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Pontic Greek Genocide (Greek: Γενοκτονία των Ελλήνων του Πόντου, Turkish: Pontus Rumları Soykırımı) is a controversial term used to refer to the fate of Pontic Greeks during and in the aftermath of World War I. Whether the events were a genocide or not is hotly debated between Turkey and Greece. Other terms used are Pontic tragedy (Template:Lang-el, Template:Lang-tr), Pontic annihilation (Template:Lang-el, Template:Lang-tr), and the Turkish atrocities in Pontos and Asia Minor (Template:Lang-el, Template:Lang-tr). These terms are used to refer to the persecutions, massacres, expulsions, and death marches during the early 20th century by the Young Turk administration of the Ottoman Empire and during the subsequent revolution of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk of Pontian Greek populations in the historical region of Pontus, the southeastern Black Sea provinces of the Ottoman Empire.

Greece and the Republic of Cyprus officially recognize it as genocide, and 19 May was set as a date of commemoration (in 1994). The U.S. states of South Carolina, New Jersey, Florida, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Illinois also passed resolutions recognizing the events, although since states within the United States don't have foreign-policy responsibility those statements are purely advisory. Armenia has made gestures towards recognition of the genocide.

The Turkish government, on the other hand, rejects the term genocide for the events, and the selection of the date of May 19, which is a national holiday in Turkey, is considered by some Turkish politicians to be a provocation.

Background

According to the International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoples, between 1916 and 1923, up to 350,000 Pontians disappeared through massacres, persecution and death marches. Merrill D. Peterson cites the death toll of 360,000 for the Greeks of Pontus. According to G.K. Valavanis, "The loss of human life among the Pontian Greeks, since the General War (World War I) until March of 1924, can be estimated at 353,238, as a result of murders, hangings, and from hunger, disease, and other hardships." According to a German military attache, Ismail Enver, the minister of war had declared in October 1915 that he wanted to "solve the Greek problem during the war...in the same way he believe he solved the Armenian problem."

The survivors and the expelled took refuge mostly in the nearby Soviet Union. The Pontic Greeks who had remained in Pontus until the end of the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) were exchanged in the frame of the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations in 1922-1923.

One of the alleged methods used in the systematic elimination of the Greek population was the Labour Battalions (Turkish: Amele Taburları, Greek: Τάγματα Εργασίας Tagmata Ergasias). In them, mostly young and healthy people were forced to work by the Ottoman Administration during the First World War and the Turkish Government after the creation of the Turkish Republic. The well-known writer-novelist Elias Venezis later described the situation in his work the Number 31328 (Το Νούμερο 31328). An academic research on Labour Battalions by Sabancı University Associate Professor Leyla Neyzi, based on the diaries of Yaşar Paker, a Turkish Jew who was enrolled in these battalions himself, does not point to nor hint at acts of a genocidal nature.

Another allegation is that genocide was carried out by forcing the weaker population, including women and children, to walk for hundreds of kilometres until they died.

All indirect ways of inflicting death (boycott, deportations, deaths by starvation in labour camps, etc.) were known as "white massacres".

Aftermath

In 1923, a population exchange between Greece and Turkey resulted in a near-complete elimination of the Greek ethnic presence in Anatolia and a similar elimination of the Turkish ethnic presence in much of Greece. It is impossible to know exactly how many Greek inhabitants of Pontus, Smyrna and rest of Asia Minor died from 1916 to 1923, and how many ethnic Greeks of Anatolia were deported to Greece or fled to the Soviet Union. According to G.W. Rendel, " ... over 500,000 Greeks were deported of whom comparatively few survived." Edward Hale Bierstadt states that " According to official testimony, the Turks since 1914 have slaughtered in cold blood 1,500,000 Armenians, and 500,000 Greeks, men women and children, without the slightest provocation". Based on the information provided by Manus I. Mildrasky, in his book "The Killing Trap", pages 342, and 377, it is estimated that approximately 480,000 Anatolian Greeks died during the aforementioned period.

