656}}</ref> The Japanese also created laws adopted from the Chinese legal system that was used to govern in addition to the ], which was inspired from the ] (hanfu) during the eighth century AD.<ref>{{cite book |title=Foreigners in Japan: A Historical Perspective |last= Kshetry |first= Gopal |date = 2008 |publisher=Xlibris Corp |isbn = 978-1425770495 |page = 32 }}</ref> For many centuries, most notably from the 7th to the 14th centuries, China stood as East Asia's most advanced civilisation and foremost military and economic power exerting its influence as the transmission of advanced Chinese cultural practices and ways of thinking greatly shaped the region up until the nineteenth century.<ref>{{cite book |title = China, Japan, Korea: Culture and Customs |last= Brown |first=John |publisher=Createspace Independent |year=2006 |isbn=978-1419648939 |page = 33 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-02-13/life-chinas-asia |title=Life in China's Asia: What Regional Hegemony Would Look Like |last=Lind |first= Jennifer |date=February 13, 2018 |journal=Foreign Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lockard|first=Craig|date=1999|title=Tang Civilization and the Chinese Centuries|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/ealac/moerman/fall2000/edit/pdfs/wk5/tangci.pdf|journal=Encarta Historical Essays}}</ref><ref name="Ellington 2009 21">{{cite book |title=Japan (Nations in Focus) |last=Ellington |first=Lucien |year=2009 |page=21 }}</ref>

As East Asia's connections with Europe and the Western world strengthened during the late nineteenth century, China's power began to decline.<ref name="Ball 2005 104"/><ref>John M. Roberts (1997). ''''. Oxford University Press. p. 272. {{ISBN|0-19-511504-X}}.</ref> By the mid-nineteenth century, the weakening ] became fraught with political corruption, obstacles and stagnation that was incapable of rejuvenating itself as a world power in contrast to the industrializing Imperial European colonial powers and a rapidly modernizing Japan.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Political Systems of East Asia: China, Korea, and Japan |last=Hayes |first=Louis D |publisher=Greenlight |year=2009 |isbn=978-0765617866 |pages=xi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Political Systems of East Asia: China, Korea, and Japan |last=Hayes |first=Louis D |publisher=Greenlight |year=2009 |isbn=978-0765617866 |pages=15}}</ref> The U.S. Commodore ] would ], and the country would expand in earnest after the 1860s.<ref name="Tindall 2009 926">{{Cite book |title=America: A Narrative History |last1= Tindall |first1=George Brown |last2=Shi |first2= David E. |publisher= W. W. Norton & Company |year=2009 |isbn=978-0393934083 |edition=1st |publication-date=November 16, 2009 |page=926}}</ref><ref name="April 2007 163">{{Cite book |title=Diversity: New Realities in a Changing World |url=https://archive.org/details/diversitynewreal00apri |url-access=limited |last1= April |first1= K. |last2=Shockley |first2=M. |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year= 2007 |isbn=978-0230001336 |publication-date=February 6, 2007 |pages=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title = East Asia at the Center : Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World |url = https://archive.org/details/eastasiaatcenter00cohe |url-access = limited |last= Cohen |first=Warren |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0231101080|page = }}</ref> Around the same time, Japan with its ] transformed itself from an isolated feudal samurai state into East Asia's first industrialised nation in the modern era.<ref name="Batty 2005">{{cite video |title=Japan's War in Colour |date = 2005-01-17 |last=Batty |first=David |type=documentary |publisher=TWI |year=2005 }}</ref><ref name="Asian History Module Learning">{{cite book |title=Asian History Module Learning |publisher=Rex Bookstore Inc. |year= 2002 |isbn=978-9712331244 |page=186 }}</ref><ref name="April 2007 163" /> The modern and militarily powerful Japan would galvanise its position in the Orient as East Asia's greatest power with a global mission poised to advance to lead the entire world.<ref name="Batty 2005"/><ref name="Goldman 2000 3">{{Cite book |title=Diversity: New Realities in a Changing World |last1= Goldman |first1= Merie |last2=Gordon |first2=Andrew |publisher=Harvard University Press |year= 2000 |isbn=978-0674000971 |publication-date=August 15, 2000 |pages=3}}</ref> By the early 1900s, the ] succeeded in asserting itself as East Asia's most dominant power.<ref name="Goldman 2000 3"/> With its newly found international status, Japan would begin to challenge the European colonial powers and inextricably took on a more active geopolitical position in East Asia and world affairs at large.<ref>{{cite book |title = East Asia at the Center : Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World |url = https://archive.org/details/eastasiaatcenter00cohe |url-access = limited |last= Cohen |first=Warren |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0231101080|page = }}</ref> Flexing its nascent political and military might, Japan soundly defeated the stagnant Qing dynasty during the ] as well as vanquishing imperial rival ] in 1905; the first major military victory in the modern era of an East Asian power over a European one.<ref>{{Cite book |title = East Asian Development Model: Twenty-first century perspectives |last1= Shiping |first1= Hua |last2=Hu |first2= Amelia |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-0415737272 |edition=1st |publication-date = 2014-12-09 |pages=78–79}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title = China's Rise and Regional Integration in East Asia: Hegemony or community? |last1=Lee |first1=Yong Wook |last2= Key |first2= Young Son |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn= 978-0313350825 |edition=1st |publication-date = March 14, 2014|page=45 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/546176/Sino-Japanese-War|title=Sino-Japanese War (1894–95)|encyclopedia=]|access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.nakasendoway.com/the-japanese-economy/ |title = The Japanese Economy |website = Walk Japan |date = 2010-12-16 }}</ref><ref name="Tindall 2009 926"/> Its hegemony was the heart of an empire that would include ] and ].<ref name="Batty 2005" /> During World War II, Japanese expansionism with its imperialist aspirations through the ] would incorporate Korea, Taiwan, much of eastern China and Manchuria, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia under its control establishing itself as a maritime colonial power in East Asia.<ref>{{Cite book |title=America: A Narrative History |last1= Tindall |first1=George Brown |last2=Shi |first2= David E. |publisher= W. W. Norton & Company |year=2009 |isbn=978-0393934083 |edition=1st |publication-date=November 16, 2009 |page=1147 }}</ref> After a century of exploitation by the European and Japanese colonialists, post-colonial East Asia saw the ] and ] by the victorious Allies as well as the division of China and ] during the ]. The Korean peninsula became independent but then it was divided into ], while Taiwan became the main territory of de facto state ] after the latter lost Mainland China to the ] in the ]. During the latter half of the twentieth century, the region would see the ], which ushered in three decades of unprecedented growth, only to experience an ], but nonetheless Japan continues to remain a global economic power. East Asia would also see the economic rise of ] and ], and the integration of ] through its entry in the ] while enhancing its emerging international status as a ].<ref name="Kort 2005 7"/><ref>{{Cite book |title= Encyclopedia of World Trade: From Ancient Times to the Present |last1= Northrup |first1= Cynthia Clark |last2= Bentley |first2= Jerry H. |last3= Eckes Jr. |first3= Alfred E. |publisher= Routledge |year= 2004 |isbn= 978-0765680587 |page= |url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_d8h7/page/297 }}</ref><ref name="Paul 2012 114">{{cite book |title=Neoliberal Australia and US Imperialism in East Asia |last = Paul |first=Erik |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2012 |isbn=978-1137272775 |page=114}}</ref> Although there have been no wars in East Asia for decades, the stability of the region remains fragile because of North Korea's ].

==Definitions==
] region that overlap with conceptions of East Asia<!--DO NOT REMOVE There is an overlap between the concepts of East Asia and Central Asia that needs to be illustrated here.-->]]
In common usage, the term "East Asia" typically refers to a region including ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imb.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Introducing_EAP_Booklet_09_2016_10.pdf |title=Introducing East Asian Peoples |date=September 10, 2016 |website=International Mission Board}}</ref><ref>Gilbet Rozman (2004), ''Northeast Asia's stunted regionalism: bilateral distrust in the shadow of globalization''. Cambridge University Press, pp. 3-4</ref><ref>"." Retrieved on August 8, 2001.</ref><ref>"." Retrieved on August 8, 2011.</ref><ref name="Spinosa 2007 57"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: A Multicultural Approach |last=Kim |first=Johnny S. |publisher=Sage Publications |year=2013 |isbn=978-1452256672 |page=55 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title = East Asian Development Model: Twenty-first century perspectives |last1= Shiping |first1= Hua |last2=Hu |first2= Amelia |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-0415737272 |edition=1st |publication-date = 2014-12-09 |page=3 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title = The Global Prehistory of Human Migration |last1=Ness |first1=Immanuel |last2= Bellwood |first2= Peter |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2014 |isbn= 978-1118970591|edition=1st |publication-date = 2014-11-10 |page=217 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Handbook Of East Asia |last=Kort |first=Michael |publisher=21st Century |year=2003 |isbn=978-0761326724 |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofeastas0000kort/page/7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Wastewater Sludge |last = Spinosa |first=Ludovico |publisher=Iwa Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-1843391425 |page=57 }}</ref><ref name="Paul 2012 114"/>

