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The term "cultural Marxism" has been used to signify various strands of Western Marxism, including cultural analysis, critical theory, and the Frankfurt and Birmingham schools.<ref name="Markwick">{{cite book|last=Markwick|first1=Roger|title=Saluting Aron Gurevich: Essays in History, Literature and Other Related Subjects|chapter=Gurevich's Contribution to Soviet and Russian Historiography: From Social-psychology to Historical Anthropology|editor-last1=Mazour-Matusevič|editor-first1=Yelena|editor-last2=Korros|editor-first2=Alexandra|page=42|year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-18650-7|quote=Marxist cultural analysis, as it emerged in post-war Western and Eastern Europe, was a reaction to the tendency within Soviet-style Marxism to treat culture as a mere secondary epiphenomenon of economic relations, of classes and modes of production. Western European Marxists led the way. The humanist Marxism of the New Left, which first emerged in the late 1950s, increasingly engaged with anthropological conceptions of cutlure that emphasized human agency: language, communication, experience, and consciousness. By the 1960s and 1970s Western cultural Marxism was engaged in a dialogue with structuralism, post-structuralism and semiotics.}}</ref><ref name="Jamin2018-CulturalMarxism1">{{cite journal |last1=Jamin |first1=Jérôme |title=Cultural Marxism: A survey |journal=Religion Compass |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rec3.12258|date=February 6, 2018 |volume=12 |issue=1–2 |pages=e12258 |doi=10.1111/REC3.12258|quote=Cultural Marxism, and Critical Theory more generally with which it has a close signification, have both a direct link with the Frankfurt School and its Marxian theorists. Initially called the “Institute for Social Research” during the 1930s, and taking the label the “Frankfurt School” by the 1950s, the designation meant as much an academic environment as a geographical location. As Christian Bouchindhomme puts it in its entry devoted to “Critical Theory” in Raynaud and Rials' Dictionnaire de philosophie politique, the Frankfurt School has been more a label than a school, even if it referred to a real academic environment:}}</ref><ref name="Arce">{{cite web|last=Arce|first=José Manuel Valenzuela|title=Cultural diversity, social exclusion and youth in Latin America|publisher=Euroamericano|url=https://www.campuseuroamericano.org/pdf/en/ENG_Cultural_Diversity_Social_Exclusion_Youth_AL_JM_Valenzuela.pdf|quote=Some of the most suggestive criticisms of the path taken by many followers of the Birmingham School (not of its founders) emphasize that they have let themselves be caught out by a certain textual condition, where the text seems to acquire a self-contained condition, overlooking the connection with social contexts. Therefore, Fredric Jameson emphasizes the need to recover the critical theory of culture that comes from Marx, Freud, the School of Frankfurt, Luckács, Sartre and complex Marxism, and suggests redefining cultural studies as cultural Marxism and as a critique of capitalism. For this, the economic, political and social formations should be considered and the importance of social classes highlighted (Jameson, 1998).}}</ref><ref name="Schroyer">{{cite book|last=Schroyer|first=Trent|title=The critique of domination: the origins and development of critical theory|date=1973|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0807015230|author-link=Trent Schroyer}}</ref><ref name="Brenkman">{{cite article|last=Brenkman|first=John|journal=Social Text|title=Theses on Cultural Marxism|issue=No. 7 (Spring - Summer, 1983)|year=1983|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.2307/466452}}</ref> However, the term "Cultural Marxism" is also used by purveyors of the anti-Semitic ]. Parts of the conspiracy theory make reference to actual thinkers and ideas that are in the Western Marxist tradition,<ref name="Tuters2018"/><ref name="Woods2019"/><ref name="Braune2019"/><ref name="Jamin2018"/> but they severely misrepresent the subject.<ref name="Tuters2018"/><ref name="Woods2019"/><ref name="Braune2019"/> Marxist cultural analysis includes diverse thinkers with conflicting ideas, but conspiracy theorists instead treat them as interchangeable parts of a coherent movement.<ref name="Braune2019"/><ref name="Jamin2018"/> Conspiracy theorists exaggerate the actual influence of Marxist cultural analysis, including outlandish claims about Marxist efforts to dominate governments and mind-control populations.