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Sindhis

, सिन्धी, سنڌي
Total population
c. 40 million
Regions with significant populations
Pakistan	32,923,590
India	3,810,000
United States of America	50,000
United Arab Emirates	40,000
Afghanistan	25,000 (2017)
Singapore	8,800
Hong Kong	25,000
Oman	700
Gibraltar	500
Languages
Sindhi English, Hindi, Urdu (Sanskrit/Arabic as liturgical languages) and numerous other languages widely spoken within the Sindhi diaspora
Religion
Majority: Islam: 80 % mix of (Sunni and Shia) Minority: Hinduism: 19.6 %, Sikhism, Jainism, Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Other Indo-Aryan peoples

Sindhis (Template:Lang-sd (Perso-Arabic), सिन्धी (Devanagari)) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group who speak the Sindhi language and are native to the Sindh region, in modern-day Pakistan. After the partition of India in 1947, many Sindhi Hindus and Sindhi Sikhs migrated to the newly independent Dominion of India and other parts of the world. Pakistani Sindhis are predominantly Muslim with a very small Sikh and Hindu minority, whereas Indian Sindhis are predominantly Hindu with a considerable Sikh, Jain and Muslim population.

Sindhi people have been native to Sindh throughout history, apart from that their historical region has always came from the South-eastern side of Balochistan, the Bahawalpur region of Punjab and the Kutch region in now India.

Apart from that Sindhi diaspora around the world is one of the emerging diasporas with a growing interest in middle east prior to jobs and development based reasons.

History

Pre-historic period

The Indus Valley Civilisation went into decline around the year 1700 BC for reasons that are not entirely known, though its downfall was probably precipitated by an earthquake or natural event that dried up the Ghaggar River. The Indo-Aryans are believed to have founded the Vedic civilisation that existed between the Sarasvati River and Ganges river around 1500 BC. This civilisation helped shape subsequent cultures in South Asia.

Historical period

For several centuries in the first millennium B.C. and in the first five centuries of the first millennium A.D., western portions of Sindh, the regions on the western flank of the Indus river, were intermittently under Persian, Greek and Kushan rule, first during the Achaemenid dynasty (500–300 BC) during which it made up part of the easternmost satrapies, then, by Alexander the Great, followed by the Indo-Greeks and still later under the Indo-Sassanids, as well as Kushans, before the Islamic invasions between the 7th–10th century AD. Alexander the Great marched through Punjab and Sindh, down the Indus river, after his conquest of the Persian Empire.

The Ror dynasty was a power from the Indian subcontinent that ruled modern-day Sindh and Northwest India from 450 BC – 489 AD.

Sindh was one of the earliest regions to be conquered by the Arabs and influenced by Islam after 720 AD. Before this period, it was heavily Hindu and Buddhist. After 632 AD, it was part of the Islamic empires of the Abbasids and Umayyids. Habbari, Soomra, Samma, Kalhora dynasties ruled Sindh.

Ethnicity and religion

Part of a series on
Sindhis
Identity Folklore Language Dialects Sindh Sindhis Nationalism State Sindhology
History Indus Valley Civilisation Rai dynasty Chacha dynasty Arab Sindh Soomra-Samma rule Talpurs British rule Current Era
DiasporaAsia Sindhis in India Sindhis in Sri Lanka Europe Sindhi British Sindhi Gibraltarians North America Sindhi Americans Sindhi Canadians Oceania Sindhi Australians
Culture Clothing Shawl Hat Day Cuisine Dance Poetry Literature Music Festivals Religion Television Cinema
Regions Sindh Thar Desert Siwistan
Sindh portal
v t e

The two main tribes of Sindh are the Soomro — descendants of the Soomro Dynasty, who ruled Sindh during 970–1351 A.D. — and the Samma — descendants of the Samma Dynasty, who ruled Sindh during 1351–1521 A.D. These tribes belong to the same bloodline. Among other Sindhi Rajputs are the Bhuttos, Kambohs, Bhattis, Bhanbhros, Mahendros, Buriros, Bhachos, Chohans, Lakha, Sahetas, Lohanas, Mohano, Dahars, Indhar, Chhachhar/Chachar, Dhareja, Rathores, Dakhan, Langah, Junejo, Mahars etc. One of the oldest Sindhi tribe is the Charan. The Sindhi-Sipahi of Rajasthan and the Sandhai Muslims of Gujarat are communities of Sindhi Rajputs settled in India. Closely related to the Sindhi Rajputs are the Jats of Sindh, who are found mainly in the Indus delta region. However, tribes are of little importance in Sindh as compared to in Punjab and Balochistan. Identity in Sindh is mostly based on a common ethnicity.

