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Revision as of 14:33, 30 October 2011 editGreyshark09 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers42,564 edits finalize merge← Previous edit Revision as of 23:20, 21 December 2022 edit undoOnceinawhile (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers49,722 edits restart article about a location a few km southeast of modern AshdodTags: Removed redirect Disambiguation links addedNext edit →
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{{Short description|Depopulated Palestinian village in present-day Israel}}
#REDIRECT ]
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Isdud
| native_name = اسدود
| native_name_lang = ar
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = General view, Matson Collection (Before 1914).jpg
| image_alt = Isdud, pre-1914
| image_caption = Isdud, pre-1914
<!-- images, nickname, motto -->
| etymology = "the ]"<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. </ref>
<!-- maps and coordinates -->
| pushpin_map = Mandatory Palestine | pushpin_map_caption = Location within ]
| image_map = Modern Ashdod versus historical Isdud (Esdud) and Minet el Kulah.png
| map_caption = Isdud (Esdud) in 1870, at the bottom of the map, compared against the location of modern Ashdod
| pushpin_mapsize = 200
| coordinates = {{coord|31|45|12.85|N|34|39|41.63|E|type:city_region:PS|display=inline,title}}
| grid_name = ]
| grid_position =
<!-- location -->
| subdivision_type = ]
| subdivision_name = ]
| subdivision_type1 = ]
| subdivision_name1 = ]
<!-- established -->
| established_title1 = Date of depopulation
| established_date1 = 28 October 1948<ref>Morris, 2004, village #281 p xvii, Also gives the cause for depopulation</ref>
| established_title2 = Repopulated dates
<!-- area -->
| area_footnotes = <ref name=Hadawi71/>
| unit_pref = dunam
| area_total_dunam = 7,391
<!-- population -->
| population_as_of = 1945
| population_total = 4,910
<!-- blank fields (section 1) -->
| blank_name_sec1 = Cause(s) of depopulation
| blank_info_sec1 = Military assault by ] forces
| blank1_name_sec1 = Secondary cause
| blank1_info_sec1 = Fear of being caught up in the fighting
| blank3_name_sec1 = Current Localities
| blank3_info_sec1 = ], ], ], and ]
}}

'''Isdud''' ({{lang-ar|<big>اسدود</big>}}) was a ] village with a population of 4,910 in 1945. It was depopulated during the ].

==History==
Isdud came under ] rule in the seventh century. The geographer ] referred to it as "Azdud," and described it as a postal station between ] and ].<ref>Khalidi, 1992, p.110.</ref> Under the ], in 1596, Isdud was administrated by '']'' ("subdistrict") of ] under the '']'' ("district") of ]. At that time, it had a population of 413. The villagers paid taxes on ], ], ] and fruit crops, as well as goats and beehives.<ref>Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter and Kamal Abdulfattah (1977), ''Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century.'' Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. p. 143. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p.110.</ref>

In the late nineteenth century, Isdud was described as a village spread across the eastern slope of a low hill covered with gardens. A ruined ] stood southwest of the village. Its houses were one-storey high with walls and enclosures built of ] brick. There were two main sources of water: a pond and a masonry well. Both were surrounded by groves of date-palm and fig-trees.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, SWP II, 1881, . Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 110-111.</ref>

Isdud had two elementary schools; one for boys which was opened in 1922, and one for girls which started in 1942. By the mid 1940-s the boy-school had 371 students, while the girl-school had 74.<ref>Khalidi, 1992, p.111.</ref>

===1948 War ===
]
On May 29, 1948, the ] captured Isdud and it became the northern-most advancement point of the Egyptian forces in the ]. Egyptian and Israeli forces clashed in the surrounding area during ]. The operation started with small-scale attacks on Egyptian lines, followed by aerial bombardment and later a ground assault. While the Israelis failed to capture territory, and suffered heavy casualties, Egypt changed its strategy from offensive to defensive, thus halting their advance northwards.<ref> June 8, 1948</ref> The Egyptians were unable to hold the ] bridge over the ]. Israeli forces surrounded Isdud in ], shelling and bombing it from the air.<ref>{{Citation|title=Battle Sites in the Land of Israel|pages=24|language=Hebrew|publisher=]|location=Israel|year=2003|isbn=965-220-494-3}}</ref>

Fearing encirclement, Egyptian forces retreated on October 28, 1948 with the majority of the town's residents; some several hundred who remained fled southward.<ref>{{Citation |publisher=International Middle East media Center|title=From Isdud to Ashdod: One man's immigrant dream; another's refugee nightmare|date=2006-04-13 |url=http://www.imemc.org/article/18022|accessdate=2007-09-21 }}</ref><ref>Morris, 2004, pp.471</ref> At the end of August, an Israeli military plane crashed and local Arab militias killed eight passengers. {{dubious|date=November 2010}} Soldiers of the Givati brigade retaliated by shooting at least 10 villagers {{dubious|date=November 2010}}.<ref>The Palestinian Nabka: 1948 by S.H. Abu Sitta. 2000, pg. 17</ref>

In 1950, two ]im, ] and ], were established to the east of Isdud, on village land. ] (in 1949) and ] (in 1953) were established north of Isdud, on village land.<ref>Khalidi, 1992, 112-13.</ref> The city of ] was founded in 1956 {{convert|4|km|mi|sp=us}} north of Isdud. According to Khalidi, the site of Isdud is now covered in sand dunes.

