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| {{short description|Eritrean kingdom |
{{short description|Eritrean kingdom and former region of the Ethiopian Empire}} | ||
| {{Infobox country | {{Infobox country | ||
| | native_name = {{lang| |
| native_name = {{lang|am|ምድሪ ባሕሪ}} | ||
| | conventional_long_name = Medri Bahri<br>Land of the Sea | | conventional_long_name = Medri Bahri<br>Land of the Sea Kingdom | ||
| | common_name = Medri Bahri |
| common_name = Medri Bahri | ||
| | era = |
| era = ] | ||
| | government_type = ] | | government_type = ] | ||
| | common_languages = ]{{·}}]{{·}}]{{·}}] | | common_languages = ]{{·}}]{{·}}]{{·}}] | ||
| | event_start = | | event_start = | ||
| | year_start = |
| year_start = Unknown | ||
| | event_end = |
| event_end = Invaded by the ] | ||
| | |
| date_end = 5 February 1885 | ||
| | life_span = {{circa}} |
| life_span = ?-{{circa}}1890 | ||
| | event1 = |
| event1 = ] creates the post of Bahri Negash | ||
| | date_event1 = {{circa}} 1450 | | date_event1 = {{circa}} 1450 | ||
| | event2 = |
| event2 = ] established by the ] | ||
| | date_event2 = |
| date_event2 = 1554 | ||
| | event3 = | | event3 = ] | ||
| | date_event3 = | | date_event3 = | ||
| | event4 = | | event4 = | ||
| Line 24: | Line 24: | ||
| | event_post = | | event_post = | ||
| | date_post = | | date_post = | ||
| | religion = ] | | religion = ] | ||
| | p1 = |
| p1 = Ethiopian Empire | ||
| | flag_p1 = | | flag_p1 = Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897).svg | ||
| | s1 = |
| s1 = Italian Eritrea | ||
| | flag_s1 = |
| flag_s1 = Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg | ||
| | image_map = Medri Bahri.png | | image_map = Medri Bahri.png | ||
| | image_map_caption = Medri Bahri at its height |
| image_map_caption = Medri Bahri at its height | ||
| | capital = ] {{nowrap|<small>(Until 17th century)</small>}}<br/>] <small>(17th |
| capital = ] {{nowrap|<small>(Until 17th century)</small>}}<br/>] <small>(17th century–19th century)</small> | ||
| | currency = |
| currency = | ||
| | leader1 = |
| leader1 = ] | ||
| | year_leader1 = |
| year_leader1 = 1841–1879 <small>(last)</small> | ||
| | |
| title_leader = ]| | ||
| | year_leader2 = 1841–1879 <small>(last)</small> | |||
| | title_leader = ]| | |||
| | stat_year1 = | | stat_year1 = | ||
| | stat_area1 = | | stat_area1 = | ||
| Line 63: | Line 61: | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| {{Contains special characters|Ethiopic}} | {{Contains special characters|Ethiopic}} | ||
| '''Medri Bahri''' ({{lang- |
'''Medri Bahri''' ({{lang-am|ምድሪ ባሕሪ}}, English: Sea Kingdom), known in ] as '''Mereb Melash''',<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C&q=melash&pg=PA134 | title="Between the Jaws of Hyenas": A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia (1876-1896)| isbn=9783447045582| last1=Caulk| first1=Richard Alan| year=2002}}</ref> was a kingdom which emerged from the weaking of the ] in the ] to the ]. It was situated in modern-day ], and was ruled by a ''Bahri Negasi,'' also called the ''Bahr Negash'' in Amharic, or "king of the sea" in English. | ||
| In 1680, Medri-Bahri’s political process was described by the German scholar J. Ludolph as being a ]. This republican political process was found no where else in the Horn of Africa and was distinct to the kingdom of Medri Bahri.<ref name=" J.Ludolph"> J. Ludolph(1977), Forschung, P. 38</ref> | In 1680, Medri-Bahri’s political process was described by the German scholar J. Ludolph as being a ]. This republican political process was found no where else in the Horn of Africa and was distinct to the kingdom of Medri Bahri.<ref name=" J.Ludolph"> J. Ludolph(1977), Forschung, P. 38</ref> | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| === |
===16th-17th century=== | ||
