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'''Thomas Collier Platt''' (July 15, 1833 – March 6, 1910) was a two-term member of the ] (1873–1877) and a three-term ] from ] in 1881 and 1897 to 1909. He is best known as the "]" of the Republican Party in New York State in the late 19th century and early 20th century.<ref name=orth>Samuel P. Orth, ''The Boss and the Machine'', 124 (1919).</ref> Upon his death, the ''New York Times'' stated that "no man ever exercised less influence in the Senate or the House of Representatives than he," but "no man ever exercised more power as a political leader."<ref name=post>"," ''New York Times'', 1910-06-07 at p. 2.</ref> He considered himself the "political godfather" of many Republican governors of the state, including ].<ref name=abio>Thomas C. Platt, "The Autobiography of Thomas Collier Platt" (1910).</ref> | '''Thomas Collier Platt''' (July 15, 1833 – March 6, 1910), also known as '''Tom Platt'''<ref name=levipmorton>. ''United States Senate'' via ''Internet Archive''. Retrieved March 8, 2022.</ref> and '''Easy Boss''',<ref name=encyclopedia.combio>August 24, 2016. . ''Encyclopedia.com''. Retrieved March 8, 2022.</ref> was a two-term member of the ] (1873–1877) and a three-term ] from ] in 1881 and 1897 to 1909. He is best known as the "]" of the Republican Party in New York State in the late 19th century and early 20th century.<ref name=orth>Samuel P. Orth, ''The Boss and the Machine'', 124 (1919).</ref> Upon his death, the ''New York Times'' stated that "no man ever exercised less influence in the Senate or the House of Representatives than he," but "no man ever exercised more power as a political leader."<ref name=post>"," ''New York Times'', 1910-06-07 at p. 2.</ref> He considered himself the "political godfather" of many Republican governors of the state, including ].<ref name=abio>Thomas C. Platt, "The Autobiography of Thomas Collier Platt" (1910).</ref> | ||
Platt played a key role in the creation of the ], which incorporated together the boroughs of New York (Manhattan), Kings (Brooklyn), Queens, Richmond (Staten Island) and Bronx counties. | Platt played a key role in the creation of the ], which incorporated together the boroughs of New York (Manhattan), Kings (Brooklyn), Queens, Richmond (Staten Island) and Bronx counties. | ||
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After leaving Yale in 1852, he entered into a variety of employments. He started out as a druggist, a business in which he was engaged for two decades; was briefly an editor of a small newspaper; served as president of the ] National Bank; and was interested in the lumbering business in ]. He also acted as President of the Southern Central and other railways. | After leaving Yale in 1852, he entered into a variety of employments. He started out as a druggist, a business in which he was engaged for two decades; was briefly an editor of a small newspaper; served as president of the ] National Bank; and was interested in the lumbering business in ]. He also acted as President of the Southern Central and other railways. | ||
In 1852, he married his cousin<ref name=Call /> Ellen Lucy Barstow with whom he had three sons: Edward T. Platt, Frank H. Platt, and Henry B. Platt.<ref name=obit>"," ''New York Times'', 1910-03-26 at p. 9</ref> | In 1852, he married his cousin<ref name=Call /> Ellen Lucy Barstow with whom he had three sons: Edward T. Platt, Frank H. Platt, and Henry B. Platt.<ref name=obit>"," ''New York Times'', 1910-03-26 at p. 9</ref> During the ], Platt's illness prevented him from serving in the Union military, though raised money to support troops and actively urged support for the Lincoln Administration.<ref name=papers>. ''Social Networks and Archival Context''. Retrieved March 8, 2022.</ref> | ||
Platt became secretary and a director of the United States Express Co. in 1879 and was elected president of the company in 1880. He was president of the Board of Quarantine Commissioners of New York from 1880 to 1888 and was President of the ] for several years. | Platt became secretary and a director of the United States Express Co. in 1879 and was elected president of the company in 1880. He was president of the Board of Quarantine Commissioners of New York from 1880 to 1888 and was President of the ] for several years. | ||
