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| '''Tabal''' (c.f. biblical '']'') was a ] speaking ] kingdom (and/or collection of kingdoms) of South Central ] during the ]. According to archaeologist ], references to Tabal first appeared after the collapse of the ].<ref>Kurt Bittel, Hattusha: The Kingdom of the Hittites, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970. p.133</ref> Tabal was likely an exonym applied by the ] to ].<ref>Lorenzo D'alfonso. "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE." 2012. p. 173. https://www.academia.edu/2951102/Tabal_an_out_group_definition_in_the_first_Millennium_BCE</ref> While its native name is uncertain, it is possible that it was called Sura, as mentioned in the records of ], ruler of ].<ref>Zsolt Simon. "Where is the Land of Sura of the Hieroglyphic Luwian inscription KARKAMIŠ A4b and Why Were Cappadocians Called Syrians by Greeks?" Altoriental. Forsch., Akademie Verlag 39. 2012. https://www.academia.edu/1404033/Where_is_the_Land_of_Sura_of_the_Hieroglyphic_Luwian_inscription_KARKAMIŠ_A4b_and_Why_Were_Cappadocians_Called_Syrians_by_Greeks</ref> | '''Tabal''' (c.f. biblical '']'') was a ] speaking ] kingdom (and/or collection of kingdoms) of South Central ] during the ]. According to archaeologist ], references to Tabal first appeared after the collapse of the ].<ref>Kurt Bittel, Hattusha: The Kingdom of the Hittites, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970. p.133</ref> Tabal was likely an exonym applied by the ] to ].<ref>Lorenzo D'alfonso. "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE." 2012. p. 173. https://www.academia.edu/2951102/Tabal_an_out_group_definition_in_the_first_Millennium_BCE?fbclid=IwAR1KjKwvu_uOr5q1vbRxgs5AGPQgYEGoqhnZSzzJfOHbc1jsU0Em4jygysI</ref> While its native name is uncertain, it is possible that it was called Sura, as mentioned in the records of ], ruler of ].<ref>Zsolt Simon. "Where is the Land of Sura of the Hieroglyphic Luwian inscription KARKAMIŠ A4b and Why Were Cappadocians Called Syrians by Greeks?" Altoriental. Forsch., Akademie Verlag 39. 2012. https://www.academia.edu/1404033/Where_is_the_Land_of_Sura_of_the_Hieroglyphic_Luwian_inscription_KARKAMIŠ_A4b_and_Why_Were_Cappadocians_Called_Syrians_by_Greeks?fbclid=IwAR0AnjLKL1d5BN0XqBwtYh1sVawZAVc1RLkKuLspt9kDZ_mRALkQfBHaCHk</ref> | ||
| Originally, Tabal was likely the name of a region or collection of kingdoms. However, Tabal may have later consolidated into a single kingdom, perhaps annexing, or being annexed by, the neighboring kingdom of ].<ref>Lorenzo D'alfonso. "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE." 2012. pp. 183, 186. https://www.academia.edu/2951102/Tabal_an_out_group_definition_in_the_first_Millennium_BCE</ref> | Originally, Tabal was likely the name of a region or collection of kingdoms. However, Tabal may have later consolidated into a single kingdom, perhaps annexing, or being annexed by, the neighboring kingdom of ].<ref>Lorenzo D'alfonso. "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE." 2012. pp. 183, 186. https://www.academia.edu/2951102/Tabal_an_out_group_definition_in_the_first_Millennium_BCE?fbclid=IwAR1KjKwvu_uOr5q1vbRxgs5AGPQgYEGoqhnZSzzJfOHbc1jsU0Em4jygysI</ref> | ||
| According to Lorenzo D'alfonso, the Tabalians may have, at least partially, descended form the ] tribe Tuali.<ref>Lorenzo D'alfonso. "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE." 2012. p. 177. https://www.academia.edu/2951102/Tabal_an_out_group_definition_in_the_first_Millennium_BCE</ref> | According to Lorenzo D'alfonso, the Tabalians may have, at least partially, descended form the ] tribe Tuali.<ref>Lorenzo D'alfonso. "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE." 2012. p. 177. https://www.academia.edu/2951102/Tabal_an_out_group_definition_in_the_first_Millennium_BCE?fbclid=IwAR1KjKwvu_uOr5q1vbRxgs5AGPQgYEGoqhnZSzzJfOHbc1jsU0Em4jygysI</ref> | ||
| The ]n king ] records that he received gifts from their 24 kings in 837 |
The ]n king ] records that he received gifts from their 24 kings in 837 BCE and the following year. A century later, their king ] is mentioned in an inscription of king ]. The kings of Tabal have left a number of inscriptions from the 9th-8th centuries BC in hieroglyphic-] in the Turkish villages of ] and ]. | ||