Horton reports that "ne of the cleverest statements circulated by the Turkish propagandists is to the effect that the massacred Christians were as bad as their executioners, that it was “50-50.”" On this issue he clarifies that "ad the Greeks, after the massacres in the Pon­tus and at Smyrna, massacred all the Turks in Greece, the record would have been 50-50—almost." As an eye-witness, he also praises Greeks for their "conduct toward the thousands of Turks residing in Greece, while the ferocious massacres were going on...", which, according to his opinion, was "one of the most inspiring and beautiful chapters in all that country’s history."

Recognition

Greece and Cyprus

The incidents which occurred during that period were officially described as genocide by the Greek Parliament in 1994, through an initiative centered largely around former PASOK Central Committee member, Michalis Charalambidis (described by one Greek source as the ringleader of the recognition of the genocide of Greeks of Pontos), and the date of 19 May was instituted as the official date of commemoration. A letter was submitted to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights by the "International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoples" to request its recognition in 1998.

Turkey

Turkey maintains that the incidents referred to cannot be considered to be of a genocidal nature. The choice by Greece of 19 May as the date of commemoration, a national holiday in Turkey as the anniversary of 19 May 1919 when Mustafa Kemal Pasha set foot in Samsun to initiate the Turkish War of Independence, is viewed in Turkey as futile provocation by some Greek politicians. Upon the opening in May 2006 of two commemorative monuments in Thessaloniki, the social-democrat mayor of İzmir, Aziz Kocaoğlu, announced on 12 May 2006 that they were suspending the signing (expected in June 2006) of a sister city agreement between İzmir (Smyrna) and Thessaloniki.

Colin Tatz and Cohn Jatz, argue that Turkey denies those incidents in an attempt to fulfill her national dreams:

Turkey, still struggling to achieve its ninety-five-year-old dream of becoming the beacon of democracy in the Near East, does everything possible to deny its genocide of the Armenians, Assyrians, and Pontian Greeks.

International

The incidents are also recognized as genocide in some states of the USA. The states of South Carolina, New Jersey, Florida , Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Illinois have passed resolutions recognizing it. In addition, George E. Pataki, governor of the New York State issued a proclamation designating May 19, 2002 as Pontian Greek Genocide Remembrance Day.

Armenia mentions the "Greek Genocide", its commemoration, and a death toll of 600,000 Greeks in Anatolia, in its first report to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of the Council of Europe.

In Australia, the issue has been raised in the Parliament of Victoria on May 4 2006, by the Minister for Justice Jenny Mikakos.

On June 2006 Stephen Pound, member of the British House of Commons linked the case of the Pontian Greeks with the Armenian Genocide.

The United Nations, the European Parliament, the Council of Europe, and the International Association of Genocide Scholars have not made any relative reference. According to Constantine Fotiades, professor of Modern Greek History at the University of Western Macedonia, Greece, some of the reasons for the lack of wider recognition and delay in seeking acknowledgement of these events, are as follows:

• The Pontian Greek Genocide was overshadowed by the much larger Armenian Genocide which preceded it.
• The Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 dealt with these events by making no reference or mention, and thus sealed the end of the Asia Minor Catastrophe.
• A subsequent peace treaty (Greco-Turkish Treaty of Friendship in June 1930) between Greece and Turkey. Greece made several conssesions to settle all open issues between the two countries in return for peace in the region.
• The Second World War, the Civil War, and political turmoil in Greece, that followed, forced Greece to focus on its survival and other problems rather than seek recognition of these events.

One other reason for the lack of recognition of these events can be found in the following statement " It is necessary to refer to these Pre-Armistice persecutions, since there is now a strong tendency to minimize or overlook them, and to regard those who followed the armistice as isolated incidents provoked by the Greek Landing at Smyrna and the general Turkish Policy of the Allies."

Non Governmental Organizations

In Germany, organizations such as Verein der Völkermordgegner e.V (i.e. "Union against Genocide") or the initiative Mit einer Stimme sprechen (i.e. "Speaking with One Voice") aim at the official recognition of the genocide of Christian minorities, such as Armenians, Pontian Greeks, and Assyrians in the late Ottoman Empire.