], ], and ] represent the three core countries and civilisations of traditional East Asia - as they once shared a common written language, culture, as well as sharing ] philosophical tenets and the Confucian societal value system once instituted by ].<ref name="Prescott 2015 3">{{Cite book |title = East Asia in the World: An Introduction |last=Prescott |first= Anne |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-0765643223 |pages =3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Economic Development in Twentieth-Century East Asia: The International Context |url=https://archive.org/details/economicdevelopm00ikeo |url-access=limited |last=Ikeo |first=Aiko |publisher= Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=978-0415149006 |page= }}</ref><ref name="Yoshimatsu 2014 1">{{cite book |title=Comparing Institution-Building in East Asia: Power Politics, Governance, and Critical Junctures |last=Yoshimatsu |first=H. |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2014 |isbn=978-1137370549 |page=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Routledge Handbook of Memory and Reconciliation in East Asia |last= Kim |first= Mikyoung |publisher= Routledge |year=2015 |isbn= 978-0415835138 }}</ref><ref name="Hazen 2005 1">{{cite book |title=Building Area Studies Collections |last1= Hazen |first1= Dan |last2=Spohrer |first2=James H. |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |year=2005 |isbn=978-3447055123 |publication-date = 2005-12-31 |page=130 }}</ref> Other usages define Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan as countries that constitute East Asia based on their geographic proximity as well as historical and modern cultural and economic ties, particularly with Japan and Korea having strong cultural influences that originated from China.<ref name="Prescott 2015 3"/><ref name="Hazen 2005 1" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Economic Development: A Regional, Institutional, and Historical Approach |last1=Grabowski |first1=Richard |last2=Self |first2=Sharmistha |last3=Shields |first3=William |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn= 978-0765633538 |edition=2nd |publication-date=September 25, 2012 |page=59 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.bluebackglobal.com/east-asia-market-overview/ |title=East Asia is the World's Largest Economy at $29.6 Trillion USD, Including 4 of the Top 25 Countries Globally |last= Ng |first=Arden |website=Blueback |date=4 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Through the Eyes of the Pack |last=Currie |first=Lorenzo |publisher=Xlibris Corp |year= 2013 |isbn=978-1493145171 |page = 163 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools |last= Asato |first= Noriko |publisher= Libraries Unlimited |year=2013 |isbn=978-1598848427 |page=1 }}</ref> Some scholars include ] as part of East Asia as it has been considered part of the greater ]. Though Confucianism continues to play an important role in Vietnamese culture, Chinese characters are no longer used in its written language and many scholarly organisations classify Vietnam as a Southeast Asian country.<ref name="Prescott 2015 6">{{Cite book |title = East Asia in the World: An Introduction |last=Prescott |first= Anne |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=978-0765643223 |pages =6}}</ref><ref name="Miller 2007 xi">{{cite book |title=Modern East Asia: An Introductory History |last=Miller |first=David Y. |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0765618221 |page=xi }}</ref><ref name="afe.easia.columbia.edu">{{Cite web|url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/kpct/ct_china.htm|title=Central Themes for a Unit on China {{!}} Central Themes and Key Points {{!}} Asia for Educators {{!}} Columbia University|website=afe.easia.columbia.edu|access-date=2018-12-01}} "Within the Pacific region, China is potentially a major economic and political force. Its relations with Japan, Korea, and its Southeast Asian neighbours, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines, will be determined by how they perceive this power will be used."</ref> Mongolia is geographically north of Mainland China yet Confucianism and the Chinese writing system and culture had limited impact on Mongolian society. Thus, Mongolia is sometimes grouped with Central Asian countries such as Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.<ref name="Prescott 2015 6"/><ref name="Miller 2007 xi" /> ] (]) and ] are sometimes seen as part of Central Asia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cummings |first1=Sally N. |title=Understanding Central Asia: Politics and Contested Transformations |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-43319-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRafuiRUJaMC&q=humboldt+central+asia+definition&pg=PT28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Saez |first1=Lawrence |title=The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): An emerging collaboration architecture |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-67108-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTzKWI42uR4C&q=humboldt+central+asia+Afghanistan&pg=PA35 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cornell |first1=Svante E. |title=Modernization and Regional Cooperation in Central Asia: A New Spring? |publisher=Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies |url=http://silkroadstudies.org/resources/1811CA-Regional.pdf}}</ref>

Broader and looser definitions by international organisations such as the ] refer to the "three major Northeast Asian economies, i.e. ], ], and ]", as well as ], ], the ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Integration of Markets vs. Integration by Agreements|first1=Nathalie|last1=Aminian|first2=K.C.|last2=Fung|first3=Francis|last3=Ng|work=Policy Research Working Paper|number=4546|publisher=] |url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/03/04/000158349_20080304084358/Rendered/PDF/wps4546.pdf }}</ref> The ] includes the Russia Far East, ], and ].<ref name="Northeast Asia">"." '']''. Retrieved on August 10, 2009.</ref> The World Bank also acknowledges the roles of sub-national or ], such as ], ], and ]. The Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia defines the region as "China, Japan, ]s, Nepal, Mongolia, and eastern regions of the ]".<ref>{{cite book|title=Japan and Russia in Northeast Asia: Partners in the 21st Century|author=Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1999|page=248}}</ref>


== Uses of the term ''East Asia'' ==
]
] geoscheme for Asia based on statistic convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm|title=United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)|publisher=]|accessdate=2010-07-24|date=6 May 2015}}</ref>
]
] geoscheme for Asia based on statistic convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories:<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url = http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm |title=United Nations Statistics Division – Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49) |publisher=] |access-date=2010-07-24 |date = 2015-05-06 }}</ref>
{{legend|#0000E0|]}} {{legend|#0000E0|]}}
{{legend|#E000E0|]}} {{legend|#E000E0|]}}
Line 112: Line 150:
{{legend|#FFFF20|'''East Asia'''}} {{legend|#FFFF20|'''East Asia'''}}
{{legend|#FFC000|]}}]] {{legend|#FFC000|]}}]]
The UNSD definition of Eastern Asia purely based on statistical conveniece,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm|title=United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)|publisher=]|accessdate=2010-07-24|date=6 May 2015}}</ref> but also other common definitions of East Asia contain the entirety of ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name="ROC" group=note>] (officially the Republic of China) has limited recognition internationally as a ] state while most democratic countries keeps quasi-official relations with her, see ].</ref><ref name=encarta-east-asia/><ref name="UN regions">{{cite web | title = Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings | publisher = United Nations Statistics Division | date = 11 February 2013 | url = http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm | accessdate = 28 May 2013 }}</ref>


Culturally, ], ], ], ], and ] are commonly seen as being encompassed by '''cultural East Asia'''.<ref name=easia-columbia/><ref>R. Keith Schopper's ''''</ref><ref>Joshua A. Fogel (UC Santa Barbara/University of Indiana) ''''</ref><ref>United Nations Environment Programme (mentions sinosphere countries) ''Approaches to Solution of Eutrophication'' </ref>
The ] definition of East Asia is based on statistical convenience,<ref name="auto" /> but also other common definitions of East Asia contain the Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan and Japan.<ref name=encarta-east-asia/><ref name="UN regions">{{cite web |title = Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings |publisher = United Nations Statistics Division |date = 11 February 2013 |url = http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm |access-date = 28 May 2013 }}</ref>


=== Alternative definitions === === Alternative definitions ===
In business and economics, "East Asia" is sometimes used to refer to the geographical area covering ten ]n countries in ], ], Japan and Korea. However, in this context, the term "Far East" is used by the Europeans to cover ASEAN countries and the countries in East Asia. However, being a Eurocentric term, ] describes the region's geographical position in relation to Europe rather than its location within Asia. Alternatively, the term "]" is often used in describing East Asia, Southeast Asia as well as ].{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}


There are mixed debates around the world whether these countries or regions should be considered in East Asia or not.
Observers preferring a broader definition of "East Asia" often use the term ] to refer to China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, with ] covering the ten ] countries as well as the island of Taiwan. This usage is often seen in economic and diplomatic discussions.<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher M. Dent|year=2008|title=East Asian regionalism|url=https://archive.org/details/eastasianregiona00dent|url-access=limited|publisher=London: Routledge|pages=–8}}</ref><ref>Charles Harvie, Fukunari Kimura, and Hyun-Hoon Lee (2005), ''New East Asian regionalism''. Cheltenham and Northamton: Edward Elgar, pp. 3–6.</ref><ref>Peter J. Katzenstein and Takashi Shiraishi (2006), ''Beyond Japan: the dynamics of East Asian regionalism''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 1–33</ref> The ] of the United States defines Northeast Asia as Japan and Korea.<ref name="Northeast Asia">"." '']''. Retrieved on August 10, 2009.</ref>


* ] (officially part of ] geographically, although culturally it is a part of the ], politically, it is related to both ] and East Asia)
==Economy==
* ] in ] (often described as ] due to its location, although this part of Russia is often seen as more closely related to its East Asian neighbours)
{{Main|Economy of East Asia}}
* ] in Russia (also known as ''Priamurye'') - this part of Russia was ruled by the Chinese ] until the ] in 1858 and the ] in 1860, when the Sino-Russian border was realigned on the Amur and ] rivers in Russia's favour. In contrast to Siberia it has a ].
* Sovereignty issues exist over some ]. ], ], and ], the three disputed regions or states claimed by ], are considered as part of the Southeast Asia in some occasions, especially by the local people.{{synth|date=May 2015}}<ref></ref><ref> </ref><ref></ref><ref></ref>
* For the purposes of recording plant distributions, the ] uses a much smaller area, consisting only of ], ] and ], plus some associated islands.