Sindhi Hindus

Hinduism along with Buddhism was the predominant religion in Sindh before the Arab Islamic conquest. The Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang, who visited the region in the years 630–644, said that Buddhism dominated, but also noted that it was declining. While Buddhism declined and ultimately disappeared after Arab conquest mainly due to conversion of almost entire Buddhist population to Islam, Hinduism managed to survive through the Muslim rule until before the partition of India as a significant minority. Derryl Maclean explains what he calls "the persistence of Hinduism" on the basis of "the radical dissimilarity between the socio-economic bases of Hinduism and Buddhism in Sind" : Buddhism in this region was mainly urban and mercantile while Hinduism was rural and non-mercantile, thus the Arabs, themselves urban and mercantile, attracted and converted the Buddhist classes, but for the rural and non-mercantile parts, only interested by the taxes, they promoted a more decentralized authority and appointed Brahmins for the task, who often just continued the roles they had in the previous Hindu rule.

According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, Hindus constituted about 8% of the total population of Sindh province. Most of them live in urban areas such as Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur and Mirpur Khas. Hyderabad is the largest centre of Sindhi Hindus in Pakistan, with 100,000–150,000 living there. The ratio of Hindus was higher before the independence of Pakistan in 1947.

Before 1947 however, other than a few Gujarati speaking Parsees (Zorastrians) living in Karachi, virtually all the inhabitants were Sindhis, whether Muslim or Hindu at the time of Pakistan's independence, 75% of the population were Muslims and almost all the remaining 25% were Hindus.

Hindus in Sindh were concentrated in the urban areas before the Partition of India in 1947, during which most migrated to modern-day India according to Ahmad Hassan Dani. In the urban centres of Sindh, Hindus formed the majority of the population before the partition. According to the 1941 Census of India, Hindus formed around 74% of the population of Hyderabad, 70% of Sukkur, 65% of Shikarpur and about half of Karachi. By the 1951 census, all of these cities had virtually been emptied of their Hindu population as a result of the partition.

The Cities and towns of Sindh were dominated by the Hindus. In 1941, for example, Hindus were 64% of the total urban population.

Hindus were also spread over the rural areas of Sindh province. Thari (a dialect of Sindhi) is spoken in Sindh in Pakistan and Rajasthan in India.

Sindhi Muslims

The connection between the Indus Valley and Islam was established by the initial Muslim missions. According to Derryl N. Maclean, a link between Sindh and Muslims during the Caliphate of Ali can be traced to Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, a companion of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, who traveled across Sind to Makran in the year 649AD and presented a report on the area to the Caliph. He supported Ali, and died in the Battle of the Camel alongside Sindhi Jats. He was also a poet and few couplets of his poem in praise of Ali ibn Abu Talib have survived, as reported in Chachnama:

(Template:Lang-ar "Oh Ali, owing to your alliance (with the prophet) you are true of high birth, and your example is great, and you are wise and excellent, and your advent has made your age an age of generosity and kindness and brotherly love".

During the reign of Ali, many Jats came under the influence of Islam. Harith ibn Murrah Al-abdi and Sayfi ibn Fil' al-Shaybani, both officers of Ali's army, attacked Sindhi bandits and chased them to Al-Qiqan (present-day Quetta) in the year 658. Sayfi was one of the seven partisans of Ali who were beheaded alongside Hujr ibn Adi al-Kindi in 660AD, near Damascus.

In 712 A.D., Sindh was incorporated into the Caliphate, the Islamic Empire, and became the ‘Arabian gateway’ into India (later to become known as Bab-ul-Islam, the gate of Islam).

Sindh produced many Muslim scholars early on, "men whose influence extended to Iraq where the people thought highly of their learning", in particular in hadith, with the likes of poet Abu al- 'Ata Sindhi (d. 159) or hadith and fiqh scholar Abu Mashar Sindhi (d. 160), among many others, and they're also those who translated scientific texts from Sanskrit into Arabic, for instance, the Zij al-Sindhind in astronomy.

