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'''Ableism''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|eɪ|b|ə|l|ɪ|z|əm}}; also known as '''ablism''', '''disablism''' (British English), '''anapirophobia''', '''anapirism''', and '''disability discrimination''') is ] and social ] against people with ] and/or people who are perceived to be disabled. Ableism characterizes people as defined by their disabilities and inferior to the non-disabled.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Claiming Disability: Knowledge and Identity |first1=Simi|last1=Linton|author-link1=Simi Linton|first2=Michael|last2=Bérubé|author-link2=Michael Bérubé|year=1998|page=9|isbn=9780814751343|publisher=]}}</ref> On this basis, people are assigned or denied certain perceived abilities, skills, or ]s. '''Ableism''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|eɪ|b|ə|l|ɪ|z|əm}}; also known as '''ablism''', '''disablism''' (British English), '''anapirophobia''', '''anapirism''', and '''disability discrimination''') is based

Although ableism and disablism are both terms which describe disability discrimination, the emphasis for each of these terms is slightly different. Ableism is discrimination in favor of non-disabled people. Disablism is discrimination against disabled people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Disablism and ableism|url=https://www.scope.org.uk/about-us/disablism/|access-date=2020-11-21|website=]|language=en-gb}}</ref>

There are stereotypes which are either associated with disability in general, or they are associated with specific impairments or chronic health conditions (for instance the presumption that all disabled people want to be cured, the presumption that wheelchair users also have an intellectual disability, or the presumption that blind people have some special form of insight).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disability-studies.leeds.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/40/library/Sutherland-CHAPTER6.pdf|title=Sutherland, A.T. 'Disabled We Stand', Chapter 6 'Stereotypes of Disability', Souvenir Press, 1982}}</ref> These ]s, in turn, serve as a justification for discriminatory practices, and reinforce discriminatory ] and ]s toward people who are disabled.<ref>Wüllenweber, Ernst; Theunissen, Georg; Mühl, Heinz (2006). ''Pädagogik bei geistigen Behinderungen: ein Handbuch für Studium und Praxis (Education for intellectual disabilities: A manual for study and practice)'' (in German). ]. p. 149. {{ISBN|3-17-018437-7}}. Retrieved January 17, 2012.</ref> Labeling affects people when it limits their options for action or changes their identity.<ref>"Geistige Behinderung{{snd}} Normtheorien nach Speck und Goffman". Heilpaedagogik-info.de. Retrieved 2014-05-12.</ref>

In ableist societies, the disabled life is considered less worth living, or the disabled people less valuable, even sometimes expendable. The ] movement of the early 20th century is considered an expression of widespread ableism.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

Ableism can also be better understood by reading literature which is written and published by those who experience disability and ableism first-hand. ] is an academic discipline which is also beneficial when non-disabled people pursue it in order to gain a better understanding of ableism.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

==Etymology==
Originating from ''-able'' (in disable, disabled) and '']'' (in ], ]); first recorded in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ableism|title=Definition of ABLEISM|website=]|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Dictionary.com|ableism}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Canada ===
Ableism in Canada refers to a set of discourses, behaviors, and structures that express feelings of anxiety, fear, ], and ] towards people with disabilities in ].

The specific types of ] that have occurred or are still occurring in Canada include the inability to access important facilities such as infrastructure within the ] network, restrictive ], ] to stop people with disabilities from having offspring, ], ]s that are insufficient to maintain a minimal ], and ] of people with disabilities in substandard conditions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Policy on ableism and discrimination based on disability |url=http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/policy-ableism-and-discrimination-based-disability |publisher=] |access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref>

]s implemented by the ] have also at times been referred to as ableist, such as funding cuts that put people with disabilities at risk of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/canada-news-pmn/austerity-left-people-with-disabilities-without-housing-n-s-inquiry-told|title='Ableist' bias left people with disabilities without housing, N.S. inquiry told|date=4 June 2018|website=]|access-date=26 August 2018|first=Michael|last=Tutton}}</ref>

=== Nazi Germany ===
In 1939 ] signed the secret euthanasia program decree, ], which authorized the killing of selected patients diagnosed with chronic neurological and psychiatric disorders. This program killed about 70,000 disabled people before it was officially halted by Hitler in 1941 under public pressure, and it was unofficially continued out of the public eye, killing a total of 200,000 or more by the end of Hitler's reign in 1945.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/T4-Program|title=T4 Program{{snd}} Definition and History|website=]|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
]" and ] in being unable to vote. Ableist and eugenicist ideas were often found in suffrage rhetoric.]]