In business and economics, ''East Asia'' has been used to refer to a wide geographical area covering ten countries in ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name="ROC" group=note/> However, in this context, the term "Far East" is often more appropriate which covers ] countries and the traditional countries in East Asia. ] describes the region's geographical position in relation to ] rather than its location within Asia. Alternatively, the term "]" is often used in describing the Far East region as well as ].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!class="unsortable" | ]
! data-sort-type="number" | ]<br />billions of USD (2021)<ref name="IMF">{{cite web |url = https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=924,532,158,542,546,948,528,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020 |publisher=IMF}}</ref>
! data-sort-type="number" | ]<br />USD (2021)<ref name="IMF"/>
! data-sort-type="number" | ]<br />billions of USD (2021)<ref name="IMF"/>
! data-sort-type="number" | ]<br />USD (2021)<ref name="IMF"/>
|-
| {{CHN}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 16,642.318
| style="text-align:right;" | 11,819
| style="text-align:right;" | 26,656.766
| style="text-align:right;" | 17,205.654
|-
| {{HKG}}<ref>Listed as "Hong Kong SAR" by IMF</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" | 368.633
| style="text-align:right;" | 49,036
| style="text-align:right;" | 472.395
| style="text-align:right;" | 58,165.200
|-
| {{MAC}}<ref>Listed as "Macao SAR" by IMF</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" | 39.449
| style="text-align:right;" | 58,004
| style="text-align:right;" | 61.623
| style="text-align:right;" | 58,930.534
|-
| {{JPN}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 5,378.136
| style="text-align:right;" | 42,928
| style="text-align:right;" | 5,585.786
| style="text-align:right;" | 41,636.628
|-
| {{MNG}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 14.233
| style="text-align:right;" | 4,172
| style="text-align:right;" | 42.412
| style="text-align:right;" | 12,259.059
|-
| {{PRK}}
| style="text-align:right;" | N/A
| style="text-align:right;" | N/A
| style="text-align:right;" | N/A
| style="text-align:right;" | N/A
|-
| {{KOR}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,806.707
| style="text-align:right;" | 34,866
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,436.875
| style="text-align:right;" | 44,292.194
|-
| {{TWN}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 759.104
| style="text-align:right;" | 32,123
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,403.663
| style="text-align:right;" | 54,019.882
|-
! East Asia
! $25,008.58
! $14,858
! $36,659.52
! $21,779.585
|}


In contrast to the ] definition, East Asia commonly is used to refer to the eastern part of Asia, as the term implies. Observers preferring a broader definition of 'East Asia' often use the term ] to refer to the greater China area, the Korean Peninsula, Taiwan, and Japan, with ] covering the ten ] countries. This usage, which is increasingly widespread in economic and diplomatic discussion, is at odds with the historical meanings of both "East Asia" and "Northeast Asia".<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher M. Dent|year=2008|title=East Asian regionalism|publisher=London: Routledge|pages=1–8}}</ref><ref>Charles Harvie, Fukunari Kimura, and Hyun-Hoon Lee (2005), ''New East Asian regionalism''. Cheltenham and Northamton: Edward Elgar, pp.3-6.</ref><ref>Peter J. Katzenstein and Takashi Shiraishi (2006), ''Beyond Japan: the dynamics of East Asian regionalism''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp.1-33</ref> The ] defines Northeast Asia as ] and ].<ref name="Northeast Asia"/>
==Territorial and regional data==

===Etymology===
== Territory and region data ==
{| class=wikitable

! rowspan=2 | Flag !! colspan=2 | Common Name !! colspan=2 | Official Name !! colspan=4 | ISO 3166 Country Codes<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.iso.org/iso-3166-country-codes.html |title=Country codes |website=iso.org}}</ref>
=== Demographics ===
|-
{{See also|Ethnic groups of East Asia}}
! ] !! ] !! ] !! ] !! ISO Short Name !! Alpha-2 Code !! Alpha-3 Code !! Numeric
|-
| {{flagdeco|CHN}} || ] || align=center | {{lang|zh-cn|]}} || People's Republic of China || {{lang|zh-cn|中华人民共和国}} || China || CN || CHN || 156
|-
| {{flagdeco|HKG}} || ] || align=center | {{lang|zh|]}} || Hong Kong Special Administrative Region<br />of the People's Republic of China || {{lang|zh-hk|中華人民共和國香港特別行政區}} || Hong Kong || HK || HKG || 344
|-
| {{flagdeco|MAC}} || ] || align=center | {{lang|zh-hk|]}} || Macao Special Administrative Region<br />of the People's Republic of China || {{lang|zh-hk|中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區}} || Macao || MO || MAC || 446
|-
| {{flagdeco|JPN}} || ] || align=center | {{lang|ja|]}} || Japan || {{lang|ja|日本国}} || Japan || JP || JPN || 392
|-
| {{flagdeco|MNG}} || ] || align=center | {{lang|mn|] / {{MongolUnicode|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ<br />ᠤᠯᠤᠰ}}}} || Mongolia || {{lang|mn|Монгол Улс}}（{{MongolUnicode|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ<br />ᠤᠯᠤᠰ}}）|| Mongolia || MN || MNG || 496
|-
| {{flagdeco|PRK}} || ] || align=center | {{lang|ko|]}} || Democratic People's Republic of Korea || {{lang|ko|조선민주주의인민공화국}} || Korea (the Democratic People's Republic of) || KP || PRK || 408
|-
| {{flagdeco|KOR}} || ] || align=center | {{lang|ko|]}} || Republic of Korea || {{lang|ko|대한민국}} || Korea (the Republic of) || KR || KOR || 410
|-
| {{flagdeco|TWN}} || ]<ref>From 1949 to 1971, the ROC was referred as "China" or "Nationalist China".</ref> || align=center | {{lang|zh-tw|] / ]}} || Republic of China (Taiwan) || {{lang|zh-tw|中華民國}} || Taiwan <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/iso-3166-country-codes.html |title=Country codes |website=iso.org}}</ref> || TW || TWN || 158
|}