The majority of Muslim Sindhis follow the Sunni Hanafi fiqh with a minority being Shia Ithna 'ashariyah. Sufism has left a deep impact on Sindhi Muslims and this is visible through the numerous Sufi shrines which dot the landscape of Sindh.

Sindhi Muslim culture is highly influenced by Sufi doctrines and principles. Some of the popular cultural icons are Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Jhulelal and Sachal Sarmast.

• Grand mausoleum of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai built by Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro on 1762.
• Interior of the Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta, built during the rule of the Mughal Empire.
• Abdul-Majid Bhurgri is pioneer of Sindhi computing

Tribes

Emigration

The Sindhi diaspora is significant. Emigration from the Sindh began before and after the 19th century, with many Sindhis settling in Europe as well as Middle Eastern states such as the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia.

Culture

Cuisine

Sindhi cuisines involves a lot of foods such as the "Bhee ji bhaji" (Lotus Root) which is famous among Sindhi people and they usually eat it on various celebrations.

Along with that the Sindhi people also eat a traditional cuisine called "Seero" which is enjoyed by people in both mainland Sindh and the diaspora which reminds them of their native origins.

Culture Day

Sindhi Cultural Day (Sindhi: سنڌي ثقافتي ڏھاڙو) is a popular Sindhi cultural festival. It is celebrated with traditional enthusiasm to highlight the centuries-old rich culture of Sindh. The day is celebrated each year in the first week of December on the Sunday. It's widely celebrated all over Sindh, and amongst the Sindhi diaspora population around the world. Sindhis celebrate this day to demonstrate the peaceful identity of Sindhi culture and acquire the attention of the world towards their rich heritage.

Sindhi cultural day is celebrated worldwide on the first Sunday of December. On this occasion, people wear attires, Ajrak (traditional block printed shawl) and Sindhi Topi. During the festival, people gather in all major cities of Sindh at press clubs, and other places to arrange various activities. Literary (poetic) gatherings, mach katchehri (gathering in a place and sitting round in a circle and the fire on sticks in the center), musical concerts, seminars, lecture programs and rallies are held. Major hallmarks of cities and towns are decorated with Sindhi Ajrak. People across Sindh exchange gifts of Ajrak and Topi at various ceremonies. The children and women dress up in Ajrak, assembling at the grand gathering, where famous Sindhi singers sing Sindhi songs, which depicts the message of Sindh peace and love. The musical performances of the artists compel the participants to dance to Sindhi tunes and the national song, sung by Ahmed Mughal (Brother of Late Rehman Mughal) ‘Hea Sindh Jeay-Sindh Wara Jean Sindhi Topi Ajrak Wara Jean’.

All political, social and religious organizations of Sindh, besides the Sindh Culture Department and administrations of various schools, colleges and universities, organize a variety of events including seminars, debates, folk music programs, drama and theatric performances, tableaus and literary sittings to mark this annual festivity. On Sindhi culture day, history and heritage are highlighted at the events.

Part of a series on
Sindhis
Identity Folklore Language Dialects Sindh Sindhis Nationalism State Sindhology
History Indus Valley Civilisation Rai dynasty Chacha dynasty Arab Sindh Soomra-Samma rule Talpurs British rule Current Era
DiasporaAsia Sindhis in India Sindhis in Sri Lanka Europe Sindhi British Sindhi Gibraltarians North America Sindhi Americans Sindhi Canadians Oceania Sindhi Australians
Culture Clothing Shawl Hat Day Cuisine Dance Poetry Literature Music Festivals Religion Television Cinema
Regions Sindh Thar Desert Siwistan
Sindh portal
v t e

See also

• Cheti Chand
• Nanakpanthi
• Guru Nanak Jayanti
• Sindhudesh
• Sindhi nationalism
• Sindhis in India
• Sindhi Hindus
• Hinduism in Sindh Province
• Sindhi Sikhs
• Sandhai Muslims
• List of Sindhi people
• Ulhasnagar
• Sindhi names
• Sindhi Pathan
• Sindhi Baloch
• Sindhi bhagat
• Sindhi Memon
• Sammat
• Sandhai Muslims
• Sindhi language media in Pakistan
• Sindhi-language media
• List of Sindhi-language newspapers
• Sindhi Language Authority
• Sindhi Adabi Board
• Sindhi Adabi Sangat
• Sindhi folk tales
• Sindhi folklore
• Sindhi music
• List of Sindhi singers
• Sindhi music videos
• Sindhi poetry
• Tomb paintings of Sindh
• List of Sindhi singers
• List of Sindhi festivals
• Sindhi culture
• Sindhi biryani
• Sindhi Camp
• Sindhi cap
• Sindhi Cultural Day
• Sindhi cinema
• Sindhi colony
• Sindhi cuisine
• Sindhi High School, Hebbal
• Romanisation of Sindhi

Notes

1. Includes people who speak the Sindhi and Kutchi languages. Ethnic Sindhis who no longer speak the language are not included in this number.

