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| {{short description|One of the Earth's four temperate seasons}} | |||
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} | |||
| {{Infobox temperate season | |||
| |title=Spring | |||
| |image=XN Fruehjahrswiese 00.jpg | |||
| |caption=Blooming flowers and trees in spring | |||
| |sdate1=23 September – 22 December | |||
| |sdate2=1 September – 30 November | |||
| |sdate3=1 August – 31 October | |||
| |ndate1=21 March – 21 June | |||
| |ndate2=1 March – 31 May | |||
| |ndate3=1 February – 30 April | |||
| }} | |||
| {{Weather}} | |||
| '''Spring''', also known as '''springtime''', is one of the four ] ]s, succeeding ] and preceding ]. There are various technical definitions of spring, but local usage of the term varies according to local climate, cultures and customs. When it is spring in the ], it is ] in the ] and vice versa. At the spring (or vernal) ], ] and nights are approximately twelve hours long, with daytime length increasing and nighttime length decreasing as the season progresses until the Summer Solstice in June (Northern Hemisphere) and December (Southern Hemisphere). | |||
| Spring and "springtime" refer to the season, and also to ideas of rebirth, rejuvenation, renewal, resurrection and regrowth. ] and ] areas have climates better described in terms of other seasons, e.g. dry or wet, monsoonal or cyclonic. Cultures may have local names for seasons which have little equivalence to the terms originating in Europe. | |||
| ==Meteorological reckoning== | |||
| {{further|Meteorological seasons}} | |||
| Meteorologists generally define four seasons in many climatic areas: spring, summer, autumn (fall), and winter. These are determined by the values of their average temperatures on a monthly basis, with each season lasting three months. The three warmest months are by definition ], the three coldest months are ], and the intervening gaps are spring and ]. Meteorological spring can therefore, start on different dates in different regions. | |||
| In the ] and ], spring months are March, April, and May.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://glossary.ametsoc.org/Spring |title=Spring|work=Glossary of Meteorology|access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Met Office: Spring|url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/seasons/spring|access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> | |||
| In ]<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian Bureau of Meteorology – Climate Glossary – Seasons|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/glossary/seasons.shtml|website=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|publisher=bom.gov.au|access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref> and ],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deguara |first1=Brittney |title=When does winter officially start in New Zealand? |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/113038178/when-does-winter-officially-start-in-new-zealand |work=Stuff |date=27 May 2019 |access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=WW Forecast Team |title=POLL: Do you want the dates of our seasons changed? |url=https://www.weatherwatch.co.nz/content/poll-do-you-want-dates-our-seasons-changed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222729/https://www.weatherwatch.co.nz/content/poll-do-you-want-dates-our-seasons-changed |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2016 |website=Weather Watch |date=1 March 2012}}</ref> spring begins on 22nd or 23rd of September and ends on 21 December. | |||
| In ], following the ], spring is often defined as February, March, and April.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.durbanresidence.com/blog/seasons-in-ireland/|title=Get ready for the seasons in Ireland|website=www.durbanresidence.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/readme/when-does-spring-really-start-1299726-Feb2014/|title=Column: When does spring really start? Let's clear this is up once and for all.|first=Conor|last=Farrell|website=TheJournal.ie}}</ref> | |||
| In ], meteorologists define the beginning of spring as the first occasion on which the average 24 hours temperature exceeds zero degrees Celsius for seven consecutive days, thus the date varies with latitude and elevation. | |||
| In ], spring months are September, October, November. | |||
| ==Astronomical and solar reckoning== | |||
| In the Northern Hemisphere (e.g. Germany, the United States, Canada, and the UK),<ref>{{cite web |title=Met Office: Spring|url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/seasons/spring|access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref> the astronomical ] (varying between 19 and 21 March) can be taken to mark the first day of spring with the ] (around 21 June) marked as first day of summer. By solar reckoning, Spring is held to begin 1 February until the first day of Summer on ], with the summer solstice being marked as ] instead of the beginning of Summer as with astronomical reckoning. | |||
| In Persian culture the first day of spring is the first day of the first month (called ]) which begins on 20 or 21 March. | |||
| In the ], the ] ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|春}}}}) consists of the days between ] (3–5 February), taking ] (20–22 March) as its midpoint, then ending at ] (5–7 May). Similarly, according to the ], which is based solely on daylight and the strength of the noon sun, spring begins in early February (near ] or ]) and continues until early May (]). | |||
| The spring season in ] is culturally in the months of March and April, with an average temperature of approx 32 °C.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gupshups.org/seasons-in-india/|title=Seasons in India {{!}} Different types of seasons in India with months|website=gupshups|date=October 2019}}</ref> Some people in India especially from Karnataka state celebrate their new year in spring, ]. | |||
| ==Ecological reckoning== | |||