===Demographics===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! class="unsortable" | State/Territory
! ] km<sup>2</sup> ! ]
! ] km²
! ]{{UN_Population|ref}} <br /> ({{UN_Population|Year}}) ! ]
! ] <br /> per km<sup>2</sup> ! ]<br />per km²
! ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/2018-update|title={{!}} Human Development Reports|website=www.hdr.undp.org|language=en|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref> ! ] (2014)
! class="unsortable" | ] ! ]
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flag|PRC|name=China}} | style="text-align:left;" | {{CHN}}
| 9,640,011
| style="text-align:right;" | 9,640,011{{efn|Includes all area which under PRC's government control (excluding "]" and disputed islands).}}
| 1,339,724,852
| style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|China}}{{efn|A note by the United Nations: "For statistical purposes, the data for China do not include Hong Kong and Macao, Special Administrative Regions (SAR) of China, and Taiwan Province of China."}}
| 138
| style="text-align:right;" | 138
| 0.719
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.761
| style="text-align:left;" | ] | style="text-align:left;" | ]
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{HKG}} | style="text-align:left;" | {{HKG}}
| 1,104
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,104
| 7,061,200
| style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|China, Hong Kong SAR}}
| 6,390
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,390
| 0.891
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.949
| style="text-align:left;" | ] | style="text-align:left;" | ]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{MAC}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 30
| style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|China, Macao SAR}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 18,662
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.914
| style="text-align:left;" | ]
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{JPN}} | style="text-align:left;" | {{JPN}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 377,930 | 377,930
| 127,950,000
| style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Japan}}
| 337
| style="text-align:right;" | 337
| 0.890
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.919
| style="text-align:left;" | ] | style="text-align:left;" | ]
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{MNG}} | style="text-align:left;" | {{MAC}}
| 30
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,564,100
| 556,800
| style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Mongolia}}
| 18,662
| style="text-align:right;" | 2
| 0.868 (2012)
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.737
| style="text-align:left;" | ]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{MGL}}
| 1,564,100
| 2,809,600
| 2
| 0.698
| style="text-align:left;" | ] | style="text-align:left;" | ]
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{PRK}} | style="text-align:left;" | {{PRK}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 120,538 | 120,538
| 24,346,000
| style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Dem. People's Republic of Korea}}
| 198
| style="text-align:right;" | 198
| N/A
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.733
| style="text-align:left;" | ]<ref>Seoul was the ''de jure'' capital of the DPRK from 1948 to 1972.</ref> | style="text-align:left;" | ]
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{KOR}} | style="text-align:left;" | {{KOR}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 100,210 | 100,210
| 51,115,702
| style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Republic of Korea}}
| 500
| style="text-align:right;" | 500
| 0.891
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.916
| style="text-align:left;" | ] | style="text-align:left;" | ]
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{TWN}} | style="text-align:left;" | {{TWN}}
| 36,188
| style="text-align:right;" | 36,197
| 23,174,528
| style="text-align:right;" | {{UN_Population|Taiwan}}
| 639
| style="text-align:right;" | 639
| 0.882 (2014)
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.916
| style="text-align:left;" | ]
| style="text-align:left;" | ]<ref>Taipei is the ROC's seat of government by regulation. Constitutionally, {{cn-span|there is no official capital|date=November 2021}} appointed for the ROC.</ref>
|-
!East Asia
!11,840,000
!1,683,205,624
!141
!{{Increase}}0.856 (''<span style="color:green">very high</span>'')
|} |}


===Ethnic groups=== === Economy ===
{{Main|East Asian people|Ethnic groups of East Asia}} {{Main|Economy of East Asia}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! class="unsortable" | Ethnicity
! class="unsortable" | Native name
! Population
! class="unsortable" | Language(s)
! class="unsortable" | Writing system(s)
! class="unsortable" | Major states/territories*
! class="unsortable" | Traditional attire
|- |-
! ]
| ]/]
! ]<br />millions of USD (2013)<ref>http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD</ref>
| {{lang|zh-hant|漢族}} or {{lang|zh-hans|汉族}}
! ]<br />USD (2014)<ref>http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/index.aspx</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,313,345,856<ref name="ciastat"></ref>
<ref>Macau(2013)</ref>
| ] (], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], etc.)
! ]<br />millions of USD (2013)<ref>http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD</ref>
| ], ]
! ]<br />USD (2013)<ref>http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD</ref>
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|HKG}}{{flagicon|MAC}} {{flagicon|TWN}} {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|ROK}}
| ]
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{CHN}}
| ]/]
| 9,240,270
| {{lang|ja|大和民族}}
| 7,589
| style="text-align:right;" | 125,117,000<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.stat.go.jp/data/jinsui/pdf/201612.pdf | script-title =ja:人口推計 – 平成 28年 12月 報 }}</ref>
| 16,157,703
| ]
| 11,850
| Han characters (]), Katakana, Hiragana
| {{flagicon|JPN}}
| ]
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{HKG}}
| ]
| 274,012
| {{lang|ko-kp|조선족 (朝鮮族)}} <br /> {{lang|ko-kr|한민족 (韓民族)}}
| 39,871
| style="text-align:right;" | 79,432,225{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}
| 382,396
| ]
| 54,260
| Hangul, Han characters (])
| {{flagicon|ROK}} {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|JPN}}
| ]
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{JPN}}
| ]
| 4,901,529
| {{lang|zh|白族}}
| 36,332
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,858,063
| 4,624,359
| ], ]
| 37,630
| Simplified Han characters, Latin script
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| ]
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{MAC}}
| ]
| 51,753
| {{lang|zh|回族}}
| 91,376
| style="text-align:right;" | 10,586,087{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}
| 80,744
| ], other Chinese Dialects, ], etc.
| 142,599
| Simplified Han characters{{efn|The Hui people also use the Arabic alphabet in the religious field.}}
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| ]
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{MGL}}
| ]s
| 10,258
| {{lang|mn|Монголчууд}} {{MongolUnicode|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ}} <br />Монгол/{{MongolUnicode|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ}}
| 4,096
| style="text-align:right;" | 8,942,528
| 26,779
| ]
| 8,810
| ], ]
| {{flagicon|MGL}} {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|RUS}}
| ]
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{PRK}}
| ]
| 11,516
| {{lang|zh-hans|壮族}}/{{lang|za|Bouxcuengh}}
| 583
| style="text-align:right;" | 18,000,000
| 40,000
| ], ], etc.
| 1,800
| Simplified Han characters, ]
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| ]
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{KOR}}
| ]
| 1,304,553
| {{lang|zh|维吾尔族}}/ئۇيغۇر
| 28,101
| style="text-align:right;”| 15,000,000+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xjtj.gov.cn/sjcx/tjnj_3415/2016xjtjnj/rkjy/201707/t20170714_539450.html|title=新疆维吾尔自治区统计局|website=www.xjtj.gov.cn}}</ref>
| 1,664,258
| ]
| 33,440
| ], ]
| {{flagicon|CHN}}{{efn|The ] also in {{flagicon|MGL}}.}}
| ]
|- |-
| style="text-align:left;" | {{TWN}}
| ]s
| 503,688
| {{lang|zh-hans|满族}}/{{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ}}
| 22,598
| style="text-align:right;" | 10,422,873{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}
| 926,062
| ], ]
| 38,749
| Simplified Han characters, Mongol script
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| ]
|-
| ]/]
| {{lang|zh|苗族}}/Ghaob Xongb/Hmub/Mongb
| style="text-align:right;" | 9,426,007{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}
| ], ]
| Latin script, Simplified Han characters
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| ]
|-
| ]
| {{lang|zh|藏族}}/{{bo-textonly|བོད་པ་}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,500,000
| Tibetan, Rgyal Rong, Rgu, etc.
| ]
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| ]
|-
| ]
| {{lang|zh|彝族}}/{{lang|ii|ꆈꌠ}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 8,714,393
| Various ], Southwestern Mandarin
| ], Simplified Han characters
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| ]
|-
| ]
| {{lang|zh|土家族}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 8,353,912
| ], Southern Tujia
| Simplified Han characters
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| ]
|-
| ]
| {{lang|zh|侗族}}/Gaeml
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,879,974
| ]
| Simplified Han characters, Latin script
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| ]
|-
| ]
| {{lang|zh|土族}}/Monguor
| style="text-align:right;" | 289,565
| ], Northwestern Mandarin
| Simplified Han characters
| {{flagicon|CHN}}
| ]
|-
| ]
| {{lang|zh-hans|达斡尔族}}/{{MongolUnicode|ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 131,992
| ], Northeastern Mandarin
| Mongol script, Simplified Han characters
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|MGL}}
| ]
|-
| ]
| {{lang|zh|臺灣原住民}}/ {{lang|zh-cn|高山族}}/ {{lang|ami|Yincomin}}/ {{lang|pwn|Kasetaivang}}/ {{lang|pyu|Inanuwayan}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 533,600
| ] (], ]), etc.
| Latin script, Traditional Han characters
| {{flagicon|TWN}}
|
]
|-
| ]
| {{lang|ryu|琉球民族}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,900,000
| ]<br />]
| Han characters (]), Katakana, Hiragana
| {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
| ]
|-
| ]
| {{lang|ain|アイヌ}}/ {{lang|ain|Aynu}}/ {{lang|ain|Айну}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 200,000
| ] <br /> ]<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Gordon |editor-first=Raymond G. Jr. |year=2005 |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |edition=15th |location=Dallas |publisher=SIL International |isbn=978-1-55671-159-6 |oclc=224749653}}</ref>
| Han characters (]), Katakana, Hiragana
| {{flagicon|JPN}}
| ]
|} |}


== Culture ==
* Note: The order of states/territories follows the population ranking of each ethnicity, within East Asia only.
{{main|East Asian cultural sphere}}
The culture of East Asia has been influenced by the civilization of northern China. East Asia shares a Confucian ethical philosophy, Buddhism, political and legal structures, and historically a common writing system.<ref name="Reischauer">Edwin O. Reischauer, "The Sinic World in Perspective," ''Foreign Affairs ''52.2 (January 1974): 341-348. </ref> The relationship between Northern China and East Asia has been compared to the historical influence of Greco-Roman civilization on Europe.<ref name="Reischauer"/>


==East Asian culture== == Cities ==
{{Main|Culture of East Asia}}
{{Main category|East Asian culture}}

