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HISTORY of the 7-Zip
--------------------

22.01 2022-07-15
-------------------------
- UDF support was improved to UDF version 2.60.
- HFS and APFS support was improved.


22.00 2022-06-15
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can extract APFS (Apple File System) images that can be used in DMG files.
- 7-Zip now can create TAR archives in POSIX (pax) tar format with the switches
-ttar -mm=pax or -ttar -mm=posix
- 7-Zip now can store additional file timestamps with high precision (1 ns in Linux)
in tar/pax archives with the following switches:
-ttar -mm=pax -mtp=3 -mtc -mta
- New switches for Linux version for TAR archives:
-snoi : store owner/group ids in archive or set owner/group ids from archive to extracted files.
-snon : store owner/group names in archive
- New -snz switch to propagate Zone.Identifier stream to extracted files (Windows).
- New option "Propagate Zone.Id stream" in Tools/Options/7-Zip menu.
- New "Options" window in "Add to archive" allows to select what metadata must be
included to archive. Also it allows to select new option
"Do not change source files last access time".
- Some bugs were fixed.


21.07 2021-12-26
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can extract VHDX disk images (Microsoft Hyper-V Virtual Hard Disk v2 format).
- New switches: -spm and -im!{file_path} to exclude directories from processing
for specified paths that don't contain path separator character at the end of path.
- In the "Add to Archive" window, now it is allowed to use -m prefix for "Parameters"
field as in command line: -mparam.
- The sorting order of files in archives was slightly changed to be more consistent
for cases where the name of some directory is the same as the prefix part of the name
of another directory or file.
- TAR archives created by 7-Zip now are more consistent with archives created by GNU TAR program.


21.06 2021-11-24
-------------------------
- The window "Add to Archive" now allows to set a limit on memory usage (RAM)
that will be used for compressing.
- New switch -mmemuse={N}g / -mmemuse=p{N} to set a limit on memory usage (RAM)
for compressing and decompressing.
- Bug in versions 21.00-21.05 was fixed:
7-Zip didn't set attributes of directories during archive extracting.
- Some bugs were fixed.


21.04 beta 2021-11-02
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now reduces the number of working CPU threads for compression,
if RAM size is not enough for compression with big LZMA2 dictionary.
- 7-Zip now can create and check "file.sha256" text files that contain the list
of file names and SHA-256 checksums in format compatible with sha256sum program.
7-Zip can work with such checksum files as with archives,
but these files don't contain real file data.
The context menu commands to create and test "sha256" files:
7-Zip / CRC SHA / SHA-256 -> file.sha256
7-Zip / CRC SHA / Test Archive : Checksum
The commands for command line version:
7z a -thash file.sha256 *.txt
7z t -thash file.sha256
7z t -thash -shd. file.sha256
New -shd{dir_path} switch to set the directory that is used to check files
referenced by "file.sha256" file for "Test" operation.
If -shd{dir_path} is not specified, 7-Zip uses the directory where "file.sha256" is stored.
- New -xtd switch to exclude directory metadata records from processing.


21.03 beta 2021-07-20
-------------------------
- The maximum dictionary size for LZMA/LZMA2 compressing was increased to 4 GB (3840 MiB).
- Minor speed optimizations in LZMA/LZMA2 compressing.


21.02 alpha 2021-05-06
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now writes additional field for filename in UTF-8 encoding to zip archives.
It allows to extract correct file name from zip archives on different systems.
- The command line version of 7-Zip for macOS was released.
- The speed for LZMA and LZMA2 decompression in arm64 versions for macOS and Linux
was increased by 20%-60%.
- Some changes and improvements in ZIP, TAR and NSIS code.


21.01 alpha 2021-03-09
-------------------------
- The command line version of 7-Zip for Linux was released.
- The improvements for speed of ARM64 version using hardware CPU instructions
for AES, CRC-32, SHA-1 and SHA-256.
- The bug in versions 18.02 - 21.00 was fixed:
7-Zip could not correctly extract some ZIP archives created with xz compression method.
- Some bugs were fixed.