Academic views on the issue

Samuel Totten and Steven L. Jacobs, attempt to compare these "experiences" to the Holocaust:

One begins with (attempted) comprehension of the motives, intent, scale, implementation, and operation of the Holocaust. To understand it is necessary to look at similar phenomena, and so one attempts an unravelling of the Armenian, Pontian Greek, Rwandan, Burundian, and Aboriginal experiences.

The Consul and Consul-General of the United States in the Near East for 30 years, George Horton, describes many massacres of Pontian Greeks by the Turkish troops, while he illustrates intention in the chain of command to the extent of fabricated propaganda of purely imaginary scenes of Greeks slaughtering innocent Turkish civilians. He does not use the word "genocide" to describe the horrible events, since the term had not been coined until 1943, while he wrote his book in 1926. However, he usually places the Greeks before the Armenians in his descriptions, while suggests that "his part of the story would not be complete if I passed over in silence the systematic extermination, and the satiating of all the lowest passions of man or beast which characterize Turkish massacres of the Greeks and Armenians of the Pontus." He, therefore, chooses to describe the events as:

"systematic extermination" or "...annihilation... ...in a persistent campaign of massacre... ...of the flourishing communities of Greek civilization... ...in the Black Sea".

Horton also starts his book with an eschatological association to the events by quoting a part of the Revelation of John:

What thou seest, write in a book, and send it unto churches which are in Asia; unto Ephesus, and unto Smyrna, and unto Pergamos, and unto Thyatira, and unto Sardis, and unto Philadelphia, and unto Laodicea.

(Revelation 1:11, KJV)

Henry I Morgenthau, the American Ambassador at Constantinople from 1913 to 1916, in his Story describes the events as follows:

Everywhere the Greeks were gathered in groups and, under the so-called protection of Turkish gendarmes, they were transported, the larger part on foot, into the interior. Just how many were scattered in this fashion is not definitely known, the estimates varying anywhere from 200,000 up to 1,000,000. These caravans suffered great privations, but they were not submitted to general massacre as were the Armenians, and this is probably the reason why the outside world has not heard so much about them. The Turks showed them this greater consideration not from any motive of pity. The Greeks, unlike the Armenians, had a government which was vitally interested in their welfare. At this time there was a general apprehension among the Teutonic Allies that Greece would enter the war on the side of the Entente, and a wholesale massacre of Greeks in Asia Minor would unquestionably have produced such a state of mind in Greece that its pro-German king would have been unable longer to keep his country out of the war. It was only a matter of state policy, therefore, that saved these Greek subjects of Turkey from all the horrors that befell the Armenians. But their sufferings are still terrible, and constitute another chapter in the long story of crimes for which civilization will hold the Turk responsible.

Mark Levene in his Creating a Modern "Zone of Genocide": The Impact of Nation- and State-Formation on Eastern Anatolia, 1878-1923, suggests that:

In the last hundred years, four Eastern Anatolian groups—Armenians, Kurds, Assyrians, and Greeks—have fallen victim to state-sponsored attempts by the Ottoman authorities or their Turkish or Iraqi successors to eradicate them" ... "By ridding themselves of the Armenians, Greeks, or any other group that stood in their way, Turkish nationalists were attempting to prove how they could clarify, purify, and ultimately unify a polity and society so that it could succeed on its own, albeit Western-orientated terms. This, of course, was the ultimate paradox: the CUP committed genocide in order to transform the residual empire into a streamlined, homogeneous nation-state on the European model."

He also states:

Unlike the Armenian case, in each of these other instances the scope, scale and intensity of the killings was limited, though this does not rule out comparison.

He clarifies:

The persistence of genocide or near-genocidal incidents from the 1890s through the 1990s, committed by Ottoman and successor Turkish and Iraqi states against Armenian, Kurdish, Assyrian, and Pontic Greek communities in Eastern Anatolia, is striking.

and...

... I have concentrated here , though my approach would be pertinent to the Pontic Greek and Assyrian cases.

R. J. Rummel defines these incidents as genocide and democide (a term he himself coined for such events), while he includes extensive sources from many academicians and calculates the death toll to 347,000. It has been argued, however, that his broader use of the term to other irrelevant incidents constitutes an exaggeration.