<ref name="Braune2019"/><ref name="Jamin2018"/> Joan Braune has argued it is not correct to use the term "Cultural Marxism", since there is no such movement.<ref name="Braune2019/> The term "cultural Marxism" has been used to signify various strands of Western Marxism, including cultural analysis, critical theory, and the Frankfurt and Birmingham schools.<ref name="Markwick">{{cite book|last=Markwick|first1=Roger|title=Saluting Aron Gurevich: Essays in History, Literature and Other Related Subjects|chapter=Gurevich's Contribution to Soviet and Russian Historiography: From Social-psychology to Historical Anthropology|editor-last1=Mazour-Matusevič|editor-first1=Yelena|editor-last2=Korros|editor-first2=Alexandra|page=42|year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-18650-7|quote=Marxist cultural analysis, as it emerged in post-war Western and Eastern Europe, was a reaction to the tendency within Soviet-style Marxism to treat culture as a mere secondary epiphenomenon of economic relations, of classes and modes of production. Western European Marxists led the way. The humanist Marxism of the New Left, which first emerged in the late 1950s, increasingly engaged with anthropological conceptions of cutlure that emphasized human agency: language, communication, experience, and consciousness. By the 1960s and 1970s Western cultural Marxism was engaged in a dialogue with structuralism, post-structuralism and semiotics.}}</ref><ref name="Jamin2018-CulturalMarxism1">{{cite journal |last1=Jamin |first1=Jérôme |title=Cultural Marxism: A survey |journal=Religion Compass |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rec3.12258|date=February 6, 2018 |volume=12 |issue=1–2 |pages=e12258 |doi=10.1111/REC3.12258|quote=Cultural Marxism, and Critical Theory more generally with which it has a close signification, have both a direct link with the Frankfurt School and its Marxian theorists. Initially called the “Institute for Social Research” during the 1930s, and taking the label the “Frankfurt School” by the 1950s, the designation meant as much an academic environment as a geographical location. As Christian Bouchindhomme puts it in its entry devoted to “Critical Theory” in Raynaud and Rials' Dictionnaire de philosophie politique, the Frankfurt School has been more a label than a school, even if it referred to a real academic environment:}}</ref><ref name="Arce">{{cite web|last=Arce|first=José Manuel Valenzuela|title=Cultural diversity, social exclusion and youth in Latin America|publisher=Euroamericano|url=https://www.campuseuroamericano.org/pdf/en/ENG_Cultural_Diversity_Social_Exclusion_Youth_AL_JM_Valenzuela.pdf|quote=Some of the most suggestive criticisms of the path taken by many followers of the Birmingham School (not of its founders) emphasize that they have let themselves be caught out by a certain textual condition, where the text seems to acquire a self-contained condition, overlooking the connection with social contexts. Therefore, Fredric Jameson emphasizes the need to recover the critical theory of culture that comes from Marx, Freud, the School of Frankfurt, Luckács, Sartre and complex Marxism, and suggests redefining cultural studies as cultural Marxism and as a critique of capitalism. For this, the economic, political and social formations should be considered and the importance of social classes highlighted (Jameson, 1998).}}</ref><ref name="Schroyer">{{cite book|last=Schroyer|first=Trent|title=The critique of domination: the origins and development of critical theory|date=1973|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0807015230|author-link=Trent Schroyer}}</ref><ref name="Brenkman">{{cite article|last=Brenkman|first=John|journal=Social Text|title=Theses on Cultural Marxism|issue=7|year=1983|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.2307/466452}}</ref> However, the term "Cultural Marxism" is also used by purveyors of the anti-Semitic ]. Parts of the conspiracy theory make reference to actual thinkers and ideas that are in the Western Marxist tradition,<ref name="Tuters2018"/><ref name="Woods2019"/><ref name="Braune2019"/><ref name="Jamin2018"/> but they severely misrepresent the subject.<ref name="Tuters2018"/><ref name="Woods2019"/><ref name="Braune2019"/> Marxist cultural analysis includes diverse thinkers with conflicting ideas, but conspiracy theorists instead treat them as interchangeable parts of a coherent movement.<ref name="Braune2019"/><ref name="Jamin2018"/> Conspiracy theorists exaggerate the actual influence of Marxist cultural analysis, including outlandish claims about Marxist efforts to dominate governments and mind-control populations.<ref name="Braune2019"/><ref name="Jamin2018"/> Joan Braune has argued it is not correct to use the term "Cultural Marxism", since there is no such movement.<ref name="Braune2019/>