| The beginning of spring is not always determined by fixed calendar dates. The ] or ] definition of spring relates to biological indicators, such as the blossoming of a range of plant species, the activities of animals, and the special smell of soil that has reached the temperature for micro ] to flourish. These indicators, along with the beginning of spring, vary according to the local ] and according to the specific ] of a particular year.{{Cn|date=August 2022}} In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the ] runs the #] campaign, which encourages people to share images of blossom with one another, as an early indicator of the arrival of the season.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-24 |title=Blossom watch day: National Trust urges UK to share blooms |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/apr/24/blossom-watch-day-national-trust-urges-uk-to-share-blooms |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| Some ecologists divide the year into six seasons. In addition to spring, ecological reckoning identifies an earlier separate prevernal (early or pre-spring) season between the hibernal (winter) and vernal (spring) seasons. This is a time when only the hardiest flowers like the crocus are in bloom, sometimes while there is still some snowcover on the ground.<ref>{{cite web | author = Allaby, Michael | title = A Dictionary of Zoology | year = 1999 | url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-prevernal.html | access-date= 30 May 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130602225322/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-prevernal.html | archive-date = 2 June 2013 | url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
| ==Natural events== | |||
| ] blooming in ], ], during spring]] | |||
| ]. At high elevations<ref>, , ]</ref> (or latitudes),<ref>{{cite journal |date= June 1999 |title=Snow Depth on Arctic Sea Ice |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241392751 |journal=] |volume=12 |issue= 6|pages=1814–1829 |doi=10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1814:SDOASI>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1999JCli...12.1814W |access-date=6 May 2021 |quote=The deepest snow is just north of Greenland and Ellesmere Island, peaking in early June at more than 40 cm|last1=Warren |first1=Stephen G. |last2=Rigor |first2=Ignatius G. |last3=Untersteiner |first3=Norbert |last4=Radionov |first4=Vladimir F. |last5=Bryazgin |first5=Nikolay N. |last6=Aleksandrov |first6=Yevgeniy I. |last7=Colony |first7=Roger }}</ref> spring is often the snowiest period of the year.]] | |||
| ] in ] in April 2016]] | |||
| ] at spring in ]]] | |||
| During early spring, the axis of the ] is increasing its tilt relative to the Sun, and the length of daylight rapidly increases for the relevant hemisphere. The hemisphere begins to warm significantly, causing new plant growth to "spring forth," giving the season its name.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hiskey |first1=Daven |title=Why Do We Call the Seasons Spring, Summer, Fall and Winter? |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/52813/how-did-seasons-get-their-names |website=Mental Floss |access-date=8 August 2019 |date=26 September 2013}}</ref> | |||
| Any ] begins to melt, swelling streams with ] and any ]s become less severe. In climates that have no snow, and rare frosts, air and ground temperatures increase more rapidly. | |||
| Many flowering plants bloom at this time of year, in a long succession, sometimes beginning when snow is still on the ground and continuing into early summer.<ref>{{cite web |title=How do flowers bloom? |url=http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=1909 |website=UCSB Science Line |publisher=] |access-date=9 August 2019 |date=25 December 2008}}</ref> In normally snowless areas, "spring" may begin as early as February (Northern Hemisphere) or August (Southern Hemisphere), heralded by the blooming of deciduous magnolias, cherries, and quince.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lelong-Lehoang |first1=Claire |title=Flower trees – top 5 spring-blooming shrubs and trees |url=https://www.nature-and-garden.com/gardening/trees-that-bloom-in-spring.html |website=Nature & Garden |access-date=9 September 2019 |date=11 October 2019}}</ref> Many temperate areas have a dry spring, and wet autumn (fall), which brings about flowering in this season, more consistent with the need for water, as well as warmth. ] areas may not experience "spring" at all until May. | |||
| While spring is a result of the warmth caused by the changing orientation of the Earth's axis relative to the Sun, the weather in many parts of the world is affected by other, less predictable events. The rainfall in spring (or any season) follows trends more related to longer cycles—such as the ]—or events created by ocean currents and ocean temperatures—for example, the ] effect and the ]. | |||
| Unstable spring weather may occur more often when warm air begins to invade from lower ]s, while cold air is still pushing from the ]s. Flooding is also most common in and near mountainous areas during this time of year, because of snow-melt which is accelerated by warm rains. In North America, ] is most active at this time of year, especially since the ] prevent the surging hot and cold air masses from spreading eastward, and instead force them into direct conflict. Besides ]es, ]s can also produce dangerously large ] and very high winds, for which a ] or ] is usually issued. Even more so than in winter, the ]s play an important role in unstable and severe Northern Hemisphere weather in springtime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/jet|title=NWS JetStream – The Jet Stream|first=NOAA|last=US Department of Commerce|website=www.weather.gov}}</ref> | |||
| In recent decades, ] has been observed, which means that many ] signs of spring are occurring earlier in many regions by around two days per decade.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} | |||