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Platt's political involvement began at the ]'s inception; he made his first appearance in politics in 1856 in the campaign of the party's first presidential candidate, ].<ref name=post /> Running as a Republican, he was elected clerk of ], serving from 1859 to 1861. He was elected as a ] to the ] and the ], serving from March 4, 1873, to March 3, 1877. His influence on statewide politics began on his return from Congress in 1877, when he aligned with the "]" faction led by US Senator ] at the party's state convention, and against the "]" faction loyal to President ].<ref name=post /> | Platt's political involvement began at the ]'s inception; he made his first appearance in politics in 1856 in the campaign of the party's first presidential candidate, ].<ref name=post /> Running as a Republican, he was elected clerk of ], serving from 1859 to 1861. He was elected as a ] to the ] and the ], serving from March 4, 1873, to March 3, 1877. His influence on statewide politics began on his return from Congress in 1877, when he aligned with the "]" faction led by US Senator ] at the party's state convention, and against the "]" faction loyal to President ].<ref name=post /> | ||
In 1876, Platt declined to seek re-election to the House. During the same year in the ], he joined the "Conkling for President" movement when he attended a ] for the first time. A grateful and responsive Sen. Conkling in turn appointed Platt to become the GOP State Committee chairman.<ref name=snac/> | |||
In ] he was elected with the support of the Stalwart faction to represent New York in the ]. He became a member of the ] and the chairman of the Committee on Enrolled Bills. However, he served only from March 4 to May 16, 1881, when he and Conkling resigned because of a disagreement with President ] over federal appointments in New York. (Platt resigned at Conkling's insistence, earning him the nickname of "Me Too" Platt.) The immediate occasion of their resignation was Garfield's appointment of Half-Breed faction leader ] as ]. Soon afterward, however, Garfield's assassination by ], a self-proclaimed Stalwart who claimed friendships with Platt and Conkling, was the finishing blow for their faction.<ref name=post /> Platt and Conkling ran in the ] to fill the vacancies created by their own resignations but lost.<ref name=post /> Eschewing elective office, Platt then devoted his attention to mending fences and rebuilding the machine.<ref name=post /> He served as a delegate to several state and national Republican conventions,<ref>{{cite news |date=April 23, 1884 |title=Delegates Chosen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92117540/delegates-chosen/ |work=The Daily Chronicle |location=Knoxville, TC |page=2 |via=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=May 18, 1888 |title=New York Republicans |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92118222/new-york-republicans/ |work=Norfolk Daily News |location=Norfolk, NE |page=3 |via=]}}</ref> and was a member of the ]<ref>{{cite news |date=September 22, 1882 |title=Completing the Ticket |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92117768/completing-ticket/ |work=The New York Times |location=New York, NY |page=1 |via=]}}</ref> and ].<ref>{{cite news |date=February 21, 1884 |title=Republican National Convention |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92117246/republican-convention/ |work=The Buffalo Commercial |location=Buffalo, NY |page=4 |via=]}}</ref> By 1887, Platt was the ''de facto'' leader of New York's Republicans, where he developed a reputation as the "easy boss."<ref name=post /> | In ] he was elected with the support of the Stalwart faction to represent New York in the ]. He became a member of the ] and the chairman of the Committee on Enrolled Bills. However, he served only from March 4 to May 16, 1881, when he and Conkling resigned because of a disagreement with President ] over federal appointments in New York. (Platt resigned at Conkling's insistence, earning him the nickname of "Me Too" Platt.) The immediate occasion of their resignation was Garfield's appointment of Half-Breed faction leader ] as ]. Soon afterward, however, Garfield's assassination by ], a self-proclaimed Stalwart who claimed friendships with Platt and Conkling, was the finishing blow for their faction.<ref name=post /> Platt and Conkling ran in the ] to fill the vacancies created by their own resignations but lost.<ref name=post /> Eschewing elective office, Platt then devoted his attention to mending fences and rebuilding the machine.