In the UK, disability discrimination became unlawful as a result of the ], and the ]. These were later superseded, retaining the substantive law, by the ]. The ] brought together protections against multiple areas of discriminatory behavior (disability, race, religion and belief, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, age and pregnancy{{snd}} the so-called 'protected characteristics').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/notes/division/2/1|title=Equality Act 2010 - Explanatory Notes|website=]}}</ref>

Under EA2010 there are prohibitions addressing several forms of discrimination including direct discrimination (s.13), indirect discrimination (s.6, s.19), ] (s.26), ] (s.27), discrimination arising from disability (s.15), and failure to make reasonable adjustments (s.20).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents|title=Equality Act 2010 (Contents)|website=]}}</ref>

Part 2, Chapter 1, Section 6, of the ] states that "A person (P) has a disability if (a) P has a physical or mental impairment, and (b) the impairment has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on P's ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/section/6|title=Equality Act 2010 (Section 6)|website=]|access-date=9 August 2021}}</ref>

===United States===
Much like many minority groups, disabled Americans were often ] and denied certain rights for a majority of American history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://knightpoliticalreporting.syr.edu/?civilhistoryessays=a-civil-rights-history-americans-with-disabilities|title=A Civil Rights History: Americans with Disabilities|last=Faville|first=Andrea|website=]}}</ref> In the 1800s, a shift from a religious view to a more scientific view took place and caused more individuals with disabilities to be examined.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nccj.org/ableism|title=Ableism|website=] }}</ref> Public stigma began to change after ] when many Americans returned home with disabilities. In the 1960s, following the ] in America, the world began the ]. The movement was intended to give all individuals with disabilities equal rights and opportunities. Until the 1970s, ableism in the United States was often codified into law. For example, in many jurisdictions, so-called "]s" barred people from appearing in public if they had diseases or disfigurements that were considered unsightly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rootedinrights.org/the-ugly-laws-disability-in-public/|title=The Ugly Laws: Disability In Public — Galaxy Book Review|date=6 September 2011|website=rootedinrights.org|access-date=1 April 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118150635/https://rootedinrights.org/the-ugly-laws-disability-in-public/|archive-date=January 18, 2017|first=Shannon|last=Sommer}}</ref>

==== Rehabilitation Act of 1973 ====
Section 504 and other sections of the ] enacted into law certain ] penalties for failing to make public places comply with access codes known as the ADA Access Guidelines (ADAAG). These laws prohibit direct discrimination against disabled people in government programs, employment, public transit, and public accommodations like stores and restaurants.

==== Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act of 1984====
The ] was passed to promote the fundamental right to vote by improving access for ] individuals and people with disabilities to registration facilities and polling places for Federal elections by requiring access to polling places used in ] and available registration and voting aids, such as instructions in large type <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ada.gov/cguide.htm|title=A Guide to Disability Rights Laws|website=]|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref>

==== Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 ====
The federal ] of 1988 prohibits housing discrimination on the basis of mental or physical disability and requires that newly constructed multi-family housing meet certain access guidelines while requiring landlords to allow disabled persons to modify existing dwellings for accessibility. The law also protects people with mental disabilities by prohibiting discrimination in housing and allowing people with mental illness or any other disability to live where they choose.

==== Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ====
The ] (ADA) was passed on July 26, 1990, during the ] administration and amended on January 1, 2009. The act gave individuals with disabilities civil rights protections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ada.gov|title=ADA.gov homepage|website=]|access-date=2018-04-03}}</ref>

==== Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ====
The ] (IDEA) ensures students with a disability are provided with ] (FAPE) that is tailored to their individual needs. IDEA was previously known as the ] (EHA) from 1975 to 1990. In 1990, the United States Congress reauthorized EHA and changed the title to IDEA (Public Law No. 94-142). Overall, the goal of IDEA is to provide children with disabilities the same opportunity for education as those students who do not have a disability.

=== UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ===
In May 2012, the ] Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities was ratified. The document establishes the inadmissibility of discrimination on the basis of disability, including in ]. In addition, the amendments create a legal basis for significantly expanding opportunities to protect the rights of persons with disabilities, including in the administrative procedure and in court. The law defined specific obligations that all owners of facilities and service providers must fulfill to create conditions for disabled people equal to the rest.<ref> - ])</ref>

== Workplace ==
In 1990, the ] was put in place to prohibit private employers, state and local government, employment agencies and labor unions from discrimination against qualified disabled people in job applications, when hiring, firing, advancement in workplace, compensation, training, and on other terms, conditions and privileges of employment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ada.gov/ada_title_I.htm|title=Employment (Title I)|website=]|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> The U.S. ] (EEOC) plays a part in fighting against ableism by being responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee because of the person's race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy, gender identity, and sexual orientation), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eeoc.gov/overview|title=About the EEOC: Overview|website=]|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref>

Employers and managers are often concerned about the potential cost associated with providing accommodations to employees with disabilities.<ref>Bonaccio, S., Connelly, C.E., Gellatly, I.R., Jetha, A., & Martin Ginis, K.A. (2020). ], 35(2), 135-158.</ref> However, many accommodations have a cost of $0 (59% in a survey of employers conducted by the ] (JAN)<ref>] (Updated October 21, 2020). . Retrieved 06/16/2021.</ref>), and accommodation costs may be offset by the savings associated with employing people with disabilities (higher performance, lower turnover costs).<ref>Fisher, S. L., & Connelly, C. E. (2020). . Canadian Journal of Disability Studies, 9(4), 71-88.</ref>

== Healthcare ==
In England, Scotland and Wales it is permitted for an abortion to be performed on the basis of the foetus having physical or mental abnormalities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abortion Act 1967|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1967/87/data.htm|access-date=2020-06-17|website=]}}</ref>

== Education ==
Ableism often makes the world inaccessible to disabled people, especially in schools. Within education systems the use of the medical model and social model of disability contributes to the divide between students within special education and general education classrooms. Often times, the medical model of disability portrays the overarching idea that disability can be corrected and diminished at the result of removing children from general education classrooms. This model of disability suggests that the impairment is much more important than the person as if they are helpless and need to be separated from those who are not disabled. The social model of disability as society slowly becomes more progressive at making changed within inclusive education suggests that people with impairments are disabled at the result of the way society acts. When students with disabilities are pulled out of their classrooms in order to receive the support they need this often times leads their peers to socially reject them out of the habit of not forming relationships with them in the classroom. By using the social model of disability, inclusive setting based schools where the social norm is not to alienate their peers can promote more teamwork and less division throughout many campuses. Through implementing the social model of education within modern forms of inclusive education actively provides children of all abilities with the important role of changing discriminatory attitudes within the school system. For example, a disabled student may need to read text instead of listening to a tape recording of the text. In the past, schools have focused too much on fixing the disability, but due to progressive reforms, schools are now focused on minimizing the impact of a student's disability, and giving support, skills, and more opportunities to live a full life. Moreover, schools are required to maximize access to their entire community.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://sites.ed.gov/idea/about-idea/|title=About IDEA{{snd}} Individuals with Disabilities Education Act|website=]|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> In 2004, Congress made into law the ], which states that free and appropriate education is eligible to children with disabilities with insurance of necessary services.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/feb07/vol64/num05/Confronting-Ableism.aspx|title=Confronting Ableism{{snd}} Educational Leadership|website=]|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> Congress later amended the law, in 2015, to include the ], which guarantees equal opportunity for people with disabilities full participation in society, and the tools for overall independent success.

== Media ==
{{main|Disability in the media}}
Disabilities are not only misrepresented in the media but often underrepresented as well. While roughly 20 percent of the US population is disabled, only 2 percent of characters played in television and film have a disability.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rudermanfoundation.org/white_papers/the-ruderman-white-paper-on-the-challenge-to-create-more-authentic-disability-casting-and-representation-on-tv/|title=The Ruderman White Paper on the Challenge to Create More Authentic Disability Casting and Representation on TV|website=]|access-date=2018-04-12|language=en-US}}</ref> 95 percent of the time, disabled characters are played by actors who are not disabled.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Woodburn|first1=Danny |first2=Kristina |last2=Kopić|date= July 2016|title=The Ruderman White Paper on Employment of Actors with Disabilities in Television |url= http://www.rudermanfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/TV-White-Paper_7-1-003.pdf |website=]}}</ref>

These common ways of framing disability are heavily criticized for being dehumanizing and failing to place importance on the perspectives of disabled people.