<ref name="Jamin2018">{{cite journal |last1=Jamin |first1=Jérôme |title=Cultural Marxism: A survey |journal=Religion Compass |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rec3.12258|date=February 6, 2018 |volume=12 |issue=1–2 |pages=e12258 |doi=10.1111/REC3.12258}}</ref> <ref name="Jamin2018">{{cite journal |last1=Jamin |first1=Jérôme |title=Cultural Marxism: A survey |journal=Religion Compass |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rec3.12258|date=February 6, 2018 |volume=12 |issue=1–2 |pages=e12258 |doi=10.1111/REC3.12258}}</ref>


<ref name="Jamin2018-intro1">{{cite journal |last1=Jamin |first1=Jérôme |title=Cultural Marxism: A survey |journal=Religion Compass |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rec3.12258|date=February 6, 2018 |volume=12 |issue=1–2 |pages=e12258 |doi=10.1111/REC3.12258|quote=Cultural Marxism and the Frankfurt School have been studied in multiple ways by academics for decades. This paper suggests that a specific interpretation of Cultural Marxism opens today a new area of research for those who study conspiracy theories. In concrete terms, next to the history of Cultural Marxism as a well‐documented theory, devel�oped by Marxist scholars and thinkers within cultural studies from the 1930s, another theory has emerged during the 1990s, and is particularly influential on radical forms of right wing politics.}}</ref> <ref name="Jamin2018-intro1">{{cite journal |last1=Jamin |first1=Jérôme |title=Cultural Marxism: A survey |journal=Religion Compass |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rec3.12258|date=February 6, 2018 |volume=12 |issue=1–2 |pages=e12258 |doi=10.1111/REC3.12258|quote=Cultural Marxism and the Frankfurt School have been studied in multiple ways by academics for decades. This paper suggests that a specific interpretation of Cultural Marxism opens today a new area of research for those who study conspiracy theories. In concrete terms, next to the history of Cultural Marxism as a well‐documented theory, developed by Marxist scholars and thinkers within cultural studies from the 1930s, another theory has emerged during the 1990s, and is particularly influential on radical forms of right wing politics.}}</ref>




Revision as of 07:15, 30 December 2021

The term "cultural Marxism" has been used to signify various strands of Western Marxism, including cultural analysis, critical theory, and the Frankfurt and Birmingham schools. However, the term "Cultural Marxism" is also used by purveyors of the anti-Semitic Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory. Parts of the conspiracy theory make reference to actual thinkers and ideas that are in the Western Marxist tradition, but they severely misrepresent the subject. Marxist cultural analysis includes diverse thinkers with conflicting ideas, but conspiracy theorists instead treat them as interchangeable parts of a coherent movement. Conspiracy theorists exaggerate the actual influence of Marxist cultural analysis, including outlandish claims about Marxist efforts to dominate governments and mind-control populations. Joan Braune has argued it is not correct to use the term "Cultural Marxism", since there is no such movement.



  1. Markwick, Roger (2010). "Gurevich's Contribution to Soviet and Russian Historiography: From Social-psychology to Historical Anthropology". In Mazour-Matusevič, Yelena; Korros, Alexandra (eds.). Saluting Aron Gurevich: Essays in History, Literature and Other Related Subjects. Brill. p. 42. ISBN 978-90-04-18650-7. Marxist cultural analysis, as it emerged in post-war Western and Eastern Europe, was a reaction to the tendency within Soviet-style Marxism to treat culture as a mere secondary epiphenomenon of economic relations, of classes and modes of production. Western European Marxists led the way. The humanist Marxism of the New Left, which first emerged in the late 1950s, increasingly engaged with anthropological conceptions of cutlure that emphasized human agency: language, communication, experience, and consciousness. By the 1960s and 1970s Western cultural Marxism was engaged in a dialogue with structuralism, post-structuralism and semiotics.