<ref name=post /> He served as a delegate to several state and national Republican conventions,<ref>{{cite news |date=April 23, 1884 |title=Delegates Chosen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92117540/delegates-chosen/ |work=The Daily Chronicle |location=Knoxville, TC |page=2 |via=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=May 18, 1888 |title=New York Republicans |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92118222/new-york-republicans/ |work=Norfolk Daily News |location=Norfolk, NE |page=3 |via=]}}</ref> and was a member of the ]<ref>{{cite news |date=September 22, 1882 |title=Completing the Ticket |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92117768/completing-ticket/ |work=The New York Times |location=New York, NY |page=1 |via=]}}</ref> and ].<ref>{{cite news |date=February 21, 1884 |title=Republican National Convention |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92117246/republican-convention/ |work=The Buffalo Commercial |location=Buffalo, NY |page=4 |via=]}}</ref> By 1887, Platt was the ''de facto'' leader of New York's Republicans, where he developed a reputation as the "easy boss."<ref name=post /> | ||
===Platt supports Half-Breed Blaine for president=== | |||
During the ], the Republican convention nominated Half-Breed leader ] to lead the party ticket. This resulted in an intraparty schism, with a "]" faction refusing to support Blaine and instead backing ] ]. | |||
Although Platt had allied with the Stalwarts which fiercely opposed Blaine (who long had a personal rivalry with Conkling), he supported the nominee for the general election.<ref name=snac/> Blaine ultimately lost the race to Cleveland, which in part was attributed to the influence of ''Harper's Weekly'' Mugwump cartoonist ]. | |||
===Return to the Senate, 1897–1909=== | |||
Sixteen years after Platt's resignation, he was elected to the a second time a ] in ] and was re-elected in ]. This time, he served from March 4, 1897, to March 3, 1909. He was Chairman of the Committee on Transportation Routes to the Seaboard (in the 55th Congress). He was on the Committee on Printing (in the 56th through 60th Congresses), the Committee on Cuban Relations (in the 59th Congress) and the Committee on Interoceanic Canals (in the 59th Congress). He also served on the ]. | Sixteen years after Platt's resignation, he was elected to the a second time a ] in ] and was re-elected in ]. This time, he served from March 4, 1897, to March 3, 1909. He was Chairman of the Committee on Transportation Routes to the Seaboard (in the 55th Congress). He was on the Committee on Printing (in the 56th through 60th Congresses), the Committee on Cuban Relations (in the 59th Congress) and the Committee on Interoceanic Canals (in the 59th Congress). He also served on the ]. | ||
Revision as of 02:26, 9 March 2022
American politician (1833–1910) For the United States federal judge, see Thomas Collier Platt Jr.
Thomas C. Platt | |
---|---|
Platt in 1903 | |
United States Senator from New York | |
In office March 4, 1897 – March 3, 1909 | |
Preceded by | David B. Hill |
Succeeded by | Elihu Root |
In office March 4, 1881 – May 16, 1881 | |
Preceded by | Francis Kernan |
Succeeded by | Warner Miller |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York | |
In office March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1877 | |
Preceded by | Horace B. Smith |
Succeeded by | Jeremiah W. Dwight |
Constituency | 27th district (1873–75) 28th district (1875–77) |
Personal details | |
Born | Thomas Collier Platt (1833-07-15)July 15, 1833 Owego, New York |
Died | March 6, 1910(1910-03-06) (aged 76) New York City, New York |
Political party | Republican |
Education | Yale College (did not graduate) |
Signature | |
Thomas Collier Platt (July 15, 1833 – March 6, 1910), also known as Tom Platt and Easy Boss, was a two-term member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1873–1877) and a three-term U.S. Senator from New York in 1881 and 1897 to 1909. He is best known as the "political boss" of the Republican Party in New York State in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Upon his death, the New York Times stated that "no man ever exercised less influence in the Senate or the House of Representatives than he," but "no man ever exercised more power as a political leader." He considered himself the "political godfather" of many Republican governors of the state, including Theodore Roosevelt.