=== Disabled villain ===
One common form of media depiction of disability is to portray villains with a mental or physical disability. Lindsey Row-Heyveld notes, for instance, "that villainous pirates are scraggly, wizened, and inevitably kitted out with a peg leg, eye patch, or hook hand whereas heroic pirates look like ]'s ]."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Row-Heyveld | first1 = Lindsey | year = 2015 | title = Reading Batman, Writing X-Men Superpowers and Disabilities in the First-Year Seminar | url = http://pedagogy.dukejournals.org/content/15/3/519.full.pdf | journal = Pedagogy: Critical Approaches to Teaching Literature, Language, Composition, and Culture | volume = 15| pages = 519–526| doi = 10.1215/15314200-2917105 | s2cid = 146299487 }}</ref> The disability of the villain is meant to separate them from the average viewer and dehumanize the antagonist. As a result, stigma forms surrounding the disability and the individuals that live with it.

=== Inspiration porn ===
] is the use of disabled people performing ordinary tasks as a form of inspiration.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Young|first=Stella|author-link=Stella Young|title=I'm not your inspiration, thank you very much|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/stella_young_i_m_not_your_inspiration_thank_you_very_much|language=en|access-date=2021-04-11|website=]}}</ref> Criticisms of inspiration porn say that it distances disabled people from individuals who are not disabled and portrays disability as an obstacle to overcome or rehab.<ref>{{cite web|last =Rakowitz|first= Rebecca|title = Inspiration porn: A look at the objectification of the disabled community |work= ]|publisher=]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202121955/https://cw.ua.edu/article/2016/12/inspiration-porn-a-look-at-the-objectification-of-the-disabled-community|archive-date=2 December 2016|date = 1 December 2016|url = https://cw.ua.edu/article/2016/12/inspiration-porn-a-look-at-the-objectification-of-the-disabled-community|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/on-inspiration-porn_b_596cedd0e4b05561da5a595e|title=On Inspiration Porn|date=July 17, 2017|website=]|first=Kate|last=Mitchell|access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref>

=== Pitied character ===
In many forms of media such as films and articles a disabled person is portrayed as a character who is viewed as less than able, different, and an "outcast." Hayes & Black (2003) explore Hollywood films as the discourse of pity towards disability as a problem of social, physical, and emotional confinement.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hayes |first1=Michael |last2=Black |first2=Rhonda |title=Troubling Signs: Disability, Hollywood Movies and the Construction of a Discourse of Pity |journal=Disability Studies Quarterly |date=15 April 2003 |volume=23 |issue=2 |doi=10.18061/dsq.v23i2.419 |url=http://dsq-sds.org/article/view/419/585 |issn=2159-8371|doi-access=free }}</ref> The aspect of pity is heightened through the storylines of media focusing on the individual's weaknesses as opposed to strengths and therefore leaving audiences a negative and ableist portrayal towards disability.

=== Supercrip stereotype ===
The supercrip narrative is generally a story of a person with an apparent disability who is able to "overcome" their physical differences and accomplish an impressive task. Professor Thomas Hehir's "Eliminating Ableism in Education," gives ] as an example of the supercrip narrative.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Hehir|first=Thomas|date=2002|title=Eliminating Ableism in Education|url=http://hepgjournals.org/doi/10.17763/haer.72.1.03866528702g2105|journal=]|language=en|volume=72|issue=1|pages=1–33|doi=10.17763/haer.72.1.03866528702g2105|issn=0017-8055}}</ref> The ] are another example of the supercrip stereotype, since they generate a large amount of media attention, and demonstrate disabled people doing extremely strenuous physical tasks. Although at face value, this may appear inspiring, Hehir explains that many people with disabilities view these news stories as setting unrealistic expectations.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, Hehir mentions that supercrip stories imply that disabled people are required to perform these impressive tasks to be seen as an equal and avoid pity from those without disabilities.<ref name=":0" />

Disability studies scholar ] describes how these narratives reinforce the problematic idea that disability can be overcome by an individual's hard work, in contrast to other theories which understand disability to be a result of a world that is not designed to be accessible.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Kafer|first=Alison|title=Feminist Queer Crip|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780253009340|location=Bloomington|pages=129–148|language=English}}</ref> Supercrip stories reinforce ableism by emphasizing independence, reliance on one's body, and the role of individual will in self-cure.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Ray|first=Sarah Jaquette|title=The Ecological Other: Environmental Exclusion in American Culture|publisher=The University of Arizona Press|year=2013|isbn=9780816511884|location=Tucson|pages=1–82|language=English}}</ref> Other examples of the supercrip narrative include the stories of ], the first blind woman to race in the Iditarod, and ], who has continued to climb after the amputation of his arm.<ref name=":4"/>