| During the ], Tabal entered in an alliance with the ] and Carchemish to counter Assyria.<ref>Lorenzo D'alfonso. "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE." 2012. p. 186. https://www.academia.edu/2951102/Tabal_an_out_group_definition_in_the_first_Millennium_BCE</ref> | During the ], Tabal entered in an alliance with the ] and Carchemish to counter Assyria.<ref>Lorenzo D'alfonso. "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE." 2012. p. 186. https://www.academia.edu/2951102/Tabal_an_out_group_definition_in_the_first_Millennium_BCE?fbclid=IwAR1KjKwvu_uOr5q1vbRxgs5AGPQgYEGoqhnZSzzJfOHbc1jsU0Em4jygysI</ref> | ||
| Toward the end of the 8th century |
Toward the end of the 8th century BCE, Tabal was at least partially conquered by Assyria.<ref>Lorenzo D'alfonso. "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE." 2012. pp. 182-183. https://www.academia.edu/2951102/Tabal_an_out_group_definition_in_the_first_Millennium_BCE?fbclid=IwAR1KjKwvu_uOr5q1vbRxgs5AGPQgYEGoqhnZSzzJfOHbc1jsU0Em4jygysI</ref> | ||
| In 640 |
In 640 BCE, inspired by the ], the Tabalian king Mugallu rebelled against ]. However, Mugallu was defeated.<ref>Lorenzo D'alfonso. "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE." 2012. p. 183. https://www.academia.edu/2951102/Tabal_an_out_group_definition_in_the_first_Millennium_BCE?fbclid=IwAR1KjKwvu_uOr5q1vbRxgs5AGPQgYEGoqhnZSzzJfOHbc1jsU0Em4jygysI</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | Tabal and its people are often linked to the tribe of the ] (''Tibarenoi'' in Greek, ''Thobeles'' in Josephus) who lived near the ]. They are mentioned in the works of ], ], ] and ]. ], writing in the 3rd century BCE, stated that the Tibarenoi were ].<ref>Lorenzo D'alfonso. "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE." 2012. p. 185. https://www.academia.edu/2951102/Tabal_an_out_group_definition_in_the_first_Millennium_BCE?fbclid=IwAR1KjKwvu_uOr5q1vbRxgs5AGPQgYEGoqhnZSzzJfOHbc1jsU0Em4jygysI</ref> Whether there is really any connection between the Tibareni of the Black Sea coast and the Tabal kingdom of Southern Anatolia is uncertain, ancient authors may have already confused the two. | ||
| Some have attempted to link Tabal to the tribe of the ] (''Tibarenoi'' in Greek, ''Thobeles'' in Josephus) who lived near the ].<ref>WAINWRIGHT , G. A. , Tabal , Tibareni , Tabareni ( OLZ 39 , 1936)</ref><ref>Stephen H. Rapp, Paul Crego (2018)Languages and Cultures of Eastern Christianity: Georgian The Worlds of Eastern Christianity, 300-1500 | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| The known rulers of Tabal are: | The known rulers of Tabal are: | ||
| * Tuwati I (Assyrian Tuatti), c. 837 |
* Tuwati I (Assyrian Tuatti), c. 837 BCE<ref>Trevor Bryce: ''The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History''. Oxford, New York 2012, p. 141-145, p. 306f.</ref> | ||
| * Kikki, son of Tuwati I, c. 837 |
* Kikki, son of Tuwati I, c. 837 BCE<ref name="Bryce">Trevor Bryce: ''The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History''. Oxford, New York 2012, p. 141-145, p. 306.</ref> | ||
| * Tuwati II, mid 8th century |
* Tuwati II, mid 8th century BCE<ref name="Bryce"/> | ||
| * Wasusarmas (Assyrian Wassurme), son of Tuwati II, c. 740 - 730 |
* Wasusarmas (Assyrian Wassurme), son of Tuwati II, c. 740 - 730 BCE<ref name="Bryce"/> | ||
| * Hulli, 730 - 726 |
* Hulli, 730 - 726 BCE<ref name="Trevor Bryce 2012, p. 141-145">Trevor Bryce: ''The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms; A Political and Military History''. Oxford, New York 2012, p. 141-145, p. 307.</ref> | ||
| * Ambaris, son of Hulli, c. 721 - 713 |
* Ambaris, son of Hulli, c. 721 - 713 BCE<ref name="Trevor Bryce 2012, p. 141-145"/> | ||
| *Hidi c. 690 |
*Hidi c. 690 BCE<ref name="Tübingen Bible Atlas 2001">''Tübinger Bibelatlas / Tübingen Bible Atlas''. Siegfried Mittmann, Götz Schmitt (eds.), Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2001, Map B IV 13.</ref> | ||
| * Iškallu c. 679 |
* Iškallu c. 679 BCE<ref>Trevor Bryce: ''The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms; A Political and Military History''. Oxford, New York 2012, p. 293.</ref> | ||
| * Mugallu/Mukalli c. 670,<ref name="Tübingen Bible Atlas 2001"/> 663, 651 |