Platt played a key role in the creation of the City of Greater New York, which incorporated together the boroughs of New York (Manhattan), Kings (Brooklyn), Queens, Richmond (Staten Island) and Bronx counties.
Biography
Early years
Platt was born to William Platt, a lawyer, and Lesbia Hinchman, in Owego, Tioga County, New York on July 15, 1833. State Senator Nehemiah Platt (1797–1851) was William Platt's brother.
William Platt, a successful attorney and strict Presbyterian, encouraged his son to enter the ministry. Accordingly, the young Platt was prepared for college at the Owego Academy and attended Yale College (1850–1852), where he studied theology but failed to earn a degree owing to ill health which forced his withdrawal.
After leaving Yale in 1852, he entered into a variety of employments. He started out as a druggist, a business in which he was engaged for two decades; was briefly an editor of a small newspaper; served as president of the Tioga National Bank; and was interested in the lumbering business in Michigan. He also acted as President of the Southern Central and other railways.
In 1852, he married his cousin Ellen Lucy Barstow with whom he had three sons: Edward T. Platt, Frank H. Platt, and Henry B. Platt. During the American Civil War, Platt's illness prevented him from serving in the Union military, though raised money to support troops and actively urged support for the Lincoln Administration.
Platt became secretary and a director of the United States Express Co. in 1879 and was elected president of the company in 1880. He was president of the Board of Quarantine Commissioners of New York from 1880 to 1888 and was President of the Tennessee Coal & Iron Company for several years.
Political career
Platt's political involvement began at the Republican Party's inception; he made his first appearance in politics in 1856 in the campaign of the party's first presidential candidate, John C. Fremont. Running as a Republican, he was elected clerk of Tioga County, serving from 1859 to 1861. He was elected as a Republican to the Forty-third United States Congress and the Forty-fourth United States Congress, serving from March 4, 1873, to March 3, 1877. His influence on statewide politics began on his return from Congress in 1877, when he aligned with the "Stalwart" faction led by US Senator Roscoe Conkling at the party's state convention, and against the "Half-Breed" faction loyal to President Rutherford B. Hayes.
In 1876, Platt declined to seek re-election to the House. During the same year in the 1876 United States presidential election, he joined the "Conkling for President" movement when he attended a Republican National Convention for the first time. A grateful and responsive Sen. Conkling in turn appointed Platt to become the GOP State Committee chairman.
In January 1881 he was elected with the support of the Stalwart faction to represent New York in the United States Senate. He became a member of the Forty-seventh Congress and the chairman of the Committee on Enrolled Bills. However, he served only from March 4 to May 16, 1881, when he and Conkling resigned because of a disagreement with President James Garfield over federal appointments in New York. (Platt resigned at Conkling's insistence, earning him the nickname of "Me Too" Platt.) The immediate occasion of their resignation was Garfield's appointment of Half-Breed faction leader William H. Robertson as Collector of the Port of New York. Soon afterward, however, Garfield's assassination by Charles J. Guiteau, a self-proclaimed Stalwart who claimed friendships with Platt and Conkling, was the finishing blow for their faction. Platt and Conkling ran in the special election to fill the vacancies created by their own resignations but lost. Eschewing elective office, Platt then devoted his attention to mending fences and rebuilding the machine. He served as a delegate to several state and national Republican conventions, and was a member of the New York Republican State Committee and Republican National Committee. By 1887, Platt was the de facto leader of New York's Republicans, where he developed a reputation as the "easy boss."
Platt supports Half-Breed Blaine for president
During the 1884 presidential election, the Republican convention nominated Half-Breed leader James G. Blaine to lead the party ticket. This resulted in an intraparty schism, with a "Mugwump" faction refusing to support Blaine and instead backing Bourbon Democrat Grover Cleveland.
Although Platt had allied with the Stalwarts which fiercely opposed Blaine (who long had a personal rivalry with Conkling), he supported the nominee for the general election. Blaine ultimately lost the race to Cleveland, which in part was attributed to the influence of Harper's Weekly Mugwump cartoonist Thomas Nast.