Norman M. Naimark, describes the events as "ethnic cleansing" in his book Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe.

Benjamin Lieberman, in his "Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe", states:

"For CUP's leaders, attacking the country's Greeks was a means to purify the core regions of Turkey. Talaat Pasha made clear that this was his intent."

" As the war continued, the Turkish campaign against the Greek civilians expanded to include the Pontic Greeks who lived on the Black Sea. The road to persecution here was quite similar to that elsewhere on the war's eastern fronts. Military threats and setbacks - in this case defeats by Russia - convinced Turkey's leaders to begin a campaign against a civilian population accused of treason."

He also states that:

"Subject to state-sponsored terror despite their status as Ottoman subjects, during World War I Turkey's Greeks experienced persecution just short of full-scale ethnic cleansing."

Harry Psomiades, professor emeritus of political science at Queens College the City University of New York, refers to these events as the genocide "of the 275,000 Pontian souls who where slaughtered outright or were victims of the 'white death' of disease and starvation - a result of the routine process of deportations, slave labor, and the killings and death marches."

Constantine Fotiades, professor of Modern Greek History at the University of Western Macedonia, Greece, author of a monumental work (16 volumes) on the "Genocide of the Greeks of Pontus" chronicles the events of the Genocide from 1916 to 1923. His research is based on documents from primary sources, e.g., international organizations, immigrant unions and newspapers, but most importantly from the government files of the former Soviet Union, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, the United Kingdon, the Vatican, the Society of Nations, and Greece, published both in translation and in their original languages.

Seminars and courses in western universities still examine the events.

Eyewitness accounts and press headlines

German and Austro-Hungarian diplomats, as well as The Memorandum by Mr. G.W. Rendel on Turkish Massacres and Persecutions of Minorities since the Armistice, have provided evidence for series of systematic massacres of the Greeks in Asia Minor. The quotes have been attributed to various diplomats, notably the German Ambassadors Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim and Mr. Kuhlman, German consul in Amissos Herr Kuchhoff, Austro-Hungarians Ambassador Pallavicini and consul in Amissos Herr Kwiatkowski, Sir P. Cox, and the Italian unofficial agent in Angora Signor Tuozzi. Other quotes are from clergymen and activists, notably the German Father J. Lepsius, and Mr. Hopkins of the American Near East Relief. It must be noted that Germany and Austria-Hungary were allies of the Ottoman Empire in WWI.

The accounts describe systematic massacres, rapes and burnings of Greek villages, and attribute intent to Turkish officials, namely the Turkish Prime Minister Mahmud Sevket Pasha, Refet Bey, Talat Pasha and Enver Pasha.

Additionally, The New York Times have made extensive references to the events, recording massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of Greek villages, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other "atrocities", for Greeks, for Armenians and also for British and American citizens and officials. The newspaper was awarded its first Pulitzer Prize in 1918 "for the most disinterested and meritorious public service rendered by an American newspaper -- complete and accurate coverage of the war". More media of the time reported the events with similar titles.

See also

• Anti-Hellenism
• Anti-Turkism
• Armenian Genocide
• Assyrian Genocide
• Genocide denial
• Greek refugees
• Kemalist ideology
• Human rights in Turkey
• Pan-Turkism
• Republic of Pontus