| ⚫ | After the ], the area from the ] to the Red Sea was known as ''Ma'ikele Bahr'' ("between the seas/rivers," i.e. the land between the ] and the ]) in ].{{sfn|Tamrat|1972|p=74}} It was later renamed to the domain of the ''Bahr Negash'' ("Ruler of the sea"), the Medri Bahri ("Land of the Sea", "Sea land" during the ], although it included some areas like ] on the other side of the Mereb, today in Ethiopia).<ref>Daniel Kendie, ''The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle''. United States of America: Signature Book Printing, Inc., 2005, pp.17-8.</ref> The first time the title ''Bahr Negash'' appears is during the reign of ] ] (r. 1433-1468), who perhaps even introduced that office.{{sfn|Pankhurst|1997|p=101}} His chronicle explains how he put much effort into increasing the power of that office, placing the Bahr Negash above other local chiefs and eventually making him the sovereign of a territory covering ], in what is now ], and the highlands ({{lang-ti|ከበሳ}}) of what is now Eritrea including ] and ].{{sfn|Pankhurst|1997|p=101}}{{sfn|Connel|Killion|2011|p=54}} To strengthen the imperial presence in the area, Zara Yaqob also established a military colony consisting of ] warriors from the south of his realm{{sfn|Pankhurst|1997|p=101}}. Near the end of his reign, in 1464/1465, ] and the ] were pillaged by emperor Zara Yaqob, and the ] was forced to pay tribute to the ]{{sfn|Connel|Killion|2011|p=160}}. | ||
| ⚫ | In the 1520s, Medri Bahri was described by the ] traveller and priest ]. The current Bahr Negash bore the name ] and resided in ], a town on the very northern edge of the highlands. Dori was an uncle of emperor ], to whom he paid tribute.{{sfn|Pankhurst|1997|p=102-104}} These tributes were traditionally paid with horses and imported cloth and carpets.{{sfn|Pankhurst|1997|p=270}} Dori was said to wield considerable power and influence, with his kingdom reaching almost as far north as ], plus he was also a promoter of Christianity, gifting the churches everything they needed.{{sfn|Pankhurst|1997|p=102-103}} By the time of Alvares' visit, Dori was engaged in warfare against some ] after the latter had killed his son. The Nubians were known as robbers and generally had a rather bad reputation.{{sfn|Pankhurst|1997|p=154-155}} They originated somewhere five to six days away from Medri Bahri, possibly Taka (a historical province named after ] near modern ],{{sfn|Werner|2013|p=149-150 & note 14.}} however ] suggests an origin in the area around ], but this region could not be reached from Eritrea within five - six days{{sfn|Connel|Killion|2011|p=96}} | ||
| The Kingdom was formed after the demise of ] in the 9th century and retained all the Aksumite regions north to the Mereb river, namely, Bahr, Buri, Bogos, Serawye and Hamassien, while the regions south to the river fell under the control of the ''Agaw'' people and became part of the ].<br> | |||
| ⚫ | ], the local ruler during the ], escorted a ] force arriving to assist the Abyssinians against the neighbouring Ottoman-backed invasion. The Ottomans later invaded the Red Sea coast which was reconquered by ] ]. However, Yeshaq later allied with the ] general ] and Mohammed IV Mansur of the ] and the against ] before being defeated and killed by ].<ref name="MB01">{{cite book|author=Okbazghi Yohannes|title=A Pawn in World Politics: Eritrea|url=https://archive.org/details/eritreapawninwor00yoha/page/31|access-date=23 December 2014|year=1991|publisher=University of Florida Press|isbn=0-8130-1044-6|pages=|url-access=registration}}</ref> | ||
| It's reign lasted until the invasion of the ] of Tembien in 1879.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haile |first1=Semere |title=The Long Struggle of Eritrea for Independence and Constructive Peace |date=1988 |publisher=The Red Sea Press |page=11 |isbn=0-932415-37-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjZhFR3vTvgC&dq=james%20bruce%20medri%20bahri&pg=PA13}}</ref> It survived several major threats like the ] and the ], albeit the Kingdom irretrievably lost its access to the ] due to the latter. The relation to the neighboring ] in the south varied from time to time, ranging from ], to peaceful alliance and even all out war. The first residence of the Negassi is believed to have remained in Adulis, but evidence is scant, it is however well documented that in the 16th century the center of power was in ], which fell in disuse in the 17th century when power shifted to the town of ] due to the same-named clan taking control of the kingdom. | |||
