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'''Giaour''' or '''Gawur''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|aʊər}}; {{lang-tr|gâvur}}, {{IPA-tr|ɟaˈvuɾ}}; from {{lang-fa|گور}} ''gâvor'' an obsolete variant of modern گبر '']'', originally derived from {{lang-arc|𐡂𐡁𐡓𐡀|''gaḇrā''|man; person}}; {{lang-ro|ghiaur}}; {{lang-al|kaur}}; {{lang-gr|γκιαούρης|gkiaoúris}}, {{lang-mk|каур/ѓаур}}, {{lang-bg|гяур}}) meaning "infidel", was a slur historically used in the ] for non-Muslims or, more particularly, ] in the Balkans.<ref name="Vryonis1993">{{cite book|author=Speros Vryonis|title=The Turkish State and History: Clio Meets the Grey Wolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTFpAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Institute for Balkan Studies|isbn=978-0-89241-532-8|quote=The Turkish term "giaour" a term of contempt, was applied to these Balkan Christians,}}</ref><ref name="EHB1-44">{{cite book|title=Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGmJqMflYgoC&pg=PA44|date=13 June 2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25076-5|page=44|quote=In the Ottoman defters, Orthodox Christians are as a rule recorded as kâfir or gâvur (infidels) or (u)rum.}}</ref> |
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'''Giaour''' or '''Gawur''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|aʊər}}; {{lang-tr|gâvur}}, {{IPA-tr|ɟaˈvuɾ}}; from {{lang-fa|گور}} ''gâvor'' an obsolete variant of modern گبر '']'', originally derived from {{lang-arc|𐡂𐡁𐡓𐡀|''gaḇrā''|man; person}}; {{lang-ro|ghiaur}}; {{lang-al|kaur}}; {{lang-gr|γκιαούρης|gkiaoúris}}, {{lang-mk|каур/ѓаур}}, {{lang-bg|гяур}}) meaning "infidel", was a slur historically used in the ] for non-Muslims or, more particularly, ] in the Balkans.<ref name="Vryonis1993">{{cite book|author=Speros Vryonis|title=The Turkish State and History: Clio Meets the Grey Wolf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTFpAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Institute for Balkan Studies|isbn=978-0-89241-532-8|quote=The Turkish term "giaour" a term of contempt, was applied to these Balkan Christians,}}</ref><ref name="EHB1-44">{{cite book|title=Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGmJqMflYgoC&pg=PA44|date=13 June 2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25076-5|page=44|quote=In the Ottoman defters, Orthodox Christians are as a rule recorded as kâfir or gâvur (infidels) or (u)rum.}}</ref> |
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The terms ''kafir'', ''gawur'' or '']'' (the latter meaning "Greek") were commonly used in ]s (tax registries) for ], usually without ethnic distinction. Christian ethnic groups in the Balkan lands of the Ottoman Empire included ] (''rum''), ] (''bulgar''), ] (''sırp''), ] (''arnavut'') and ] (''eflak''), among others.<ref name=EHB1-44/> |
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The terms "'']"'', "''gawur",'' and "'']"'' (the last meaning "Roman"—actually referring to the Greek population, since they were descended from the ]) were commonly used in ]s (tax registries) for ], usually without ethnic distinction. Christian ethnic groups in the Balkan lands of the Ottoman Empire included ] (''rûm''), ] (''bulgar''), ] (''sırp''), ] (''arnavut'') and ] (''eflak''), among others.<ref name=EHB1-44/> |
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The ] described the term as follows: |
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The ] described the term as follows: |
Giaour (a Turkish adaptation of the Persian gâwr or gōr, an infidel), a word used by the Turks to describe all who are not Mohammedans, with especial reference to Christians. The word, first employed as a term of contempt and reproach, has become so general that in most cases no insult is intended in its use; for example in parts of China, the term foreign devil has become void of offence. A strict analogy to giaour is found in the Arabic kafir, or unbeliever, which is so commonly in use as to have become the proper name of peoples and countries.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Giaour". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 927.