=== Environmental and outdoor recreation media ===
Disability has often been used as a short-hand in environmental literature for representing distance from nature, in what Sarah Jaquette Ray calls the "disability-equals-alienation-from-nature trope."<ref name=":4"/> An example of this trope can be seen in '']'', as ]'s lost leg symbolizes his exploitative relationship with nature.<ref name=":4"/> Additionally, in canonical environmental thought, figures such as ] and ] wrote using metaphors of disability to describe relationships between nature, technology, and the individual.<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":3"/>

Ableism in outdoor media can also be seen in promotional materials from the ] industry: ] highlights a notable example of ableist outdoor media depiction seen in a ] advertisement.<ref name=":3"/> In 2000, this ad (which can be viewed at ) ran in eleven outdoor magazines promoting a pair of running shoes.<ref name=":3"/> The advertisement was withdrawn after the company received over six hundred complaints in the first two days after its publication, and Nike apologized for publishing it.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Street Journal|first=Ann Grimes Staff Reporter of The Wall|date=2000-10-26|title=Nike Rescinds Advertisement, Apologizes to Disabled People|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB972514389588597858|access-date=2022-01-23|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Kafer notes that the ad is deeply offensive in the way it depicts those with ] and those who use wheelchairs, describing the reader post-spinal injury as a “drooling, misshapen, non-extreme-trail-running husk of former self, forced to roam the Earth in a motorized wheelchair.”<ref name=":5" /> The language in this ad explicitly draws a connection between the reader's self-identity and happiness with their ability to engage in “extreme trail running” while insulting those who use wheelchairs, and the advertisement's publication reveals Nike's assumptions that readers of outdoor magazines are neither disabled nor allies of the disabled, and that disability prevents encounters with nature.<ref name=":3"/>

This ad displays the arrogance of this company, as Nike's ad promises nondisabled runners and hikers the ability to protect their bodies against ] by purchasing this pair of shoes.<ref name=":3"/> This framing supports the illusion of a pure, unassisted “extreme” recreation experience that simply does not exist, as all interactions with nature are mediated by technology.<ref name=":4"/> At the same time, it conceals the truth that all people exist on a spectrum of disability, as bodies change over time, bodies can be both abled and disabled in different ways, and those who consider themselves abled may only be temporarily so.<ref name=":4"/> This campaign serves as an example of a corporation preying on fear of disability to sell their product, showing how deeply ingrained ableism is within the ]s and outdoor recreation communities.

==Sports==
]
Sports are often an area of society in which ableism is evident. In sports media, disabled athletes are often portrayed to be inferior.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = DePauw | first1 = K. P. | year = 1997 | title = The (in)visibility of disability: Cultural contexts and ''sporting bodies.'' | journal = Quest | volume = 49 | issue = 4| pages = 416–430 | doi = 10.1080/00336297.1997.10484258 }}</ref> When disabled athletes are discussed in the media, there is often an emphasis on rehabilitation and the road to recovery, which is inherently a negative view on the disability.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cherney | first1 = J. L. | last2 = Lindemann | first2 = K. | last3 = Hardin | first3 = M. | year = 2015 | title = Research in communication, disability, and sport | journal = Communication & Sport | volume = 3 | issue = 1| pages = 8–26 | doi = 10.1177/2167479513514847 | s2cid = 144783567 }}</ref> ] is a South African runner who competed in the ], ], and ] and the ] in London. Pistorius was the first double ] athlete to compete in the Olympic games.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/oscar-pistorius-makes-history-double-amputee-sprinter-compete/story?id=16929845|title=Pistorius, 25, Is First Double-Amputee Sprinter to Compete in Olympic Games|first=Alexis|last=Shaw|website=]|date=August 4, 2012}}</ref> While media coverage focused on inspiration and competition during his time in the Paralympic games, it shifted to questioning whether his prosthetic legs gave him an advantage while competing in the Olympic games.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Swartz | first1 = L. | last2 = Watermeyer | first2 = B. | year = 2008 | title = Cyborg anxiety: Oscar Pistorius and the boundaries of what it means to be human | journal = Disability & Society | volume = 23 | issue = 2| pages = 187–190 | doi = 10.1080/09687590701841232 | s2cid = 144555912 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Smith | first1 = L. R. | year = 2015 | title = The blade runner: The discourses surrounding Oscar Pistorius in the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics | journal = Communication & Sport | volume = 3 | issue = 4| pages = 390–410 | doi = 10.1177/2167479513519979 | s2cid = 144260172 }}</ref>