===Overview===
The culture of East Asia has largely been ]d by ], as it was the civilisation that had the most dominant influence in the region throughout the ages that ultimately laid the foundation for East Asian civilisation.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Asia Civilizations: Ancient to 1800 AD |last= Lim |first= SK |publisher=ASIAPAC |isbn=978-9812295941 |page=56|date= 2011-11-01 }}</ref> The vast knowledge and ingenuity of Chinese civilisation and the classics of Chinese literature and culture were seen as the foundations for a civilised life in East Asia. ] served as a vehicle through which the adoption of Confucian ethical philosophy, Chinese calendar system, political and legal systems, architectural style, diet, terminology, institutions, religious beliefs, ]s that emphasised a knowledge of Chinese classics, political philosophy and cultural value systems, as well as historically sharing a common ] reflected in the histories of ] and ].<ref name="Goscha 2016">{{Cite book |title=The Penguin History of Modern Vietnam: A History |last= Goscha |first= Christopher |publisher= Allen Lane |year=2016 |isbn= 978-1846143106}}</ref><ref name="Kang 2012 33–34"/><ref>{{cite book | title=The Triple Package: How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America | publisher=Penguin Press HC |author1 = Amy Chua |author2 = Jed Rubenfeld | year=2014 |page=122 |isbn=978-1594205460}}</ref><ref name="Walker 2012 2">{{cite book |title=East Asia: A New History |last=Walker |first=Hugh Dyson |publisher=AuthorHouse |year=2012 |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=China's Cosmopolitan Empire: The Tang Dynasty |last=Lewis |first=Mark Edward |publisher=Belknap Press |year=2012 |isbn= 978-0674064010 |publication-date=April 9, 2012 |page=156}}</ref><ref name="Reischauer">{{Cite journal |jstor = 20038053|title = The Sinic World in Perspective|journal = Foreign Affairs|volume = 52|issue = 2|pages = 341–348|last1 = Reischauer|first1 = Edwin O.|year = 1974|doi = 10.2307/20038053}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Asia Civilizations: Ancient to 1800 AD |last= Lim |first= SK |publisher=ASIAPAC |isbn=978-9812295941 |page=89|date= 2011-11-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Redesigning Asian Business: In the Aftermath of Crisis |last= Richter |first=Frank-Jurgen |publisher=Quorum Books |year=2002 |isbn=978-1567205251 |page=15}}</ref><ref name="Hazen 2005 1"/> The Imperial Chinese tributary system was the bedrock of network of trade and foreign relations between China and its East Asian tributaries, which helped to shape much of East Asian affairs during the ancient and medieval eras. Through the tributary system, the various dynasties of Imperial China facilitated frequent economic and cultural exchange that influenced the cultures of Japan and Korea and drew them into a ].<ref>{{harvnb|Vohra|1999|p=22}}</ref><ref name="Amy Chua, Jed Rubenfeld 2014 121–122">{{cite book | title=The Triple Package: How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America |publisher=Penguin Press HC |author1 = Amy Chua |author2 = Jed Rubenfeld |year=2014 |pages=121–122 |isbn=978-1594205460}}</ref> The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia's foreign policy and trade for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural dominance over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.<ref name="Warren I. Cohen 2000"/><ref name="Amy Chua, Jed Rubenfeld 2014 121–122"/> The relationship between China and its cultural influence on East Asia has been compared to the historical influence of ] on ] and the ].<ref name="Reischauer"/><ref name="Walker 2012 2"/><ref name="Amy Chua, Jed Rubenfeld 2014 121–122"/><ref name="Goscha 2016"/>

===Religions===

{{Main|East Asian religions}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! class="unsortable" | Religion
! class="unsortable" | Native name
!Creator/Current Leader
!Founded Time
! class="unsortable" | Main Denomination
! class="unsortable" | Major book
! class="unsortable" | Type
! Est. Followers
! class="unsortable" | Ethnic groups
! class="unsortable" | States/territories
|-
| ]
| {{lang|zh-hant|中國民間信仰}} or {{lang|zh-hant|中国民间信仰}}
|Spontaneous formation
|5000 years from now{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
|], ], ]
| ], ], ], etc.
| Prehistoric，pantheism，and polytheism
| style="text-align:right;" | ~900,000,000<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wenzel-Teuber |first=Katharina |year=2012 |title=People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011 |journal=Religions & Christianity in Today's China |volume=II |number=3 |pages=29–54 |url=http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/downloads/rctc/2012-3/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf |issn=2192-9289 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427151725/http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/downloads/rctc/2012-3/RCTC_2012-3.29-54_Wenzel-Teuber_Statistical_Overview_2011.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2017}}</ref><ref name=CZ20172>{{cite journal |last=Wenzel-Teuber |first=Katharina |year=2017 |title=Statistics on Religions and Churches in the People's Republic of China – Update for the Year 2016 |journal=Religions & Christianity in Today's China |volume=VII |number=2 |pages=26–53 |url=http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/downloads/rctc/2017-2/RCTC_2017-2.26-53_Wenzel-Teuber__Statistics_on_Religions_and_Churches_in_the_PRC_%E2%80%93_Update_for_the_Year_2016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722112103/http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/downloads/rctc/2017-2/RCTC_2017-2.26-53_Wenzel-Teuber__Statistics_on_Religions_and_Churches_in_the_PRC_%E2%80%93_Update_for_the_Year_2016.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
| Han, ], ], Tujia (worship of the same ancestor-gods)
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| ]
| {{lang|zh|道教}}
|], was considered the founder of Taoism by Taoists. He founded ]. Zhang Daoling reformed the Chinese folk religion from ], into a real, organised, and regulated religion, in 125A.D.. ] founded the ]. Tale says Wang Chongyang met two Gods, ] and ], during ] in 1159. He then get started to study Taoism himself. Three years later, he finished his studying, and founded Quanzhen. The new leader of Zhengyi need to be the son or paternal nephew of the previous leader, confirmed by the court of Zhengyi, in ], ]. Also beginning from the Song Dynasty, the leaders of Zhengyi get started to be confirmed and titled by the Emperor of China. In 1949, the 63th leader, Zhang Enfu, fled to Taiwan with ], leader of the ], died in 1969 in Taipei. The Kuomintang Authority titled his cousin Zhang Yuanxian as the 64th leader, while the Court of Zhengyi back in Jiangxi argued that the oracle already foreseen the leadership will end at the 63th generation. Zhang Yuanxian died in 2008, only left a daughter as heir. Meanwhile, the Kuomintang Authority didn't confirmed the next leader. On the other hand, in Mainland China, Zhang Enfu's second daughter's son, Lu Jintao, changes his surname to Zhang, and get in charge of the Court of Zhengyi currently. For the leader of Quanzhen, the last (18th) leader (1335-1362) was Wanyan Deming, titled by the Emperor of Yuan Dynasty. Wanyan Deming was a Jurchen Taoist, the Wanyan family was the imperial house of Jin Dynasty. There is no official leader of Quanzhen after Wanyan Deming anymore.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
|125 A.D. ]{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
| ], ]
| ]
| Pantheism, polytheism
| style="text-align:right;" | ~20,000,000<ref name="CZ20172"/>
| Han, Zhuang, Hmong, Yao, Qiang, Tujia
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| ]/]
| {{lang|zh-hant|漢傳佛教}} or {{lang|zh-hans|汉传佛教}}
|The Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, ], made a dream about the Buddha occasionally, then sent people to the ] to Introduce Buddhism to the Capital, ], in 67 A.D. In 384 A.D., during the ], Indian ] introduced the ] to ]. In 552 A.D., ] offered Buddhism to the ].{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
|67 A.D. ]
| Mahayana
| ]
| Non-God, Dualism.
| style="text-align:right;" | ~300,000,000
| Han, Korean, Yamato
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| ]
| {{lang|zh-hans|藏传佛教}}/{{bo-textonly|བོད་བརྒྱུད་ནང་བསྟན།}}
|], Prince of the Ancient Xang Xung Kingdom.
|1800 years ago
| Mahayana, ]
| ]
| Non-God
| style="text-align:right;" | ~10,000,000
| Tibetans, Manchus, Mongols
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|MNG}}
|-
| ]{{efn|almost ], ]}}
| {{lang|zh-hans|萨满教}} or {{lang|mn|Бөө мөргөл}}
|Spontaneous formation
|Prehistoric period
|
| N/A
| Prehistoric, polytheism, and pantheism
| style="text-align:right;" | N/A
| Manchus, Mongols, Oroqen
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|MNG}}
|-
| ]
| {{lang|zh|神道}}
|Spontaneous formation
|]
| ]
| ], ]
| Prehistoric，pantheism，and polytheism
| style="text-align:right;" | N/A
| Yamato
| {{flagicon|JPN}}
|-
| ]
| {{lang|ko|신도}} or {{lang|ko|무교}}
|Spontaneous formation
|900 years ago
| Shindo sects
| N/A
| Prehistoric，pantheism，and polytheism
| style="text-align:right;" | N/A
| Korean
| {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
|-
| ]
| {{lang|ja|琉球神道}} or {{lang|ja|ニライカナイ信仰}}
|Spontaneous formation
|N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Prehistoric，pantheism，and polytheism
| style="text-align:right;" | N/A
| Ryukyuan
| {{flagicon|JPN}} ({{flagicon|Okinawa}})
|}