Return to the Senate, 1897–1909
Sixteen years after Platt's resignation, he was elected to the a second time a U.S. Senator from New York in January 1897 and was re-elected in January 1903. This time, he served from March 4, 1897, to March 3, 1909. He was Chairman of the Committee on Transportation Routes to the Seaboard (in the 55th Congress). He was on the Committee on Printing (in the 56th through 60th Congresses), the Committee on Cuban Relations (in the 59th Congress) and the Committee on Interoceanic Canals (in the 59th Congress). He also served on the Republican National Committee.
On January 21, 1897, Platt's photograph appeared in the New York Tribune as "the first halftone reproduction to appear in a mass circulation daily paper," according to Time-Life's Photojournalism.
To increase his power as a political boss, Platt steered passage of the Greater New York bill in 1898. The bill incorporated the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island into the city, thereby creating New York City as it exists today.
Platt reluctantly supported Theodore Roosevelt's candidacy for Governor of New York in 1898 in the immediate aftermath of Roosevelt's fame leading the Rough Riders in the Spanish–American War earlier that year. Once elected, Governor Roosevelt was independently minded and crusaded against machines and corruption, most notably refusing to reappoint Louis F. Payn as state Insurance Superintendent because he was widely seen as a corrupt associate of Platt. In response, Platt sought a way to "shelve" Roosevelt so that a more compliant governor could be installed in his place. President William McKinley's original vice president had died in office, leaving a place on the ticket to fill before the 1900 election. At the 1900 Republican National Convention, Platt and Matthew Quay proposed to get Roosevelt out of Platt's way in New York by nominating him for vice president. Party boss Mark Hanna was horrified by the proposition, stating "Why, everybody's gone crazy! What is the matter with all of you? Here's this convention going headlong for Roosevelt for Vice President. Don't any of you realize that there's only one life between that madman and the Presidency? Platt and Quay are no better than idiots! What harm can he do as Governor of New York compared to the damage he will do as President if McKinley should die?" But since Hanna was unable to convince President McKinley to refuse Roosevelt as his Vice President, his efforts were in vain. Roosevelt was chosen by acclamation, and played a major part in McKinley's re-election, and became president in September 1901 after McKinley was assassinated in office.
Platt's control over the Republican Party in New York State effectively ended in 1902. Benjamin Barker Odell Jr., Roosevelt's successor as governor, had not only acted independently of Platt but also, by 1902, insisted on taking over from Platt as leader of the party. After Platt tried but failed to block Odell's renomination as governor and Odell was re-elected, the era of a separate "boss" was over.
Platt was a member of the New York Society of Colonial Wars.
Later years, death, and legacy
Two years after his first wife died in 1901, he married Lillian Janeway, whom the New York Times described as "young enough in appearance to pass for his daughter." Their legal separation was announced in 1906, with Platt agreeing to pay his estranged wife $75,000 in exchange for her dropping all financial claims upon him and dismissing a suit for divorce which had been previously filed.
During his final years Platt suffered from a palsy of his legs which confined him to a wheelchair for a majority of the time. He retired from the Senate in 1909 and was stricken by what was diagnosed as an acute attack of Bright's disease on May 28, 1909, a case so severe that his doctor publicly predicted his patient's imminent demise. Platt recovered, however, convalescing until late in January 1910, when he was deemed well enough to return home to his Manhattan apartment.
Seemingly restored to health, Platt was suddenly stricken by a second attack of kidney disease at about 1 pm on March 6, 1910. His personal physician was called, but it was immediately deemed apparent that there would be no recovery in this second life-threatening incident. Platt died in his own bed at about 4 pm on that same day.
On March 7, Republican Governor Charles Evans Hughes ordered flags of state buildings to be flown at half-staff in commemoration of the death of the former United States Senator, an action setting a precedent in New York of state government honoring such a former federal elected official in that manner.
Platt's body was interred in Evergreen Cemetery, Owego, New York. At the time of his death, he remained married to Lillian, but she received nothing in his will.