21.00 alpha 2021-01-19
-------------------------
- Some internal changes in code.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- New localizations: Tajik, Uzbek (Cyrillic)


20.02 alpha 2020-08-08
-------------------------
- The default number of LZMA2 chunks per solid block in 7z archive was increased to 64.
It allows to increase the compression speed for big 7z archives, if there is a big number
of CPU cores and threads.
- The speed of PPMd compressing/decompressing was increased for 7z/ZIP/RAR archives.
- The new -ssp switch. If the switch -ssp is specified, 7-Zip doesn't allow the system
to modify "Last Access Time" property of source files for archiving and hashing operations.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- New localization: Swahili.


20.00 alpha 2020-02-06
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now supports new optional match finders for LZMA/LZMA2 compression: bt5 and hc5,
that can work faster than bt4 and hc4 match finders for the data with big redundancy.
- The compression ratio was improved for Fast and Fastest compression levels with the
following default settings:
- Fastest level (-mx1) : hc5 match finder with 256 KB dictionary.
- Fast level (-mx3) : hc5 match finder with 4 MB dictionary.
- Minor speed optimizations in multithreaded LZMA/LZMA2 compression for Normal/Maximum/Ultra
compression levels.
- bzip2 decoding code was updated to support bzip2 archives, created by lbzip2 program.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- New localization: Turkmen.


19.02 alpha 2019-09-05
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can unpack files encoded with Base64 encoding (b64 filename extension).
- 7-Zip now can use new x86/x64 hardware instructions for SHA-1 and SHA-256, supported
by AMD Ryzen and latest Intel CPUs: Ice Lake and Goldmont.
It increases
- the speed of SHA-1/SHA-256 hash value calculation,
- the speed of encryption/decryption in zip AES,
- the speed of key derivation for encryption/decryption in 7z/zip/rar archives.
- The speed of zip AES encryption and 7z/zip/rar AES decryption was increased with
the following improvements:
- 7-Zip now can use new x86/x64 VAES (AVX Vector AES) instructions, supported by
Intel Ice Lake CPU.
- The existing code of x86/x64 AES-NI was improved also.
- There is 2% speed optimization in 7-Zip benchmark's decompression.
- Some bugs were fixed.

19.00 2019-02-21
-------------------------
- Encryption strength for 7z archives was increased:
the size of random initialization vector was increased from 64-bit to 128-bit,
and the pseudo-random number generator was improved.
- Some bugs were fixed.


18.06 2018-12-30
-------------------------
- The speed for LZMA/LZMA2 compressing was increased by 3-10%,
and there are minor changes in compression ratio.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- The bug in 7-Zip 18.02-18.05 was fixed: there was memory leak in xz decoder.
- 7-Zip 18.02-18.05 used only one CPU thread for bz2 archive creation.

18.05 2018-04-30
-------------------------
- The speed for LZMA/LZMA2 compressing was increased
by 8% for fastest/fast compression levels and
by 3% for normal/maximum compression levels.
- 7-Zip now shows Properties (Info) window and CRC/SHA results window
as "list view" window instead of "message box" window.
- Some improvements in zip, hfs and dmg code.
- Previous versions of 7-Zip could work incorrectly in "Large memory pages" mode in
Windows 10 because of some BUG with "Large Pages" in Windows 10.
Now 7-Zip doesn't use "Large Pages" on Windows 10 up to revision 1709 (16299).
- The vulnerability in RAR unpacking code was fixed (CVE-2018-10115).
- Some bugs were fixed.

18.03 beta 2018-03-04
-------------------------
- The speed for single-thread LZMA/LZMA2 decoding
was increased by 30% in x64 version and by 3% in x86 version.
- 7-Zip now can use multi-threading for 7z/LZMA2 decoding,
if there are multiple independent data chunks in LZMA2 stream.
- 7-Zip now can use multi-threading for xz decoding,
if there are multiple blocks in xz stream.
- New localization: Kabyle.
- Some bugs were fixed.


18.01 2018-01-28
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can unpack DMG archives that use LZFSE compression method.
- 7-Zip now doesn't allow update operation for archives that have read-only attribute.
- The BUG was fixed:
extracting from tar with -si switch didn't set timestamps for directories.
- Some bugs were fixed.


18.00 beta 2018-01-10
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can unpack OBJ/COFF files.
- new -sse switch to stop archive creating, if 7-Zip can't open some input file.
- Some bugs were fixed.