===Festivals===
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2020}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Festival
! Native Name
! Other name
! Calendar
! Date
! ] date
! Activity
! Religious practices
! Food
! Major ethnicities
! Major states/territories
|-
| ]
| {{lang|zh-hant|農曆新年}}/{{lang|zh-hans|农历新年}} or {{lang|zh-hant|春節}}/{{lang|zh-hans|春节}}
| Spring Festival
| ]
| Month 1 Day 1
| 21 Jan–20 Feb
| Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Fireworks
| Worship the King of Gods
| ]
| Han, Manchus etc.
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|MNG}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| ]
| {{lang|ko|설날}} or {{lang|ko|설}}
| Seollal
| ]
| Month 1 Day 1
| 21 Jan–20 Feb
| Ancestors Worship, Family Reunion, Tomb Sweeping
| N/A
| ]
| Korean
| {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
|-
| ] or ]
| {{lang|zh|藏历新年}}/{{bo-textonly|ལོ་གསར་}} or {{lang|zh|查干萨日}}/{{lang|mn|Цагаан сар}}
| White Moon
| ], ]
| Month 1 Day 1
| 25 Jan – 2 Mar
| Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Fireworks
| N/A
| ] or ]
| Tibetans, Mongols, ] etc.
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|MNG}}
|-
| ]
| {{lang|zh|元旦}}
| Yuan Dan
| Gregorian
| 1 Jan
| 1 Jan
| Fireworks
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|MNG}} {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| ]
| {{lang|zh-hant|元宵節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|元宵节}}
| Upper Yuan Festival ({{lang|zh-hans|上元节}})
| Chinese
| Month 1 Day 15
| 4 Feb – 6 Mar
| Lanterns Expo, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping
| Birthdate of the God of Sky-officer
| Yuanxiao
| Han
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| ]
| {{lang|ko|대보름}} or {{lang|ko|정월 대보름}}
| Great Full Moon
| ]
| Month 1 Day 15
| 4 Feb – 6 Mar
| Greeting of the moon, kite-flying, ], eating ] (])
| Bonfires (daljip taeugi)
| ], ], nuts
| Korean
| {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
|-
|]
|{{lang|zh-hant|寒食節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|寒食节}}
| Cold Food Festival
| ]
| Traditionally, on the 105th day after the ]. Revised to 1 day before the Qingming Festival by ] (Chinese: 汤若望) during the ].
| April 3–5
| Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, No cooking hot meal/setting fire, Cold food only. ], etc. (People used to mix this one with the Qingming Festival due to their close dates)
| In Memory of a loyal Ancient named ] (Chinese: 介子推), ordered by the Monarch of the ], ] (Chinese: 重耳)
| Cold Food, e.g. ]
| Han, Korean, Mongols
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
|]
|{{lang|zh-hant|清明節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|清明节}}
|Tomb Sweeping Day
|]
|15th day after the ]. Just 1 day after the Hanshi Festival, but in much higher repute.
|April 4-6th
|Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, ], Planting trees, Flying kites, ], ], etc. (Almost the same with the Hanshi Festival's, due to their close dates)
|Burning ] for deceased family members. Planting willow brances to keep ghosts away from houses.
|Boiled eggs
|Han, Korean, Mongols
|{{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| ]
| {{lang|zh-hant|端午節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|端午节}} or {{lang|ko|단오}}
| Duanwu Festival / ]
| ] / ]
| Month 5 Day 5
|
| Driving poisons & plague away. (China - Dragon Boat Race, Wearing coloured lines, Hanging felon herb on the front door.) / (Korea - Washing hair with iris water, ])
| Worship various Gods
| ] / Surichwitteok (rice cake with herbs)
| Han, Korean, Yamato
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| ]
| {{lang|zh-hant|中元節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|中元节}} or {{lang|ko|백중}}
| Mid Yuan Festival
| Chinese
| Month 7 Day 15
|
| Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping
| Birthdate of the God of Earth-officer
|
| Han, Korean, Yamato
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| ]
| {{lang|zh-hant|中秋節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|中秋节}}
| {{lang|zh|中秋祭}}
| Chinese
| Month 8 Day 15
|
| Family Reunion, Enjoying Moon view
| Worship the Moon Goddess
| ]
| Han
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| ]
| {{lang|ko|추석}} or {{lang|ko|한가위}}
| Hangawi
| ]
| Month 8 Day 15
|
| Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Enjoying Moon view
| N/A
| ], Torantang (Taro soup)
| Korean
| {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
|-
| ]
| {{lang|ja|月見}} or {{lang|ja|お月見}}
| Tsukimi or Otsukimi
| ]
| Month 8 Day 15
|
| Family Reunion, Enjoying Moon view
| Worship the Moon
| ], ]
| Yamato
| {{flagicon|JPN}} <sup>*<sup>
|-
| Double Ninth Festival
| {{lang|zh-hant|重陽節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|重阳节}}
| Double Positive Festival
| Chinese
| Month 9 Day 09
|
| Climbing Mountain, Taking care of elderly, Wearing Cornus.
| Worship various Gods
|
| Han, Korean, Yamato
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
| Lower Yuan Festival
| {{lang|zh-hant|下元節}} or {{lang|zh-hans|下元节}}
| N/A
| Chinese
| Month 10 Day 15
|
| Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping
| Birthdate of the God of Water-officer
| Ciba
| Han
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| Dongzhi Festival
| {{lang|zh|冬至}} or {{lang|ko|동지}} or {{lang|ja|冬至}}
| N/A
| Gregorian
| Between Dec 21 and Dec 23
| Between Dec 21 and Dec 23
| Ancestors Worship, Rites to dispel bad spirits
| N/A
| ], ], ], ]
| Han, Korean, Yamato
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|PRK}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| Small New Year
| {{lang|zh|小年}}
| Jizao ({{lang|zh|祭灶}})
| Chinese
| Month 12 Day 23
|
| Cleaning Houses
| Worship the God of Hearth
| ]
| Han, Mongols
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|MNG}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Japan switched the date to the ] after the Meiji Restoration.
<br>
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Not always on that Gregorian date, sometimes April 4.

==Collaboration==
===East Asian Youth Games===
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2020}}
{{Main|East Asian Youth Games}}
Formerly the ], it is a ] organised by the East Asian Games Association (EAGA) and held every four years since ] among athletes from East Asian countries and territories of the ] (OCA), as well as the Pacific island of ], which is a member of the ].

It is one of five Regional Games of the OCA. The others are the ], the ] (SEA Games), the ] and the ].

===Free trade agreements===
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2020}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Name of agreement
! Parties
! Leaders at the time
! Negotiation begins
! Signing date
! Starting time
! Current status
|-
| China–South Korea FTA
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
| ], ]
| May, 2012
| Jun 01, 2015
| Dec 30, 2015
| Enforced
|-
| China–Japan–South Korea FTA
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
| ], ], ]
| Mar 26, 2013
| N/A
| N/A
| 10 round negotiation
|-
| Japan-Mongolia EPA
| {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|MNG}}
| ], ]
| <nowiki>-</nowiki>
| Feb 10, 2015
| <nowiki>-</nowiki>
| Enforced
|-
| China-Mongolia FTA
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|MNG}}
| ], ]
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| Officially proposed
|-
| China-HK CEPA
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|HKG}}
| ], ]
| <nowiki>-</nowiki>
| Jun 29, 2003
| <nowiki>-</nowiki>
| Enforced
|-
| China-Macau CEPA
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|MAC}}
| ], ]
| <nowiki>-</nowiki>
| Oct 18, 2003
| <nowiki>-</nowiki>
| Enforced
|-
| Hong Kong-Macau CEPA
| {{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}
| ], ]
| Oct 09, 2015
| N/A
| N/A
| Negotiating
|-
| ]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
| ], ]
| Jan 26, 2010
| Jun 29, 2010
| Aug 17, 2010
| Enforced
|-
| CSSTA (Based on ECFA)
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
| ], ]
| Mar, 2011
| Jun 21, 2013
| N/A
| Abolished
|-
| CSGTA (Based on ECFA)
| {{flagicon|CHN}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
| ], ]
| Feb 22, 2011
| N/A
| N/A
| Suspended
|}

===Military alliances===
{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Abbr.
! Parties within the region
|-
| ]
| SCO
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|RUS}}
|-
| General Security of Military Information Agreement
| GSOMIA
| {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
|-
| ]
| -
| {{flagicon|CHN}} ({{flagicon|HKG}} {{flagicon|MAC}}) {{flagicon|PRK}}
|-
| ]
| -
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|JPN}}
|-
| ]
| -
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|KOR}}
|-
| ] (] before 1980)
| TRA (SAMDT)
| {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|TWN}}
|-
| ] (] of ])
| -
| {{flagicon|NATO}} {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|JPN}} {{flagicon|KOR}} {{flagicon|TWN}}<ref name="Kan2009">{{cite book|author=Shirley Kan|title=Taiwan: Major U.S. Arms Sales Since 1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJSHhOZo_j8C&pg=PA52|date=December 2009|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4379-2041-3|page=52}}</ref>
|}

==Major cities==
{{Main|Cities of East Asia}} {{Main|Cities of East Asia}}
<gallery widths="660px" heights="220px" perrow="1">
{{Largest urban areas of East Asia}}
File:Tokyo at night panorama.jpg|] is the largest city in the world, both in ] and ].