==See also==
*]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Commons category}}
{{Refbegin}}
*] and ] (1881): ''.'' London:]. '''vol 2'''
*{{Citation|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first1=Sami|last1=Hadawi|authorlink=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
*{{Citation|title=All That Remains|first1=Walid|last1=Khalidi|authorlink=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=]|publisher=]|isbn=0887282245}}
*Morris, Benny, (second edition 2004 third printing 2006) The Birth Of The Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-00967-7
*] (1955/1973): in '']''
**, pdf-file, downloadable <!-- cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 111 (G 13-17) -->
*Petersen, Andrew (2002): '''' (Isdud, p.&nbsp;155-158)
*{{Citation|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Vol. I, A |url=http://books.google.com/?id=j1rSzWgHMjoC|first1=Moshe|last1=Sharon|year=1997|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004108335}} (Isdud: )
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*
* from the ]
*, by Eitan Bronstein, 15.8.03, ]
* IMEU, Apr 24, 2008
{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}}

]
]
]

Revision as of 23:20, 21 December 2022

Depopulated Palestinian village in present-day Israel Village in Gaza, Mandatory Palestine
Isdud اسدود
Village
Isdud, pre-1914Isdud, pre-1914
Etymology: "the Osier willow"
Isdud (Esdud) in 1870, at the bottom of the map, compared against the location of modern AshdodIsdud (Esdud) in 1870, at the bottom of the map, compared against the location of modern Ashdod
Isdud is located in Mandatory PalestineIsdudIsdudLocation within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 31°45′12.85″N 34°39′41.63″E / 31.7535694°N 34.6615639°E / 31.7535694; 34.6615639
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictGaza
Date of depopulation28 October 1948
Area
 • Total7,391 dunams (7.391 km or 2.854 sq mi)
Population
 • Total4,910
Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces
Secondary causeFear of being caught up in the fighting
Current LocalitiesSde Uzziyyahu, Shetulim, Bene Darom, and Gan ha-Darom

Isdud (Template:Lang-ar) was a Palestinian Arab village with a population of 4,910 in 1945. It was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

History

Isdud came under Muslim rule in the seventh century. The geographer Ibn Khordadbeh referred to it as "Azdud," and described it as a postal station between al-Ramla and Gaza. Under the Ottoman Empire, in 1596, Isdud was administrated by nahiya ("subdistrict") of Gaza under the liwa' ("district") of Gaza. At that time, it had a population of 413. The villagers paid taxes on wheat, barley, sesame and fruit crops, as well as goats and beehives.

In the late nineteenth century, Isdud was described as a village spread across the eastern slope of a low hill covered with gardens. A ruined khan stood southwest of the village. Its houses were one-storey high with walls and enclosures built of adobe brick. There were two main sources of water: a pond and a masonry well. Both were surrounded by groves of date-palm and fig-trees.

Isdud had two elementary schools; one for boys which was opened in 1922, and one for girls which started in 1942. By the mid 1940-s the boy-school had 371 students, while the girl-school had 74.

1948 War

Courtyard of house in Isdud, about 1945

On May 29, 1948, the Egyptian Army captured Isdud and it became the northern-most advancement point of the Egyptian forces in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Egyptian and Israeli forces clashed in the surrounding area during Operation Pleshet. The operation started with small-scale attacks on Egyptian lines, followed by aerial bombardment and later a ground assault. While the Israelis failed to capture territory, and suffered heavy casualties, Egypt changed its strategy from offensive to defensive, thus halting their advance northwards. The Egyptians were unable to hold the Ad Halom bridge over the Lachish River. Israeli forces surrounded Isdud in Operation Yoav, shelling and bombing it from the air.

Fearing encirclement, Egyptian forces retreated on October 28, 1948 with the majority of the town's residents; some several hundred who remained fled southward. At the end of August, an Israeli military plane crashed and local Arab militias killed eight passengers. Soldiers of the Givati brigade retaliated by shooting at least 10 villagers .

In 1950, two moshavim, Sde Uziyahu and Shtulim, were established to the east of Isdud, on village land. Bnei Darom (in 1949) and Gan HaDarom (in 1953) were established north of Isdud, on village land. The city of Ashdod was founded in 1956 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) north of Isdud. According to Khalidi, the site of Isdud is now covered in sand dunes.

See also

References

  1. Palmer, 1881, p. 95
  2. Morris, 2004, village #281 p xvii, Also gives the cause for depopulation
  3. Cite error: The named reference Hadawi71 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. Khalidi, 1992, p.110.
  5. Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter and Kamal Abdulfattah (1977), Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. p. 143. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p.110.
  6. Conder and Kitchener, SWP II, 1881, p.409. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 110-111.
  7. Khalidi, 1992, p.111.
  8. New York Times June 8, 1948
  9. Battle Sites in the Land of Israel (in Hebrew), Israel: Carta, 2003, p. 24, ISBN 965-220-494-3
  10. From Isdud to Ashdod: One man's immigrant dream; another's refugee nightmare, International Middle East media Center, 2006-04-13, retrieved 2007-09-21
  11. Morris, 2004, pp.471
  12. The Palestinian Nabka: 1948 by S.H. Abu Sitta. 2000, pg. 17
  13. Khalidi, 1992, 112-13.

Bibliography

External links

Palestinian Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus by subdistrict
Acre Isdud is located in Mandatory PalestineIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdudIsdud
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