| ⚫ | The territory became an Ottoman province or ] known as the ]. Massawa served as the new province's first capital. When the city became of secondary economic importance, the administrative capital was soon moved across the Red Sea to ]. Its headquarters remained there from the end of the 16th century to the early 19th century, with Medina temporarily serving as the capital in the 18th century.<ref name=encaet>{{cite book|author=Siegbert Uhlig|title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=X38lxaUjm1MC&pg=PA951|access-date=2013-06-01|year=2005|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05238-2|page=951}}</ref><ref>Jonathan Miran . Indiana University Press, 2009, pp. 38-39 & 91 Google Books</ref> | ||
| In 1692, ] undertook an expedition in the ] valley, against the Dubani, or ], in present-day ]. At the sound of the musket, the tribesmen were terrified and fled.<ref>E. A. Wallis Budge, ''A History of Ethiopia: Volume II : Nubia and Abyssinia' (London, (Routledge Revivals), 1949), pp. 414. https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=umMtBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA408&dq=history%20of%20ethiopia&hl=fr&pg=PA414#v=onepage&q&f=false.</ref> His ''Royal Chronicle''<ref>Translated in part by Richard K. P. Pankhurst in ''The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles''. Addis Ababa: Oxford University Press, 1967.</ref> recounts how when the ] ] of ] attempted to levy a tax on Iyasu's goods that had landed at Massawa, he responded with a blockade of that island city until the Naib relented. | |||
| ===16th century=== | |||
| ⚫ | After the ], the area from the ] to the Red Sea was known as ''Ma'ikele Bahr'' ("between the seas/rivers," i.e. the land between the ] and the ]).{{sfn|Tamrat|1972|p=74}} It was later renamed |
||
| ⚫ | In the 1520s, Medri Bahri was described by the ] traveller and priest ]. The current Bahr Negash bore the name ] and resided in ], a town on the very northern edge of the highlands. Dori was an uncle of emperor ], to whom he paid tribute.{{sfn|Pankhurst|1997|p=102-104}} These tributes were traditionally paid with horses and imported cloth and carpets.{{sfn|Pankhurst|1997|p=270}} Dori was said to wield considerable power and influence, with his kingdom reaching almost as far north as ], plus he was also a promoter of Christianity, gifting the churches everything they needed.{{sfn|Pankhurst|1997|p=102-103}} By the time of Alvares' visit, Dori was engaged in warfare against some ] after the latter had killed his son. The Nubians were known as robbers and generally had a rather bad reputation.{{sfn|Pankhurst|1997|p=154-155}} They originated somewhere five to six days away from Medri Bahri, possibly Taka (a historical province named after ] near modern ] |
||
| <!--Asmara prosperous market town {{sfn|Connel|Killion|2011|p=96}} A more serious threat, however, arose in the south: Imam ] of Adal had declared a ], a religious war against the Ethiopian empire, with no over goal than to destory the empire and eradicate Christianity.--> | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | The territory became an Ottoman province or ] known as the ]. Massawa served as the new province's first capital. When the city became of secondary economic importance, the administrative capital was soon moved across the Red Sea to ]. Its headquarters remained there from the end of the 16th century to the early 19th century, with Medina temporarily serving as the capital in the 18th century.<ref name=encaet>{{cite book|author=Siegbert Uhlig|title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=X38lxaUjm1MC&pg=PA951|access-date=2013-06-01|year=2005|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05238-2|page=951}}</ref> |