References

1. CCI to consider releasing census results without 5pc audit Dawn News.
2. "Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength – 2011" (PDF). Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 29 June 2018.
3. "Rise of Sindhi Diaspora in USA: A Comparative Study of SANA, WSC and WSI". 1 January 2017.
4. "Sindhis in UAE protest PIL seeking deletion of "Sindh" from anthem". 16 January 2005.
5. "Opinion: Sindhi beyond the borders". Afghanistan Times. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
6. ^ "Sindhis". Encyclopedia.com. Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
7. Kesavapany, K.; Mani, A.; Ramasamy, P. (1 January 2008). Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812307996 – via Google Books.
8. "Kashmiri: A language of India". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2 June 2007.
9. Ahmed, Ashfaq (7 December 2021). "Indian and Pakistani Sindhi expats together celebrate Sindhi Cultural Day with fanfare in Dubai". Retrieved 22 July 2022.
10. Kessler, P L. "Kingdoms of South Asia – Kingdoms of the Indus / Sindh". www.historyfiles.co.uk. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
11. Nicholas F. Gier, FROM MONGOLS TO MUGHALS: RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE IN INDIA 9TH-18TH CENTURIES, presented at the Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion, Gonzaga University, May 2006
12. Kamphorst, Janet (2008). In praise of death: history and poetry in medieval Marwar (South Asia). Leiden: Leiden University Press. ISBN 978-90-485-0603-3. OCLC 614596834.
13. "The People and The Land of Sindh | PDF | Sindh | Isma'ilism". Scribd. Archived from the original on 5 November 2010.
14. ^ MacLean, Derryl L. (1989). Religion and Society in Arab Sind. BRILL. pp. 12–14, 77–78. ISBN 978-90-040-8551-0.
15. Shu Hikosaka, G. John Samuel, Can̲ārttanam Pārttacārati (ed.), Buddhist themes in modern Indian literature, Inst. of Asian Studies, 1992, p. 268
16. ^ "Pakistan Census Data" (PDF).
17. "Partition and the 'other' Sindhi". www.thenews.com.pk.
18. The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971–1994, by Mehtab Ali Shah, published in 1997 by I B Tauris and Co Ltd, London PAGE 46
19. "INDIA - Part I - Tables" (PDF). Census of India 1941. p. 90.
20. "Population According to Religion" (PDF). Census of Pakistan, 1951. p. 8,22.
21. Proceedings of the First Congress of Pakistan History & Culture held at the University of Islamabad, April 1973, Volume 1, University of Islamabad Press, 1975
22. M. Ishaq, "Hakim Bin Jabala - An Heroic Personality of Early Islam", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, pp. 145-50, (April 1955).
23. Derryl N. Maclean," Religion and Society in Arab Sind", p. 126, BRILL, (1989) ISBN 90-04-08551-3.
24. Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, "The Chachnama", p. 43, The Commissioner's Press, Karachi (1900).
25. Ibn Athir, Vol. 3, pp. 45–46, 381, as cited in: S. A. N. Rezavi, "The Shia Muslims", in History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 2, Part. 2: "Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India", Chapter 13, Oxford University Press (2006).
26. Ibn Sa'd, 8:346. The raid is noted by Baâdhurî, "fatooh al-Baldan" p. 432, and Ibn Khayyât, Ta'rîkh, 1:173, 183–84, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean," Religion and Society in Arab Sind", p. 126, BRILL, (1989) ISBN 90-04-08551-3.
27. Tabarî, 2:129, 143, 147, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean," Religion and Society in Arab Sind", p. 126, Brill, (1989) ISBN 90-04-08551-3.
28. Mazheruddin Siddiqui, "Muslim culture in Pakistan and India" in Kenneth W. Morgan, Islam, the Straight Path: Islam Interpreted by Muslims, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1987, p. 299
29. Ahmed Abdulla, The historical background of Pakistan and its people, Tanzeem Publishers, 1973, p. 109
30. Ansari, Sarah FD. Sufi saints and state power: the pirs of Sind, 1843–1947. No. 50. Cambridge University Press, 1992.
31. Subedy, Pragya (9 July 2021). "Bhee Ji Tikki: This Sindhi Snack". NDTV. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
32. Yadagiri, Shyam (28 August 2019). "The resilient lionhearts". The Indian Express. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
33. "Sindhi Culture Day being celebrated across Sindh today". The Nation. 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
34. "Sindhi Culture Day being celebrated across Sindh today". Pakistan Today. 3 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
35. "Sindhi Cultural Day being celebrated today". www.radio.gov.pk. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
36. "PM felicitates Sindh people on culture day celebrations". Associated Press of Pakistan. 4 December 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
37. "Canadian PM Justin Trudeau sends heartfelt greetings on Sindhi Cultural Day". WikiTech Library. 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
38. "Cultural Activity Archives - World Sindhi Congress World Sindhi Congress". World Sindhi Congress. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
39. "Sindhi Culture Day completes first decade of celebrations with great gusto". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
40. APP (4 December 2016). "Sindhi Culture Day celebrated in Sindh". The News International. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
41. Hasan, Shazia (14 May 2022). "Showcasing local cultures, Sindh Craft Festival gets under way". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
42. "Pakistan: Sindh CM celebrates Sindhi Culture Day with students". gulfnews.com. 3 December 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2023.