== Types of ableism ==
* ''Physical ableism'' is hate or discrimination based on a person's physical appearance.
* '']'' is discrimination based on mental health conditions and cognitive differences.
* ''Medical ableism'' exists both interpersonally (as healthcare providers can be ableist) and systemically, as decisions determined by medical institutions and caregivers may prevent the exercise of rights from disabled patients like autonomy and making decisions. The ] can be used to justify medical ableism.
* ''Structural ableism'' is failing to provide accessibility tools like ramp, wheelchair, special education equipments, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://drc.arizona.edu/cultural-center/ableism-101-part-one-what-ableism-what-disability |title=Ableism 101 Part One: What is Ableism? What is Disability? &#124; Disability Resources |website=] |access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref>
* ''Cultural ableism'' is behavioural, cultural, attitudinal and social patterns that may discriminate against dignity of disability symptoms, deny, invisibilise, dismiss special needs or may make disability rights and accessibility unattainable.
* ''Internalised ableism'' is when a disabled person discriminates against themself and other disabled people by holding the view that disability is something to be ashamed of, or something to be hide, or by refusing accessibility or support. Internalised ableism may be a result of mistreatment with individuals with disability.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230245181_2 |chapter=Internalised Ableism: The Tyranny Within |first=Fiona Kumari |last=Campbell |title=Contours of Ableism |date=2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |pages=16–29 |via=] |doi=10.1057/9780230245181_2 |isbn=978-1-349-36790-0 |access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref> It is a form of ] from society.
* ''Hostile ableism'' is a cultural or social kind of ableism when people get hostile against disability symptoms or phenotypes of the disabled person.
* ''Benevolent ableism'': Ableism often has a benevolent appearance. People treat the disabled person well, yet also like a child ("]"), instead of considering them as full grown adults. Examples include ignoring disabilities, not respecting the life experiences of the disabled person, ], not considering the opinion of the disabled person in important decision making, invasion of privacy or personal boundaries, forced corrective measures, unwanted help, not listening to the special needs, etc.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://spssi.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/josi.12337 |title=Hostile, Benevolent, and Ambivalent Ableism: Contemporary Manifestations |first1=Michelle R. |last1=Nario‐Redmond |first2=Alexia A. |last2=Kemerling |first3=Arielle |last3=Silverman |date=10 June 2019 |journal=] |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=726–756 |via=Wiley Online Library |doi=10.1111/josi.12337 |access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref>
* ''Ambivalent ableism'' can be characterized as somewhere in between hostile and benevolent ableism.

