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| The terms '''Neo-Nazism''' and '''Neo-Fascism''' refer to any social or political movement founded on the ideology and symbolism of ] or ]. | |||
| Neo-Nazi movements are generally ], ], and ]. They often draw membership from low-income young men who blame their or their society's problems on immigrants and a presumed ]. Many, possibly most Neo-Nazi groups espouse violence, and for this reason they are a source of concern to law enforcement. Many Neo-Nazi groups also espouse ], ] or disbelief in the genocides committed under the Nazi regime. | |||
| ==Neo-Nazism in Germany== | |||
| In ] immediately after ], Allied forces and the new German governments attempted to prevent the creation of new Nazi movements through a process known as ]. With this and the total defeat of the Nazi regime, there was little overt neo-Nazi activity in Europe until the 1960s. | |||
| In the ], after German reunification, Neo-Nazi groups succeeded in gaining more followers, mostly among teenagers in Eastern Germany. The activities of these groups resulted in several violent attacks on foreigners and creating a hostile atmosphere for foreigners in some towns. The violence manifested itself especially in attempts to burn down the homes for people in search of asylum in Germany. | |||
| *Attacks on accommodation for refugees: Hoyerswerda (17. - 22. 9. 1991), Rostock-Lichtenhagen` (23. - 27. 8. 1992), Schwedt, Eberswalde, Eisenhüttenstadt, Elsterwerda (Oct 1991) | |||
| *Arson attack on the house of a Turkish family in Solingen (29.5.1993), two women and three girls murdered, seven people severely injured. Remark: Although the four changed persons were sued to 10-15 years, the judgement was controversial because not all doubts about their responsibility for the attempt could be cleared up. Three of these persons had connections to a collaborator of the German secret service "Verfassungschutz". | |||
| *Murder of three Turkish girls in an arson attack in Mölln (23. 1 l. 1992), nine more people injured. | |||
| ''("Arson attack" is a translation of the German word ''Brandanschlag,'' which implies throwing ]s into houses (fire-bombing), and attempts to burn a house down.)'' | |||
| These events preceded demonstrations (''Lichterketten'') with hundreds of thousands of participants against right-extremist violence in many German cities. | |||
| The official German statistics for the year 1990 record 178 right-extremist motivated crimes of violence (''Gewalttaten''), in 1991 849 and in 1992 1,485, with a significant concentration in the eastern Bundesländer (1999: 2,19 crimes per 100,000 inhabitants in the eastern Bundesländer and 0,68 in the western ones). After 1992 the numbers went down. Because the strong public opinion and media coverage concerning Neo-Nazi ideologies is extremely negative, organized attempts of those groups get ended quickly by local responsibles when they reach a certain size. | |||
| At the moment (2002) a trial is under way before the Bundesverfassungsgericht, the highest court in Germany, about the prohibition of the NPD, considered a right-extremist party. In the course of the trial it was discovered that some high-ranking party members who should appear as witnesses worked as undercover agents for the secret services, the ]. The trial turned into a major political scandal, was first temporarily suspended and finally rejected by the court because of the unclear influence of agents in the actions and image of the NPD. | |||
| Nazi iconography remains to this day heavily restricted in Germany. As German law forbids the production of Nazi devotionalia, such items come mostly (illegally) from the ] and northern European countries. Current Neo-Nazi websites mostly depend on hosting in the USA and Canada. | |||
| ==Neo-Fascism in Italy== | |||
| ......... | |||
| Organisations that have been described as 'Neo-Fascist' and/or 'Neo-Nazi' include; | |||
| * ] (MSI) | |||
| ==Neo-Nazism in the USA== | |||
| In the USA the total freedom of speech allows political organisations to express Nazi, racist or ] ideology. Several ] groups share large parts of their ideology with Nazism. | |||
| Organisations that have been described as 'Neo-Fascist' and/or 'Neo-Nazi' include; | |||
| *The ] | |||
| *] - later the ] | |||
| *]/] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==Neo-Nazism in the UK== | |||
| The following ] organizations can be classed as neo-Nazi: | |||
| *The ] | |||
| *The ] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *The ] | |||
| ==Neo-Nazism in other countries== | |||
| In many European countries there are laws that prevent the expression of Nazi, racist or ] ideology, thus no political party of significant importance will describe itself as neo-nazi. | |||
| Organisations that have been described as 'Neo-Fascist' and/or 'Neo-Nazi' include; | |||
| *] - France | |||
| *] - (promoters of nationalist ]/] bands such as ]) | |||
| *] - Belgium | |||
| *] | |||
| '''Links:''' | |||
| *, an overview of racist, Neo-Nazi and Antisemitic groups and websites (german) | |||
| * | |||
Revision as of 00:50, 6 July 2003
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