||
| <!--===c. 1600-1750===--> | <!--===c. 1600-1750===--> | ||
| Line 96: | Line 88: | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| === |
===18th-19th century=== | ||
| {{synthesis|date=February 2018}} | {{synthesis|date=February 2018}} | ||
| The Scottish traveler ] reported in 1770 that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from ], noting that the two territories were frequently in conflict.<!--James Bruce Arabs war tributary |p=520 second volume book 3--> During the ], ] (the ruler of Simien and ]) led devastating raids into the region. | |||
| The kingdom was |
The kingdom was reconquered by Ethiopia in 1879, when ] seized control of the region after the betrayal of ], who had initially supported ] during the ] but later switched sides and fought against the Ethiopians. The Emperor would later exact collective punishment on the local populus, which caused native rebellions against southern rule. The region then became an Italian colony in 1890 after Menelik relinquished Ethiopia's claims to the Eritrean highlands in the ]{{sfn|Connel|Killion|2011|p=66-67}}<ref name="Caulk2002">{{cite book|author=Richard Alan Caulk|title="Between the Jaws of Hyenas": A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia (1876-1896)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJLCZT7MW08C|year=2002|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-04558-2|pages=143–149}}</ref>. | ||
| ==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| At its peak, the |
At its peak, the Medri Bahri stretched from the ] to the ] and beyond, covering areas of ] (Including Inda Selassie) and its surrounding regions. This vast region was subdivided into three main provinces, namely ], ] and ]. Of these three, ] was the most politically important district, as the most influential and important people took up residence there. As a consequence, this was also the wealthiest, the best maintained and the best protected district.<ref name="Henry Salt"> ]: A Voyage to Abyssinia. Published in 1816 pp</ref> The Ethiopian Emperors gave the region the ] name "Medri Bahri" in reference to the ] borders. In the ], however, it's referred to as "Mereb Melash," due to its location north of the ]. This kingdom had a border to the south with ], a province of the ] also known as Abyssinia. | ||
| ==Demographics== | ==Demographics== | ||
Revision as of 17:52, 7 March 2022
Eritrean kingdom and former region of the Ethiopian Empire| Medri Bahri Land of the Sea Kingdomምድሪ ባሕሪ | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ?-c.1890 | |||||||||
 Medri Bahri at its height | |||||||||
| Capital | Debarwa (Until 17th century) Tsazega (17th century–19th century) | ||||||||
| Common languages | Tigrinya · Tigre · Beja · Ge’ez | ||||||||
| Religion | Orthodox Tewahedo | ||||||||
| Government | Elective monarchy | ||||||||
| Bahri Negasi | |||||||||
| • 1841–1879 (last) | Ras Woldemichael Solomon | ||||||||
| Historical era | Early modern period | ||||||||
| • Established | Unknown | ||||||||
| • Zara Yaqob creates the post of Bahri Negash | c. 1450 | ||||||||
| • Habesh Eyalet established by the Ottomans | 1554 | ||||||||
| • Invaded by the Kingdom of Italy | 5 February 1885 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Eritrea | ||||||||
This article contains Ethiopic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Ethiopic characters.
Medri Bahri (Template:Lang-am, English: Sea Kingdom), known in Tigrinya as Mereb Melash, was a kingdom which emerged from the weaking of the Ethiopian Empire in the Early Modern Period to the Italian conquest of the region. It was situated in modern-day Eritrea, and was ruled by a Bahri Negasi, also called the Bahr Negash in Amharic, or "king of the sea" in English.