  2. Jamin, Jérôme (February 6, 2018). "Cultural Marxism: A survey". Religion Compass. 12 (1–2): e12258. doi:10.1111/REC3.12258. Cultural Marxism, and Critical Theory more generally with which it has a close signification, have both a direct link with the Frankfurt School and its Marxian theorists. Initially called the "Institute for Social Research" during the 1930s, and taking the label the "Frankfurt School" by the 1950s, the designation meant as much an academic environment as a geographical location. As Christian Bouchindhomme puts it in its entry devoted to "Critical Theory" in Raynaud and Rials' Dictionnaire de philosophie politique, the Frankfurt School has been more a label than a school, even if it referred to a real academic environment:
  3. Arce, José Manuel Valenzuela. "Cultural diversity, social exclusion and youth in Latin America" (PDF). Euroamericano. Some of the most suggestive criticisms of the path taken by many followers of the Birmingham School (not of its founders) emphasize that they have let themselves be caught out by a certain textual condition, where the text seems to acquire a self-contained condition, overlooking the connection with social contexts. Therefore, Fredric Jameson emphasizes the need to recover the critical theory of culture that comes from Marx, Freud, the School of Frankfurt, Luckács, Sartre and complex Marxism, and suggests redefining cultural studies as cultural Marxism and as a critique of capitalism. For this, the economic, political and social formations should be considered and the importance of social classes highlighted (Jameson, 1998).
  4. Schroyer, Trent (1973). The critique of domination: the origins and development of critical theory. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0807015230.
  5. Template:Cite article
  6. ^ Tuters, M. (2018). "Cultural Marxism". Krisis: Journal for Contemporary Philosophy. 2018 (2): 32–34. hdl:11245.1/7b72bcec-9ad2-4dc4-8395-35b4eeae0e9e.
  7. ^ Woods, Andrew (2019). "Cultural Marxism and the Cathedral: Two Alt-Right Perspectives on Critical Theory". Critical Theory and the Humanities in the Age of the Alt-Right. Springer International Publishing. pp. 39–59. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18753-8_3. ISBN 978-3-030-18753-8.
  8. ^ Braune, Joan (2019). "Who's Afraid of the Frankfurt School? 'Cultural Marxism' as an Antisemitic Conspiracy Theory" (PDF). Journal of Social Justice. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
  9. ^ Jamin, Jérôme (February 6, 2018). "Cultural Marxism: A survey". Religion Compass. 12 (1–2): e12258. doi:10.1111/REC3.12258.
  10. Jamin, Jérôme (February 6, 2018). "Cultural Marxism: A survey". Religion Compass. 12 (1–2): e12258. doi:10.1111/REC3.12258. Cultural Marxism and the Frankfurt School have been studied in multiple ways by academics for decades. This paper suggests that a specific interpretation of Cultural Marxism opens today a new area of research for those who study conspiracy theories. In concrete terms, next to the history of Cultural Marxism as a well‐documented theory, developed by Marxist scholars and thinkers within cultural studies from the 1930s, another theory has emerged during the 1990s, and is particularly influential on radical forms of right wing politics.
  11. Kellner, Douglas (2013). "Cultural Marxism & Cultural Studies" (PDF).
  12. Dworkin, Dennis L. (1997). Cultural Marxism in postwar Britain: History, the New Left, and the origins of cultural studies. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-1914-6.
  13. Blackford, Russell (August 2, 2015). "Cultural Marxism and our current culture wars: Part 2". The Conversation.
  14. Busbridge, Rachel; Moffitt, Benjamin; Thorburn, Joshua (June 2020). "Cultural Marxism: Far-Right Conspiracy Theory in Australia's Culture Wars". Social Identities. 26 (6). London, England: Taylor & Francis: 722–738. doi:10.1080/13504630.2020.1787822.