* Mugallu/Mukalli c. 670,<ref name="Tübingen Bible Atlas 2001"/> 663, 651 BCE<ref name="Marek-Frei">Christian Marek, Peter Frei: ''Geschichte Kleinasiens in der Antike''. Munich 2010, p. 802.</ref> | ||
| *''x''-ussi, son of Mugallu<ref name="Marek-Frei"/> (ca. 650<ref>{{cite book|last=Ebeling|first=Erich|title=Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archãologie|year=1990|publisher=Walter de Gruyter & Co.|location=Germany|isbn=9783110104370|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqbsSRgBRloC& |
*''x''-ussi, son of Mugallu<ref name="Marek-Frei"/> (ca. 650<ref>{{cite book|last=Ebeling|first=Erich|title=Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archãologie|year=1990|publisher=Walter de Gruyter & Co.|location=Germany|isbn=9783110104370|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqbsSRgBRloC&lpg=PA188 |author2=Meissner, Bruno |accessdate=26 October 2012|page=187|quote=Apart from this, the text recounts that ''x-ussi'', the successor of Mugallu, king of Tabal...}}</ref>/640<ref name="Marek-Frei"/> BCE) | ||
| ==Bibliography== | |||
| * ]. ''Historical-Ethnological problems of Georgia, the Caucasus and the Near East''. Tbilisi, 1950, pp. 130–135 (in Georgian) | |||
| * ]. ''Works'', vol. III. Tbilisi, 1959, pp. 2–74 (in Georgian) | |||
| * ]. ''The Ethnopolitical entities of Eastern Asia Minor in the first half of the 1st millennium BC''. Tbilisi, 1978, pp. 3–139 (in Georgian, Russian and English) | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
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| {{Syro-Hittite states}} | {{Syro-Hittite states}} | ||
| {{Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia}} | {{Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia}} | ||
| {{Ancient Georgians}} | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 22:35, 21 January 2022
Not to be confused with Tubal.| TabalSura? | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unknown–713 BC | |||||||||
 Tabal among the Neo-Hittite states | |||||||||
| Common languages | Hieroglyphic Luwian | ||||||||
| Religion | Luwian religion | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Historical era | Iron Age | ||||||||
| • Established | Unknown | ||||||||
| • Disestablished | 713 BC | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of |  Turkey | ||||||||
Tabal (c.f. biblical Tubal) was a Luwian speaking Neo-Hittite kingdom (and/or collection of kingdoms) of South Central Anatolia during the Iron Age. According to archaeologist Kurt Bittel, references to Tabal first appeared after the collapse of the Hittite Empire. Tabal was likely an exonym applied by the Assyrians to Cappadocia. While its native name is uncertain, it is possible that it was called Sura, as mentioned in the records of Yariri, ruler of Carchemish.
Originally, Tabal was likely the name of a region or collection of kingdoms. However, Tabal may have later consolidated into a single kingdom, perhaps annexing, or being annexed by, the neighboring kingdom of Melid.
According to Lorenzo D'alfonso, the Tabalians may have, at least partially, descended form the Nairi tribe Tuali.
The Assyrian king Shalmaneser III records that he received gifts from their 24 kings in 837 BCE and the following year. A century later, their king Burutash is mentioned in an inscription of king Tiglath-Pileser III. The kings of Tabal have left a number of inscriptions from the 9th-8th centuries BC in hieroglyphic-Luwian in the Turkish villages of Çalapverdi and Alişar.
During the Sargon II, Tabal entered in an alliance with the Mushki and Carchemish to counter Assyria.
Toward the end of the 8th century BCE, Tabal was at least partially conquered by Assyria.
In 640 BCE, inspired by the Cimmerians, the Tabalian king Mugallu rebelled against Ashurbanipal. However, Mugallu was defeated.
Tabal and its people are often linked to the tribe of the Tibareni (Tibarenoi in Greek, Thobeles in Josephus) who lived near the Black Sea. They are mentioned in the works of Hecataeus of Miletus, Herodotus, Xenophon and Strabo. Apollonius of Rhodes, writing in the 3rd century BCE, stated that the Tibarenoi were Scythians. Whether there is really any connection between the Tibareni of the Black Sea coast and the Tabal kingdom of Southern Anatolia is uncertain, ancient authors may have already confused the two.