File:Seoul Nightview(2009).jpg|] is the capital and largest city of South Korea (ROK), and is a leading global technology hub.
<gallery mode="packed" style="text-align: center;" caption="" heights="110px" perrow="3">
File:Tokyo Station City (234809375).jpeg|] is the capital of Japan and one of the largest cities in the world, both in ] and ]. File:Kaohsiung.jpg|] is the second largest city in Taiwan. ] is one of the largest harbors in the world.
File:Taipei Skyline 2021.jpg|] is the capital, financial centre of Taiwan and anchors a major high-tech industrial area in Taiwan. File:Pudong Pano.jpg|] is the largest city in China and one of the largest in the world, and is the leading commercial and financial center of mainland China.
File:Taipei night view with 101.jpg|] is the capital of the ] and is one of the world's leading technical centres in Asia, and is the location of the ].
File:Namdaemun-ro, Seoul.jpg|] is the capital of South Korea, leading global technology hub.
File:Hong Kong Night Skyline2.jpg|], enclosed by the ] and ], is one of the world's leading ] and is known for its cosmopolitan lifestyle.
File:Lujiazui 2016.jpg|] is the largest city in China.
File:Parkview Green and CBD skyline (20210927131419).jpg|] is the capital of the People's Republic of China. File:UlaanBaatar-2009.jpg|] is the largest city in ] with a population of 1 Million as of 2008.
File:Osaka Umeda Sky Building Panoramablick 05.jpg|] is the second largest metropolitan area in Japan.
File:Guangzhou skyline.jpg|] is one of the most important cities in southern China. It has a history of over 2,200 years and was a major terminus of the maritime Silk Road and continues to serve as a major port and transportation hub today.

File:Nagoya Night View.jpg|] is the third largest metropolitan area in Japan. Nagoya is famous as the location of ] headquarters.
File:Kyoto, Japan (Unsplash UIN-pFfJ7c).jpg|] was the imperial capital of Japan for eleven centuries.
File:UB downtown.jpg|] is the capital of Mongolia with a population of 1 million as of 2008.
File:Hong Kong Night view from Victoria Peak.jpg|] is one of the ] and is known as a cosmopolitan metropolis.
File:Pyongyang City - Ryugyong Hotel in Background (13913572409).jpg|] is the capital of North Korea, and is a metropolis on the ].
File:Xian city wall 2.JPG|] or ] is the oldest of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, having held the position under several of the most important dynasties. It has a significant cultural influence in East Asia.
File:Pass over Eastern Asia to Philippine Sea and Guam.ogv|Pass of the ISS over Mongolia, looking out west towards the Pacific Ocean, China, and Japan. As the video progresses, you can see major cities along the coast and the Japanese islands on the ]. The island of ] can be seen further down the pass into the Philippine Sea, and the pass ends just to the east of New Zealand. A lightning storm can be seen as light pulses near the end of the video.
</gallery> </gallery>
], looking out west towards the ], ], and ]. As the video progresses, you can see major cities along the coast and the Japanese islands on the ]. The island of ] can be seen further down the pass into the Philippine Sea, and the pass ends just to the east of ]. A ] storm can be seen as ] pulses near the end of the video.]]


==See also== == See also ==
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==Notes== == Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{notelist}}


==References== == References ==
{{reflist}} {{reflist|2}}


== External links ==
==Further reading==
{{Commons category|East Asia}}
* Church, Peter. ''A short history of South-East Asia'' (John Wiley & Sons, 2017).
* Clyde, Paul H., and Burton F. Beers. ''The Far East: A History of Western Impacts and Eastern Responses, 1830-1975'' (1975)
* Crofts, Alfred. ''A history of the Far East'' (1958)
* Dennett, Tyler. ''Americans in Eastern Asia'' (1922)
* Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, and Anne Walthall. ''East Asia: A cultural, social, and political history'' (Cengage Learning, 2013).
* Embree, Ainslie T., ed. ''Encyclopedia of Asian history'' (1988)
**; ; ;
* Fairbank, John K., Edwin Reischauer, and Albert M. Craig. ''East Asia: The great tradition'' and ''East Asia: The modern transformation'' (1960) , famous textbook.
* Flynn, Matthew J. ''China Contested: Western Powers in East Asia'' (2006), for secondary schools
* Gelber, Harry. ''The dragon and the foreign devils: China and the world, 1100 BC to the present'' (2011).
* Green, Michael J. ''By more than providence: grand strategy and American power in the Asia Pacific since 1783'' (2017) a major scholarly survey
* Hall, D.G.E. ''History of South East Asia'' (Macmillan International Higher Education, 1981).
* Holcombe, Charles. ''A History of East Asia'' (2d ed. Cambridge UP, 2017).
* Iriye, Akira. ''After Imperialism; The Search for a New Order in the Far East 1921-1931.'' (1965).
* Jensen, Richard, Jon Davidann, and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds. ''Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century'' (Praeger, 2003), 304 pp
* Keay, John. ''Empire's End: A History of the Far East from High Colonialism to Hong Kong'' (Scribner, 1997).
* Levinson, David, and Karen Christensen, eds. ''Encyclopedia of Modern Asia''. (6 vol. Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002).
* Mackerras, Colin. ''Eastern Asia: an introductory history'' (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1992).
* Macnair, Harley F. & Donald Lach. ''Modern Far Eastern International Relations.'' (2nd ed 1955) , 780pp; focus on 1900-1950.
* Miller, David Y. ''Modern East Asia: An Introductory History'' (Routledge, 2007)
* Murphey, Rhoads. ''East Asia: A New History'' (1996)
* Norman, Henry. ''The Peoples and Politics of the Far East: Travels and studies in the British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonies, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam and Malaya'' (1904)
* Paine, S. C. M. ''The Wars for Asia, 1911-1949'' (2014)
* Prescott, Anne. ''East Asia in the World: An Introduction'' (Routledge, 2015)
* Ring, George C. ''Religions of the Far East: Their History to the Present Day'' (Kessinger Publishing, 2006).
* Szpilman, Christopher W. A., Sven Saaler. "Japan and Asia" in ''Routledge Handbook of Modern Japanese History'' (2017)
* Steiger, G. Nye. ''A history of the Far East'' (1936).
* Vinacke, Harold M. ''A History of the Far East in Modern Times'' (1964)
* Vogel, Ezra. ''China and Japan: Facing History'' (2019)
* Woodcock, George. ''The British in the Far East'' (1969)

==External links==
{{commons category|Eastern Asia}}
{{Wiktionary}} {{Wiktionary}}
{{Wikivoyage|East Asia}}
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{{Asia topics}} {{East Asian topics |state=expanded}}
{{East Asian topics |state = expanded}} {{Regions of the world|state=expanded}}

{{Geographic location
| Centre = East Asia
| North = ]
| Northeast = ]<br />]
| East = ]
| Southeast = ]
| South = ]<br />]
| Southwest = ]
| West = ]
| Northwest = ]<br />]
}}
{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}

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Revision as of 10:15, 25 November 2021

For other uses, see East Asia (disambiguation). Place
East Asia
Location of East Asia
States and territories
Capital cities
Other major cities List
Area
 • Total11,839,074 km (4,571,092 sq mi)
Population
 • Total1,575,784,500
 • Density130/km (340/sq mi)
Time zone
  • UTC +7:00 (Western Mongolia)
  • UTC +8:00 (Rest of Mongolia, China, Taiwan, Macau and Hong Kong)
  • UTC +8:30 (North Korea)
  • UTC +9:00 (Japan and South Korea)
Languages and language families

Template:Contains Chinese text Template:Contains Japanese text Template:Contains Korean text

East Asia
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese東亞/東亞細亞
Simplified Chinese东亚/东亚细亚
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinDōngyà or Dōng Yàxìyà
Wade–GilesTung-ya
Wu
Romanizationton ia
Gan
RomanizationTung1 nga3
Hakka
Romanizationdung a
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingdung1 aa3
Southern Min
Hokkien POJTang-a
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabetĐông Á
Korean name
Hangul동아시아/동아세아/동아
Hanja東아시아/東亞細亞/東亞
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationDong Asia/Dong Asea/Dong A
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicЗүүн Ази
ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠽᠢ
Japanese name
Kanji東亜細亜（東アジア）/東亜
Kanaひがしアジア/とうあ
Kyūjitai東亞細亞/東亞
Transcriptions
Revised HepburnHigashi Ajia/Tō-A
Kunrei-shikiHigasi Azia/Tou-A
Russian name
RussianВосточная Азия
RomanizationVostochnaja Azija

East Asia or Eastern Asia is the eastern subregion of the Asian continent, which can be defined in either geographical or cultural terms. Geographically and geopolitically, it covers about 12,000,000 km (4,600,000 sq mi), or about 28% of the Asian continent, about 15% bigger than the area of Europe.