In 1680, Medri-Bahri’s political process was described by the German scholar J. Ludolph as being a republican monarchy. This republican political process was found no where else in the Horn of Africa and was distinct to the kingdom of Medri Bahri.
History
16th-17th century
After the Aksumite empire, the area from the Eritrean highlands to the Red Sea was known as Ma'ikele Bahr ("between the seas/rivers," i.e. the land between the Red Sea and the Mereb river) in Tigrinya. It was later renamed to the domain of the Bahr Negash ("Ruler of the sea"), the Medri Bahri ("Land of the Sea", "Sea land" during the Ethiopian Empire, although it included some areas like Shire on the other side of the Mereb, today in Ethiopia). The first time the title Bahr Negash appears is during the reign of emperor Zara Yaqob (r. 1433-1468), who perhaps even introduced that office. His chronicle explains how he put much effort into increasing the power of that office, placing the Bahr Negash above other local chiefs and eventually making him the sovereign of a territory covering Shire, in what is now Tigray, and the highlands (Template:Lang-ti) of what is now Eritrea including Hamasien and Seraye. To strengthen the imperial presence in the area, Zara Yaqob also established a military colony consisting of Maya warriors from the south of his realm. Near the end of his reign, in 1464/1465, Massawa and the Dahlak archipelago were pillaged by emperor Zara Yaqob, and the Sultanate of Dahlak was forced to pay tribute to the Ethiopian Empire.
In the 1520s, Medri Bahri was described by the Portuguese traveller and priest Francisco Alvares. The current Bahr Negash bore the name Dori and resided in Debarwa, a town on the very northern edge of the highlands. Dori was an uncle of emperor Lebna Dengel, to whom he paid tribute. These tributes were traditionally paid with horses and imported cloth and carpets. Dori was said to wield considerable power and influence, with his kingdom reaching almost as far north as Suakin, plus he was also a promoter of Christianity, gifting the churches everything they needed. By the time of Alvares' visit, Dori was engaged in warfare against some Nubians after the latter had killed his son. The Nubians were known as robbers and generally had a rather bad reputation. They originated somewhere five to six days away from Medri Bahri, possibly Taka (a historical province named after Jebel Taka near modern Kassala, however P. L. Shinnie suggests an origin in the area around Old Dongola, but this region could not be reached from Eritrea within five - six days
Yeshaq (Bahr Negus), the local ruler during the Ethiopian-Adal war, escorted a Portuguese force arriving to assist the Abyssinians against the neighbouring Ottoman-backed invasion. The Ottomans later invaded the Red Sea coast which was reconquered by Ethiopian Emperor Gelawdewos. However, Yeshaq later allied with the Ottoman general Özdemir Pasha and Mohammed IV Mansur of the Sultanate of Harar and the against Abyssinia before being defeated and killed by Sarsa Dengel. The territory became an Ottoman province or eyalet known as the Habesh Eyalet. Massawa served as the new province's first capital. When the city became of secondary economic importance, the administrative capital was soon moved across the Red Sea to Jeddah. Its headquarters remained there from the end of the 16th century to the early 19th century, with Medina temporarily serving as the capital in the 18th century.
In 1692, Iyasu I undertook an expedition in the Mareb river valley, against the Dubani, or Nara, in present-day Gash Barka. At the sound of the musket, the tribesmen were terrified and fled. His Royal Chronicle recounts how when the Ottoman Naib of Massawa attempted to levy a tax on Iyasu's goods that had landed at Massawa, he responded with a blockade of that island city until the Naib relented.
18th-19th century
 | This article or section possibly contains synthesis of material that does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
The Scottish traveler James Bruce reported in 1770 that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia, noting that the two territories were frequently in conflict. During the Zemene Mesafint, Wube Haile Maryam (the ruler of Simien and Tigre) led devastating raids into the region.