Notes

1. The general pattern of related New York Times reporting for the period concerned can be captured here.
2. ^ Cohn Jatz, Colin Tatz (2003). With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide. Essex: Verso. ISBN 1859845509.
3. ^ R. J. Rummel. "Statistics of Democide". Chapter 5, Statistics Of Turkey's Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
4. ^ Steven L. Jacobs, Samuel Totten (2002). Pioneers of Genocide Studies (Clt). New Brunswick, New Jersey. pp. 207, 213. ISBN 0765801515. {{cite book}}: Text "publisher: Transaction Publishers" ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
5. ^ Creating a Modern "Zone of Genocide": The Impact of Nation- and State-Formation on Eastern Anatolia, 1878–1923, by Mark Levene, University of Warwick, © 1998 by United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
6. Black Book: The Tragedy of Pontus, 1914-1922
7. Photiades, Kostas (1987), The Annihilation of the Greeks in Pontos by the Turks, University of Tübingen, Germany.
8. Baltazzi, E.G., (1922), Les atrocités turques en Asie Mineure et dans le Pont, Athens
9. ^ Foreign Office Memorandum by Mr. G.W. Rendel on Turkish Massacres and Pesrsecutions of Minorities since the Armistice, March 20, 1922, (a) Paragraph 7, (b) Paragraph 35, (c) Paragraph 24, (d) Paragraph 1, (e) Paragraph 2 Cite error: The named reference "Rendel" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
10. ^ Taner Akcam, From Empire to Republic, Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide, September 4, 2004, Zed Books, pages (a) 240, (b) 145
11. Cyprus Press Office, New York City
12. ^ South Carolina Recognition
13. ^ New Jersey Recognition
14. ^ Florida Recognition: HR 9161 - Pontian Greek Genocide of 1914-1922
15. ^ Massachusetts Recognition
16. ^ Pennsylvania Recognition
17. ^ Illinois recognition
18. ^ Council of Europe (.pdf), European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, The First Report of the Republic of Armenia According to Paragraph 1 of Article 15 of European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Strasbourg, 2003-09-03, p.39. Retrieved on 2007-02-03.
19. "GreekNews". Erdoğan Pressures Karamanlis on Pontic Genocide Memorial. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
20. "The journal of Turkish Weekly". EP's Turkey Report Radically Accuses Turks. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
21. ^ United Nations document acknowledging receipt of a letter by the "International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoples" titled "A people in continued exodus" (i.e. Pontian Greeks) and putting the letter into internal circulation (Dated 1998-02-24) (PDF file)
    Search United Nations documents, by typing "Pontian Genocide" (if above link doesn't work)
22. Merrill D. Peterson, Starving Armenians: America and the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1930 and After
23. G.K. Valavanis, "Contemporary General History of Pontos" 1925, 1st Edition
24. Ferguson, Niall. The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West. New York: Penguin Press, 2006 p. 180 ISBN 1-5942-0100-5
25. Strong as Steel, Fragile as a Rose: A Turkish Jewish Witness to the Twentieth Century Leyla Neyzi paper on the basis of Yaşar Paker's diary published in the Jewish Social Studies in Fall 2005
26. Ascherson, Neal, "Black Sea", page 185
27. Bierstadt, Edward Hale. The great betrayal; a survey of the near East problem. New York: R. M. McBride & company, 1924
28. ^ Horton, George (1926). The Blight of Asia. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company.
29. Web portal of Hellenic Pontians
30. Letter by the "International League for the Rights and Liberation of Peoples" to the United Nations requesting recognition of the Pontic Greek Genocide. Retrieved on 2007-02-03.
31. Office of the Prime Minister, Directorate General of Press and Information: Turkey Denounces Greek 'Genocide' Resolution (1998-09-30). Retrieved on 2007-02-05
32. Template:Tr İzmir ve Selanik niye kardeş olmadı? (Why couldn't İzmir and Thessaloniki become sister cities?).
33. Proclamation by George E. Pataki, governor of the New York State
34. Speech of Victorian Member of Parliament regarding Armenian, Assyrian and Pontian Genocide
35. Victoria Parliament of Australia Raises the Genocide of the Greeks
36. The United Kingdom Parliament, Archives
37. Verein der Völkermordgegner e.V
38. Mit einer Stimme sprechen
39. "The Hellenic Genocide". Documents and Posters, Photo 1 of 11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
40. See Coining of the term genocide
41. "BibleGateway.com". Revelation to John. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmontday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
42. ^ Morgenthau, Henry (1918) Morgenthau's Story, Garden City New York Doubleday, Page & Company, p.153
43. Norman M. Naimark, Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe, Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 2001.
44. The University of New Mexico University Honors Program, The Holocaust, Genocide, and Intolerance (.pdf), p.28, Retrieved on 2007-01-29
45. College of Charleston, New Carolina, Managing Diversity Syllabus, Migration Patterns. Retrieved on 2007-02-04.
46. Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies: the genocide and its aftermath
47. Thea Halo, Not Even My Mame, New York: Picador USA 2000, pages 26, 27, & 28
48. See World War I.
49. The New York Times Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).
50. The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies The New York Times.
51. See Pulitzer Prizes awarded to the New York Times' staff
52. The New York Times, Our Company, Awards.
53. Vahe Georges Kateb (2003), Australian Press Coverage of the Armenian Genocide 1915-1923 (.pdf), University of Wollogong, Graduate School of Journalism