Sources

• Bherumal Mahirchand Advani, "Amilan-jo-Ahwal" – published in Sindhi, 1919
• Amilan-jo-Ahwal (1919) – translated into English in 2016 ("A History of the Amils") at sindhis

External links

• Virtual Home of Global Sindhi Community Everything about Sindhis

• SabSindhi-All About Sindhis, Music, Books, Magazines, People, Dictionary, Calendar, Keyboard
• Sindhi Sangat: promoting & preserving the Sindhi heritage, culture and language.
• Sindhi Jagat: All India Sindhi Consolidating Centre.
• Sindhi Surnames Origin – Trace your roots
• www.thesindhi.com
• www.worldsindhicongress.org
• Sindhi Association of North America
• Sindhi Association of Europe

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v t e Sindhi nationalism
Active since 1972
Historical States of Sindh	Sindhu kingdom Sind Province (1936–55) Sind Division
Historic figures	Rai Diwa Rai Sahiras (Shri Harsha) Rai Sahasi (Sinhasena) Rai Sahiras II Rai Sahasi II Chach of Aror Chandar Agham Lohana Dahir of Aror Jam Unar Jam Tamachi Jam Raidhan Jam Sanjar Sultans of Sindh Jam Nizamuddin II Jam Feroz Noor Mohammad Kalhoro Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro Mian Sarfraz Kalhoro Gernal Hosh Mohammad Sheedi Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Molana Ubaidullah Sindhi Abdullah Shah Ghazi Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur Dodo Bin Khafef Soomro III Dollah Darya Khan Shah_Inayat_Shaheed Makhdoom Bilawal Mir Nasir Khan Talpur Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur
Modern figures	G. M. Syed Rasul Bux Palejo Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Ayaz Latif Palijo Baba-e-Sindh Comrade Hyder Bux Jatoi Bashir Qureshi Qadir Magsi Shafi Muhammad Burfat Abdul Wahid Aresar Muzafar Bhutto Sajjad Shar Mumtaz Bhutto Safdar Sarki Zarina Baloch Muhammad Ibrahim Joyo Benazir Bhutto Zulfiqar Shah
Culture	Sindhis Sindhi language Culture of Sindh Ajrak Sindhi cap Sindh Culture Day Sindhi tribes Malakhra Sassui Punnhun Sindhudesh
Poets	Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai Sachal Sarmast Tajal Bewas Shaikh Ayaz Sami
Contemporary controversies	Sindhudesh Kalabagh Dam Human rights abuses in Sindh
Battles and conflicts	Battle of Rasil Debal Battle of Fatehpur (1519) Battle of Hyderabad Battle of Miani Battle of Halani Battle of Kachhi Insurgency in Sindh
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Militant Organizations	Sindhudesh Liberation Army
Non profit organizations	World Sindhi Congress World Sindhi Institute

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