The kingdom was reconquered by Ethiopia in 1879, when Ras Alula seized control of the region after the betrayal of Ras Woldemichael Solomon, who had initially supported Yohannes IV during the Ethiopian-Egyptian War but later switched sides and fought against the Ethiopians. The Emperor would later exact collective punishment on the local populus, which caused native rebellions against southern rule. The region then became an Italian colony in 1890 after Menelik relinquished Ethiopia's claims to the Eritrean highlands in the Treaty of Wuchale.
Geography
At its peak, the Medri Bahri stretched from the Red Sea to the Mareb River and beyond, covering areas of Shire (Including Inda Selassie) and its surrounding regions. This vast region was subdivided into three main provinces, namely Akele Guzai, Hamassien and Serae. Of these three, Serae was the most politically important district, as the most influential and important people took up residence there. As a consequence, this was also the wealthiest, the best maintained and the best protected district. The Ethiopian Emperors gave the region the Amharic name "Medri Bahri" in reference to the [[Red Sea which Eritrea borders. In the Tigrinya language, however, it's referred to as "Mereb Melash," due to its location north of the Mareb River. This kingdom had a border to the south with Tigray Region, a province of the Ethiopian Empire also known as Abyssinia.
Demographics
Medri Bahri was composed of the following modern ethnic groups: Tigrinya people, Bilen people, Saho people, Tigre people, and the Irob people.
Notable people
Notes
- Caulk, Richard Alan (2002). "Between the Jaws of Hyenas": A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia (1876-1896). ISBN 9783447045582.
- J. Ludolph(1977), Forschung, P. 38
- Tamrat 1972, p. 74.
- Daniel Kendie, The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle. United States of America: Signature Book Printing, Inc., 2005, pp.17-8.
- ^ Pankhurst 1997, p. 101.
- Connel & Killion 2011, p. 54.
- Connel & Killion 2011, p. 160.
- Pankhurst 1997, p. 102-104.
- Pankhurst 1997, p. 270.
- Pankhurst 1997, p. 102-103.
- Pankhurst 1997, p. 154-155.
- Werner 2013, p. 149-150 & note 14..
- Connel & Killion 2011, p. 96.
- Okbazghi Yohannes (1991). A Pawn in World Politics: Eritrea. University of Florida Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 0-8130-1044-6. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- Siegbert Uhlig (2005). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 951. ISBN 978-3-447-05238-2. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
- Jonathan Miran Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa. Indiana University Press, 2009, pp. 38-39 & 91 Google Books
- E. A. Wallis Budge, A History of Ethiopia: Volume II : Nubia and Abyssinia' (London, (Routledge Revivals), 1949), pp. 414. https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=umMtBAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA408&dq=history%20of%20ethiopia&hl=fr&pg=PA414#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Translated in part by Richard K. P. Pankhurst in The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles. Addis Ababa: Oxford University Press, 1967.
- Connel & Killion 2011, p. 66-67.
- Richard Alan Caulk (2002). "Between the Jaws of Hyenas": A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia (1876-1896). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 143–149. ISBN 978-3-447-04558-2.
- Henry Salt: A Voyage to Abyssinia. Published in 1816 pp
- Tronvoll 1998, p. 38.
References
- Connel, Dan; Killion, Tom (2011). Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. ISBN 9780810875050.
- Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. ISBN 9780932415196.
- Tamrat, Tadesse (1972). Church and State in Ethiopia (1270–1527).
- Tronvoll, Kjetil (1998). Mai Weini, a Highland Village in Eritrea: A Study of the People. Red Sea Press. ISBN 9781569020593.
- Werner, Roland (2013). Das Christentum in Nubien. Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche.
Further reading
- d'Avray, Anthony (1996). Lords of the Red Sea. The History of a Red Sea Society from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries. Harrassowitz.
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