Bibliography

• Barton, James L. (James Levi). The Near East Relief, 1915-1930. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1943.
• Bierstadt, Edward Hale. The great betrayal; a survey of the near East problem. New York: R. M. McBride & company, 1924.
• Dobkin, Marjorie Housepian. Smyrna 1922: the destruction of a city. New York, NY: Newmark Press, 1998, c1988.
• Henry Morgenthau, Sr.. The murder of a nation. New York: Armenian General Benevolent Union of America, 1974, 1918.
• ---. Ambassador's Morgenthau story. Garden City, N.Y.: Page & Company, 1918
• ---. I was sent to Athens. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Co, 1929.
• ---. An international drama. London: Jarrolds Ltd., 1930
• Murat, Jean De. The great extirpation of Hellenism and Christianity in Asia Minor: the historic and systematic deception of world opinion concerning the hideous Christianity’s uprooting of 1922. Miami, Fla.: , (Athens : A. Triantafillis) 1999.
• Oeconomos, Lysimachos. The martyrdom of Smyrna and eastern Christendom; a file of overwhelming evidence, denouncing the misdeeds of the Turks in Asia Minor and showing their responsibility for the horrors of Smyrna. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1922.
• Papadopoulos, Alexander. Persecutions of the Greeks in Turkey before the European War: on the basis of official documents. New York: Pub. by Oxford University Press, American branch, 1919.
• Tsirkinidis, Harry. At last we uprooted them…The Genocide of Greeks of Pontos, Thrace, and Asia Minor, through the French archives. Thessaloniki: Kyriakidis Bros, 1999.
• Ward, Mark H. The deportations in Asia Minor, 1921-1922. London: Anglo-Hellenic League, 1922.
• Andreadis, George, Tamama, The Missing Girl of Pontos. Athens: Gordios, 1993.
• Fotiadis, Constantinos Emm. (editor), The Genocide of the Pontus Greeks by the Turks. Volume 13. Herodotus, 2004.
• Halo, Thea, Not Even My Name. New York: Picador USA, 2000.
• Horton, George, The blight of Asia: an account of the systematic extermination of Christian populations by Mohammedans and of the culpability of certain great powers; with a true story of the buring of Smyrna. Indianopolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1926.
• Statistics of Democide, Chapter 5, Statistics of Turkey's Democide - Estimates, Calculations and Sources, by R. J. Rummel
• Akcam, Taner. From Empire to Republic : Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide, Zed Books, September 4, 2004, pages 144-149.
• Pavlides, Ioannis. Pages of History of Pontus and Asia Minor. Salonica, Greece, 1980.
• Karayinnides, Ioannis. The Golgotha of Pontos. Salonica, Greece, 1978.
• Mildarsky, Manus I. The Killing Trap. 2005, Cambridge University Press
• Compton, Carl C. The Morning Cometh. 1986, Karatzas Publisher, New York

Further reading

• Hofmann, Tessa, ed. Verfolgung, Vertreibung und Vernichtung der Christen im Osmanischen Reich 1912-1922. Münster: LIT, 2004. ISBN 3-8258-7823-6. (pp. 177-221 on Pontian Greeks)

External links

• German and Austrian Ambassadors reports of that time starting from 1909
• State of New Jersey proclamation on 19th of May
• State of South Carolina proclamations of recognition
• Information about the genocide on The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies
• Video: Demonstration for the recognition of the Pontian Genocide, 26 May 2006 in Stuttgart, Germany. One of the speakers is Tessa Hofmann

• Ethnic cleansing
• History of Greece
• History of Turkey
• Pontic Greek Genocide
• Religion and politics
• World War I