| Spring in the Southern Hemisphere is different in several significant ways to that of the Northern Hemisphere for several reasons, including: | |||
| #There is no land bridge between ] countries and the ] zone capable of bringing in cold air without the temperature-mitigating effects of extensive tracts of water; | |||
| #The vastly greater amount of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere at most latitudes; | |||
| #There is a circumpolar flow of air ('']'') uninterrupted by large land masses; | |||
| #No equivalent jet streams; and | |||
| #The peculiarities of the reversing ocean currents in the Pacific.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/ElNino|title=El Niño: Pacific Wind and Current Changes Bring Warm, Wild Weather|date=14 February 2017|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> | |||
| ==Cultural associations== | |||
| ] in Nepal]] | |||
| ===Carnival=== | |||
| {{main|Carnival}} | |||
| {{Further|Mardi Gras}} | |||
| Carnival is practiced by many ] around the world in the days before ] (40 days, without Sundays, before Easter). It is the first spring festival of the new year for many.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/common/carnival-wednesday|title=Carnival / Ash Wednesday|website=www.timeanddate.com}}</ref> | |||
| ===Easter=== | |||
| {{Main|Easter}} | |||
| ]]] | |||
| Easter is the most important religious feast in the Christian ].<ref>Anthony Aveni, "The Easter/Passover Season: Connecting Time's Broken Circle," ''The Book of the Year: A Brief History of Our Seasonal Holidays'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 64–78.</ref> | |||
| Christians believe that ] was ] from the dead on the "third day"<ref group="note">This resurrection is commonly said to have occurred "on the third day after resting for the Sabbath (Friday sundown to Saturday sundown), including the day of crucifixion." (e.g. Luke 24:21 KJV)</ref> (two days ''after'' his ]), and celebrate this resurrection on Easter Day, two days after ]. Since the ] was a ], the date of Easter can be calculated as the first Sunday after the start of Passover. This is usually (see ] below) the first Sunday after the first full moon following the spring equinox. The date of ] varies between 22 March and 25 April (which corresponds to between 4 April and 8 May in the ] for the ] and ] Churches using the ]). In this celebration, the children do an easter egg hunt. | |||
| ===May Day=== | |||
| {{Main| May Day}} | |||
| {{Further|Beltane}} | |||
| The First of May is the date of many ]s.<ref>Anthony Aveni, "May Day: A Collision of Forces," ''The Book of the Year: A Brief History of Our Seasonal Holidays'' (Oxford: ], 2004), 79–89.</ref> In many countries, May Day is synonymous with ], or ], which celebrates the social and economic achievements of the ]. As a day of celebration, the holiday has ancient origins, and it can relate to many customs that have survived into modern times. Many of these customs are due to May Day being a ], meaning that (in the ] where it is almost exclusively celebrated) it falls approximately halfway between the ] and ]. In the Celtic tradition, this date marked the end of spring and the beginning of summer. | |||
| ===Passover=== | |||
| {{Main|Passover}} | |||
| The Passover begins on the 15th day of the month of ], which typically falls in March or April of the ] on the night of a ] after the northern ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteor.wisc.edu/~hopkins/dstreme/97easter.htm|title=Full Moon, Easter & Passover|website=University of Wisconsin|first=Edward J.|last=Hopkins|year=1996|access-date=April 10, 2017}}</ref> However, due to ] falling after the vernal equinox, Passover sometimes starts on the second full moon after vernal equinox, as in 2016. Jews celebrate this holiday to commemorate their escape from slavery in ] as described in the book of ] in the ]. | |||
| Foods consumed during ]s, such as lamb and barley, are tied to springtime seasonal availability. In this celebration, children recite the ] during the seder and hunt for the ] afterwards. | |||
| ===Allhallowtide=== | |||
| The ] season encompassing the ] of All Saints' Eve (]), ] (All Hallows') and ] are observed in the spring in the ]. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{Div col|colwidth=30em|content=* ] (Ancient Mesopotamia, Sumer, Babylonia) | |||
| * ] (India) | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] (Australia) | |||
| * ] (India, Nepal) | |||
| * ] (Romania) | |||
| * ] (Iran) | |||
| * ] (Bangladesh) | |||
| * ] (Northern Hemisphere) | |||
| * ] (Egypt) | |||
| * ] (Sri Lanka) | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] (Australia) | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] (Many countries) | |||
| * ] (Ireland) | |||
| * ] (Vietnam) | |||
| * ] (India)}} | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| {{Reflist|group=note}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist|30em}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Sister project links | |||
| |1= |collapsible= |display= Spring|author=no |commonscat=no|c=Spring |n=Spring |q=Spring |s=Spring |wikt=Spring |d=y|b=no|m= no|mw= no |species= no |species_author=no |v= no |voy=no }} | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * (from the ]'s Astronomical Applications Department) | |||
| * (from ) | |||
| * (BBC, UK News Magazine) | |||
| * – Maps of Spring Leaf and Bloom Indices for the United States | |||
| *{{cite web |last=Tunno |first=Bianca Barr |title=What's the difference between meteorological and astronomical spring? |website=AccuWeather |url=https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/whats-the-difference-between-meteorological-and-astronomical-spring/335725 |accessdate=1 March 2020}} | |||
| {{Seasons}} | |||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Spring (Season)}} | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 20:35, 7 November 2022
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