==Causes of ableism==
Ableism may have evolutionary and existential origins (fear of contagion, fear of death). It may also be rooted in belief systems (], meritocracy), language ("suffering from" disability), or unconscious biases.<ref>{{cite web |title=Disability Prejudice: Causes, Consequences, and Implications for Policymakers |url=https://www.spssi.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=document.viewdocument&ID=3F28EB86AE4CA3BB2EE025BE0093BF0439AD904BE63A1C0C2BE50463F70F3B668A419D9A5BFC2C3737450814D3839CB6#:~:text=Ableism%20may%20have%20evolutionary%20and,disability)%2C%20and%20unconscious%20biases. |publisher=]}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Politics|Society}}
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==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last1=Adams|first1=Rachel |last2= Reiss|first2=Benjamin|last3=Serlin|first3=David |title=Keywords for Disability Studies|year=2015|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-1-4798-4115-8}}
* {{cite journal
|last1=Amundson
|first1=Ron
|first2=Gayle
|last2=Taira
|title=Our Lives and Ideologies: The Effects of Life Experience on the Perceived Morality of the Policy of Physician-Assisted Suicide
|journal=Journal of Policy Studies
|volume=16
|issue=1
|year=2005
|pages=53&ndash;57
|url=http://uhh.hawaii.edu./~ronald/pubs/2005-Amundson-Taira.pdf
|doi=10.1177/10442073050160010801
|s2cid=143674103
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228114850/http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/~ronald/pubs/2005-Amundson-Taira.pdf
|archive-date=2010-12-28
}}
* {{cite journal
|first=Fiona A. Kumari|last=Campbell
|year=2001
|title=Inciting Legal Fictions: Disability Date with Ontology and the Ableist Body of the Law
|journal=Griffith Law Review
|volume=10
|issue=1
|pages=42&ndash;62
}}
* {{cite journal
|url=http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/viewArticle/46/0
|journal=M/C Journal
|volume=11|issue=3
|year=2008
|title=Refusing Able(ness): A Preliminary Conversation about Ableism
|first=Fiona A. Kumari|last=Campbell
|doi=10.5204/mcj.46
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{cite book
|title=Contours of Ableism: The Production of Disability and Abledness
|first=Fiona A. Kumari|last=Campbell
|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan
|year=2009
|isbn=978-0-230-57928-6
}}
* {{cite journal
|last=Chouinard|first=Vera
|title=Making Space for Disabling Difference: Challenges Ableist Geographies
|journal=Environment and Planning D: Society and Space
|volume=15
|year=1997
|pages=379&ndash;387
|doi=10.1068/d150379|s2cid=220082865}}
* {{cite journal
|last=Clear|first=Mike
|title=The "Normal" and the Monstrous in Disability Research
|journal=Disability & Society
|volume=14|issue=4
|year=1999
|pages=435&ndash;448
|doi=10.1080/09687599926055
}}
* Fandrey, Walter: Krüppel, Idioten, Irre: zur Sozialgeschichte behinderter Menschen in Deutschland (Cripples, idiots, madmen: the social history of disabled people in Germany) {{in lang|de}} {{ISBN|978-3-925344-71-8}}
* {{cite book
|title=Teaching for diversity and social justice
|volume=1
|editor1-first=Maurianne|editor1-last=Adams
|editor2-first=Lee Anne|editor2-last=Bell
|editor3-first=Pat|editor3-last=Griffin
|chapter=Ableism Curriculum Design
|first1=Pat|last1=Griffin
|first2=Madelaine L.|last2=Peters
|first3=Robin M.|last3=Smith
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Taylor & Francis
|year=2007
|isbn=978-0-415-95199-9
}}
* {{cite book
|chapter=Eliminating Ableism in Education
|first=Thomas|last=Hehir
|title=Special education for a new century
|volume=41
|series=Harvard educational review
|editor1-first=Lauren I.|editor1-last=Katzman
|publisher=Harvard Educational Review
|year=2005
|isbn= 978-0-916690-44-1
}}
* {{cite journal
|last1=Iwasaki|first1=Yoshitaka
|first2=Jennifer|last2=Mactavish
|title=Ubiquitous Yet Unique: Perspectives of People with Disabilities on Stress
|journal=Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin
|volume=48|issue=4
|year=2005
|pages=194&ndash;208
|doi=10.1177/00343552050480040101
|s2cid=144891563}}
* {{cite book
|title=The School Counselor's Guide to Helping Students with Disabilities
|series=Jossey-Bass teacher
|first1=Laura E.|last1=Marshak
|first2=Claire J.|last2=Dandeneau
|first3=Fran P.|last3=Prezant
|first4=Nadene A.|last4=L'Amoreaux
|publisher=John Wiley and Sons
|year=2009
|isbn=978-0-470-17579-8
}}
* Schweik, Susan: The Ugly Laws: Disability in Public (History of Disability), {{ISBN|0-8147-8361-9}}
* Shaver, James K: Handicapism and Equal Opportunity: Teaching About the Disabled in ], {{ISBN|978-0-939068-01-2}}
* {{cite journal
|last1=Watts|first1=Ivan Eugene
|first2=Nirmala|last2=Erevelles
|title=These Deadly Times: Reconceptualizing School Violence by Using Critical Race Theory and Disability Studies
|journal=American Educational Research Journal
|volume=41|issue=2
|year=2004
|pages=271&ndash;299
|jstor=3699367 |doi=10.3102/00028312041002271
|s2cid=144121049}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|ableism}}
{{Wiktionary|Wikisaurus:ableism}}
* by ] (2004)
* (2000)

{{Disability navbox|state=collapsed}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{Authority control}}

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Revision as of 21:29, 28 March 2022

Discrimination against disabled people
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Ableism (/ˈeɪbəlɪzəm/; also known as ablism, disablism (British English), anapirophobia, anapirism, and disability discrimination) is based