The known rulers of Tabal are:
- Tuwati I (Assyrian Tuatti), c. 837 BCE
- Kikki, son of Tuwati I, c. 837 BCE
- Tuwati II, mid 8th century BCE
- Wasusarmas (Assyrian Wassurme), son of Tuwati II, c. 740 - 730 BCE
- Hulli, 730 - 726 BCE
- Ambaris, son of Hulli, c. 721 - 713 BCE
- Hidi c. 690 BCE
- Iškallu c. 679 BCE
- Mugallu/Mukalli c. 670, 663, 651 BCE
- x-ussi, son of Mugallu (ca. 650/640 BCE)
References
- Kurt Bittel, Hattusha: The Kingdom of the Hittites, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970. p.133
- Lorenzo D'alfonso. "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE." 2012. p. 173. https://www.academia.edu/2951102/Tabal_an_out_group_definition_in_the_first_Millennium_BCE?fbclid=IwAR1KjKwvu_uOr5q1vbRxgs5AGPQgYEGoqhnZSzzJfOHbc1jsU0Em4jygysI
- Zsolt Simon. "Where is the Land of Sura of the Hieroglyphic Luwian inscription KARKAMIŠ A4b and Why Were Cappadocians Called Syrians by Greeks?" Altoriental. Forsch., Akademie Verlag 39. 2012. https://www.academia.edu/1404033/Where_is_the_Land_of_Sura_of_the_Hieroglyphic_Luwian_inscription_KARKAMIŠ_A4b_and_Why_Were_Cappadocians_Called_Syrians_by_Greeks?fbclid=IwAR0AnjLKL1d5BN0XqBwtYh1sVawZAVc1RLkKuLspt9kDZ_mRALkQfBHaCHk
- Lorenzo D'alfonso. "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE." 2012. pp. 183, 186. https://www.academia.edu/2951102/Tabal_an_out_group_definition_in_the_first_Millennium_BCE?fbclid=IwAR1KjKwvu_uOr5q1vbRxgs5AGPQgYEGoqhnZSzzJfOHbc1jsU0Em4jygysI
- Lorenzo D'alfonso. "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE." 2012. p. 177. https://www.academia.edu/2951102/Tabal_an_out_group_definition_in_the_first_Millennium_BCE?fbclid=IwAR1KjKwvu_uOr5q1vbRxgs5AGPQgYEGoqhnZSzzJfOHbc1jsU0Em4jygysI
- Lorenzo D'alfonso. "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE." 2012. p. 186. https://www.academia.edu/2951102/Tabal_an_out_group_definition_in_the_first_Millennium_BCE?fbclid=IwAR1KjKwvu_uOr5q1vbRxgs5AGPQgYEGoqhnZSzzJfOHbc1jsU0Em4jygysI
- Lorenzo D'alfonso. "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE." 2012. pp. 182-183. https://www.academia.edu/2951102/Tabal_an_out_group_definition_in_the_first_Millennium_BCE?fbclid=IwAR1KjKwvu_uOr5q1vbRxgs5AGPQgYEGoqhnZSzzJfOHbc1jsU0Em4jygysI
- Lorenzo D'alfonso. "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE." 2012. p. 183. https://www.academia.edu/2951102/Tabal_an_out_group_definition_in_the_first_Millennium_BCE?fbclid=IwAR1KjKwvu_uOr5q1vbRxgs5AGPQgYEGoqhnZSzzJfOHbc1jsU0Em4jygysI
- Lorenzo D'alfonso. "Tabal, an 'out-group' definition in the first Millennium BCE." 2012. p. 185. https://www.academia.edu/2951102/Tabal_an_out_group_definition_in_the_first_Millennium_BCE?fbclid=IwAR1KjKwvu_uOr5q1vbRxgs5AGPQgYEGoqhnZSzzJfOHbc1jsU0Em4jygysI
- Trevor Bryce: The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford, New York 2012, p. 141-145, p. 306f.
- ^ Trevor Bryce: The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford, New York 2012, p. 141-145, p. 306.
- ^ Trevor Bryce: The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms; A Political and Military History. Oxford, New York 2012, p. 141-145, p. 307.
- ^ Tübinger Bibelatlas / Tübingen Bible Atlas. Siegfried Mittmann, Götz Schmitt (eds.), Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2001, Map B IV 13.
- Trevor Bryce: The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms; A Political and Military History. Oxford, New York 2012, p. 293.
- ^ Christian Marek, Peter Frei: Geschichte Kleinasiens in der Antike. Munich 2010, p. 802.
- Ebeling, Erich; Meissner, Bruno (1990). Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archãologie. Germany: Walter de Gruyter & Co. p. 187. ISBN 9783110104370. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
Apart from this, the text recounts that x-ussi, the successor of Mugallu, king of Tabal...
See also
| Syro-Hittite states and cities | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Luwian states |
| | |||||||||||||||
| Aramaean states |
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| Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia | |
|---|---|
| Bronze Age | |
| Iron Age | |
| Classical Age | |
| Kartvelians | |
|---|---|
| Ethnic subgroups | |
| Historical subgroups | |