His namesake great-grandson was the lawyer and judge Thomas Collier Platt Jr.
Footnotes
- About the Vice President | Levi Parsons Morton, 22nd Vice President (1889-1893). United States Senate via Internet Archive. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
- August 24, 2016. Thomas Collier Platt. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
- Samuel P. Orth, The Boss and the Machine, 124 (1919).
- ^ "Progress and Fall of Platt, Easy Boss," New York Times, 1910-06-07 at p. 2.
- Thomas C. Platt, "The Autobiography of Thomas Collier Platt" (1910).
- "Platt, Thomas Collier." Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, volume 15, copyright 1991. Grolier Inc., ISBN 0-7172-5300-7
- ^ "Thomas C. Platt Dead at 77," New York Call, vol. 3, no. 66, March 7, 1910, p. 1.
- ^ "All Platt's Estate Goes to his Sons," New York Times, 1910-03-26 at p. 9
- Platt, Thomas Collier, 1833-1910. Social Networks and Archival Context. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
snac
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - "Delegates Chosen". The Daily Chronicle. Knoxville, TC. April 23, 1884. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
- "New York Republicans". Norfolk Daily News. Norfolk, NE. May 18, 1888. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
- "Completing the Ticket". The New York Times. New York, NY. September 22, 1882. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
- "Republican National Convention". The Buffalo Commercial. Buffalo, NY. February 21, 1884. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
- Dunn, pp. 334–335. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDunn (help)
- "Platts Have Separated; Formally Announce It," New York Times, November 15, 1906, p. 1.
- "Governor Hughes Praises Platt," New York Call, vol. 3, no. 67, March 8, 1910, p. 3.
Bibliography
- L. J. Lang (editor), The Autobiography of Thomas Collier Platt, (New York, 1910)
- Dictionary of American Biography;
- Gosnell, Harold. Boss Platt and His New York Machine: A Study of the Political Leadership of Thomas C. Platt, Theodore Roosevelt, and Others. (1924) standard biography
- AMS Press, 1969; Platt, Thomas Collier. The Autobiography of Thomas Collier Platt. Edited by Louis J. Lang. 1910. Reprint. New York: Arno Press, 1974.
- Texts on Wikisource:
- Carl Schurz, "Wanted — A Republican Form of Government," Harper's Weekly, April 10, 1897.
- Carl Schurz, "The Right to Nominate," Harper's Weekly, July 3, 1897.
- Carl Schurz, "Partisan Municipal Government," Harper's Weekly, July 31, 1897.
- Carl Schurz, "Bossism in New York," Harper's Weekly, November 13, 1897.
- "Platt, Thomas Collier". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
- "Senator Platt Did Not Dine with Governor Odell," The New York Times, August 1, 1901.
- "Platt, Thomas Collier". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
- "Platt, Thomas Collier". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- United States Congress. "Thomas C. Platt (id: P000383)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
External links
- Thomas Collier Platt papers (MS 727). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.
- Media related to Thomas C. Platt at Wikimedia Commons
U.S. House of Representatives | ||
---|---|---|
Preceded byHorace B. Smith | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 27th congressional district 1873–1875 |
Succeeded byElbridge G. Lapham |
Preceded byHorace B. Smith | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 28th congressional district 1875–1877 |
Succeeded byJeremiah W. Dwight |
U.S. Senate | ||
Preceded byFrancis Kernan | U.S. senator (Class 1) from New York 1881 Served alongside: Roscoe Conkling |
Succeeded byWarner Miller |
Preceded byDavid B. Hill | U.S. senator (Class 3) from New York 1897–1909 Served alongside: Edward Murphy, Jr., Chauncey M. Depew |
Succeeded byElihu Root |
United States senators from New York | ||
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Class 1 | ||
Class 3 |
- 1833 births
- 1910 deaths
- United States senators from New York (state)
- Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
- New York (state) Republicans
- American political bosses from New York (state)
- People from Owego, New York
- Republican Party United States senators
- Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
- 19th-century American politicians
- Yale College alumni
- Stalwarts (Republican Party)