More than 1.5 billion people, about 38% of the population of Asia and 22% or over one fifth of all the people in the world, live in East Asia. The region is one of the world's most populated places, with a population density of 133 inhabitants per square kilometre (340/sq mi), being about three times the world average of 45/km (120/sq mi), although Mongolia has the lowest population density of a sovereign state. Using the UN subregion definitions, East Asia ranks second in population only to Southern Asia.

Historically, many societies in East Asia have been part of the Chinese cultural sphere, and East Asian vocabulary and scripts are often derived from Classical Chinese and Chinese script. Sometimes Northeast Asia is used to denote Japan and Korea. Major religions include Buddhism (mostly Mahayana), Confucianism or Neo-Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese folk religion in China and Taiwan, Shinto in Japan, Shamanism in Korea, Mongolia and other indigenous populations of northern East Asia, and recently Christianity in South Korea. The Chinese Calendar is the root from which many other East Asian calendars are derived.

History

Main article: History of East Asia

The history of East Asia is predominantly the history of the Chinese Dynasties that dominated the region in matters of trade as well as militarily, such as the Qin and the Han Dynasties. There are records of tributes sent overseas from the early kingdoms of Korea and Japan. There were also considerable levels of cultural and religious exchange between the Chinese and other regional Dynasties and Kingdoms.

As connections began to strengthen with the Western world, China's power began to diminish. Around the same time, Japan solidified itself as a nation state. Throughout WWII, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan and Eastern China fell under Japanese control. Following Japan's defeat in the war, the Korean peninsula became independent, while Taiwan became part of the Republic of China.

Uses of the term East Asia

UNSD geoscheme for Asia based on statistic convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories:   North Asia   Central Asia   Western Asia   South Asia   East Asia   Southeast Asia

The UNSD definition of Eastern Asia purely based on statistical conveniece, but also other common definitions of East Asia contain the entirety of China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia and Taiwan.

Culturally, China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam are commonly seen as being encompassed by cultural East Asia.

Alternative definitions

There are mixed debates around the world whether these countries or regions should be considered in East Asia or not.

In business and economics, East Asia has been used to refer to a wide geographical area covering ten countries in ASEAN, People's Republic of China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. However, in this context, the term "Far East" is often more appropriate which covers ASEAN countries and the traditional countries in East Asia. Far East describes the region's geographical position in relation to Europe rather than its location within Asia. Alternatively, the term "Asia Pacific Region" is often used in describing the Far East region as well as Oceania.

In contrast to the United Nations definition, East Asia commonly is used to refer to the eastern part of Asia, as the term implies. Observers preferring a broader definition of 'East Asia' often use the term Northeast Asia to refer to the greater China area, the Korean Peninsula, Taiwan, and Japan, with Southeast Asia covering the ten ASEAN countries. This usage, which is increasingly widespread in economic and diplomatic discussion, is at odds with the historical meanings of both "East Asia" and "Northeast Asia". The Council on Foreign Relations defines Northeast Asia as Japan and Korea.

Territory and region data

Demographics

See also: Ethnic groups of East Asia
Country Area km² Population Population density
per km² 		HDI (2014) Capital
 China 9,640,011 1,339,724,852 138 0.719 Beijing
 Hong Kong 1,104 7,061,200 6,390 0.891 Hong Kong
 Japan 377,930 127,950,000 337 0.890 Tokyo
 Macau 30 556,800 18,662 0.868 (2012) Macau
 Mongolia 1,564,100 2,809,600 2 0.698 Ulaanbaatar
 North Korea 120,538 24,346,000 198 N/A Pyongyang
 South Korea 100,210 51,115,702 500 0.891 Seoul
 Taiwan 36,188 23,174,528 639 0.882 (2014) Taipei

Economy

Main article: Economy of East Asia
Country GDP nominal
millions of USD (2013) 		GDP nominal per capita
USD (2014)

GDP PPP
millions of USD (2013) 		GDP PPP per capita
USD (2013)
 China 9,240,270 7,589 16,157,703 11,850
 Hong Kong 274,012 39,871 382,396 54,260
 Japan 4,901,529 36,332 4,624,359 37,630
 Macau 51,753 91,376 80,744 142,599
 Mongolia 10,258 4,096 26,779 8,810
 North Korea 11,516 583 40,000 1,800
 South Korea 1,304,553 28,101 1,664,258 33,440
 Taiwan 503,688 22,598 926,062 38,749

Culture

Main article: East Asian cultural sphere

The culture of East Asia has been influenced by the civilization of northern China. East Asia shares a Confucian ethical philosophy, Buddhism, political and legal structures, and historically a common writing system. The relationship between Northern China and East Asia has been compared to the historical influence of Greco-Roman civilization on Europe.

Cities

Main article: Cities of East Asia
Pass of the ISS over Mongolia, looking out west towards the Pacific Ocean, China, and Japan. As the video progresses, you can see major cities along the coast and the Japanese islands on the Philippine Sea. The island of Guam can be seen further down the pass into the Philippine Sea, and the pass ends just to the east of New Zealand. A lightning storm can be seen as light pulses near the end of the video.

See also

Notes

  1. The area figure is based on the combined areas of China (including Hong Kong, Macau, Aksai Chin, and Trans-Karakoram Tract), Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam as listed at List of countries and outlying territories by total area.
  2. The population figure is the combined populations of China (Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau), Japan , North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan as listed at List of countries by population (last updated Feb 22, 2011).
  3. ^ Taiwan (officially the Republic of China) has limited recognition internationally as a sovereign state while most democratic countries keeps quasi-official relations with her, see Political status of Taiwan.

References

  1. ^ "East Asia". encarta. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2009-10-31. Retrieved 2008-01-12. the countries, territories, and regions of China, Mongolia, Hong Kong, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Macau, and Taiwan. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Columbia University - "East Asian cultural sphere" "The East Asian cultural sphere evolves when Japan, Korea, and what is today Vietnam all share adapted elements of Chinese civilization of this period (that of the Tang dynasty), in particular Buddhism, Confucian social and political values, and literary Chinese and its writing system."
  3. ^ "Northeast Asia." Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved on August 10, 2009.
  4. Chongho Kim, "Korean Shamanism", 2003 Ashgate Publishing
  5. Andreas Anangguru Yewangoe, "Theologia crucis in Asia", 1987 Rodopi
  6. "Background Note: South Korea". State. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2000-04-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  7. "United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)". United Nations Statistics Division. 6 May 2015. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
  8. "United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)". United Nations Statistics Division. 6 May 2015. Retrieved 2010-07-24.
  9. "Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings". United Nations Statistics Division. 11 February 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
  10. R. Keith Schopper's East Asia: Identities and Change in the Modern World
  11. Joshua A. Fogel (UC Santa Barbara/University of Indiana) Nationalism, the Rise of the Vernacular, and the Conceptualization of Modernization in East Asian Comparative Perspective
  12. United Nations Environment Programme (mentions sinosphere countries) Approaches to Solution of Eutrophication
  13. 香港是東南亞結腸腫瘤最高發區, Chinese University of Hong Kong
  14. CIA The World Factbook-Hong Kong
  15. CIA The World Factbook-Macau
  16. CIA The World Factbook-Taiwan
  17. Christopher M. Dent (2008). East Asian regionalism. London: Routledge. pp. 1–8.
  18. Charles Harvie, Fukunari Kimura, and Hyun-Hoon Lee (2005), New East Asian regionalism. Cheltenham and Northamton: Edward Elgar, pp.3-6.
  19. Peter J. Katzenstein and Takashi Shiraishi (2006), Beyond Japan: the dynamics of East Asian regionalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp.1-33
  20. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD
  21. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/index.aspx
  22. Macau(2013)
  23. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD
  24. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD
  25. ^ Edwin O. Reischauer, "The Sinic World in Perspective," Foreign Affairs 52.2 (January 1974): 341-348. JSTOR

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