17.01 beta 2017-08-28
-------------------------
- Minor speed optimization for LZMA2 (xz and 7z) multi-threading compression.
7-Zip now uses additional memory buffers for multi-block LZMA2 compression.
CPU utilization was slightly improved.
- 7-zip now creates multi-block xz archives by default. Block size can be
specified with -ms{m|g} switch.
- xz decoder now can unpack random block from multi-block xz archives.
7-Zip File Manager now can open nested multi-block xz archives
(for example, image.iso.xz) without full unpacking of xz archive.
- 7-Zip now can create zip archives from stdin to stdout.
- 7-Zip command line: @listfile now doesn't work after -- switch.
Use -i@listfile before -- switch instead.
- The BUGs were fixed:
7-Zip could add unrequired alternate file streams to WIM archives,
for commands that contain filename wildcards and -sns switch.
7-Zip 17.00 beta crashed for commands that write anti-item to 7z archive.
7-Zip 17.00 beta ignored "Use large memory pages" option.


17.00 beta 2017-04-29
-------------------------
- ZIP unpacking code was improved.
- 7-Zip now reserves file space before writing to file (for extraction from archive).
It can reduce file fragmentation.
- Some bugs were fixed. 7-Zip could crash in some cases.
- Internal changes in code.


16.04 2016-10-04
-------------------------
- The bug was fixed: 7-Zip 16.03 exe installer under Vista didn't create
links in Start / Programs menu.
- Some bugs were fixed in RAR code.


16.03 2016-09-28
-------------------------
- Installer and SFX modules now use some protection against DLL preloading attack.
- Some bugs were fixed in 7z, NSIS, SquashFS, RAR5 and another code.


16.02 2016-05-21
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can extract multivolume ZIP archives (z01, z02, ... , zip).
- Some bugs were fixed.


15.14 2015-12-31
-------------------------
- 7-Zip File Manager:
- The code for "Open file from archive" operation was improved.
- The code for "Tools/Options" window was improved.
- The BUG was fixed: there was incorrect mouse cursor capture for
drag-and-drop operations from open archive to Explorer window.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- New localization: Yoruba.


15.12 2015-11-19
-------------------------
- The release version.


15.11 beta 2015-11-14
-------------------------
- Some bugs were fixed.


15.10 beta 2015-11-01
-------------------------
- The BUG in 9.21 - 15.09 was fixed:
7-Zip could ignore some parameters, specified for archive creation operation
for gzip and bzip2 formats in "Add to Archive" window and in command line
version (-m switch).
- Some bugs were fixed.


15.09 beta 2015-10-16
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can extract ext2 and multivolume VMDK images.
- Some bugs were fixed.


15.08 beta 2015-10-01
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can extract ext3 and ext4 (Linux file system) images.
- Some bugs were fixed.


15.07 beta 2015-09-17
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can extract GPT images and single file QCOW2, VMDK, VDI images.
- 7-Zip now can extract solid WIM archives with LZMS compression.
- Some bugs were fixed.


15.06 beta 2015-08-09
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can extract RAR5 archives.
- 7-Zip now doesn't sort files by type while adding to solid 7z archive.
- new -mqs switch to sort files by type while adding to solid 7z archive.
- The BUG in 7-Zip File Manager was fixed:
The "Move" operation to open 7z archive didn't delete empty files.
- The BUG in 15.05 was fixed:
console version added some text to the end of stdout stream, is -so switch was used.
- The BUG in 9.30 - 15.05 was fixed:
7-Zip could not open multivolume sfx RAR archive.
- Some bugs were fixed.


15.05 beta 2015-06-14
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now uses new installer.
- 7-Zip now can create 7z, xz and zip archives with 1536 MB dictionary for LZMA/LZMA2.
- 7-Zip File Manager now can operate with alternate file streams at NTFS
volumes via "File / Alternate Streams" menu command.
- 7-Zip now can extract .zipx (WinZip) archives that use xz compression.
- new optional "section size" parameter for BCJ2 filter for compression ratio improving.
Example: -mf=BCJ2:d9M, if largest executable section in files is smaller than 9 MB.
- Speed optimizations for BCJ2 filter and SHA-1 and SHA-256 calculation.
- Console version now uses stderr stream for error messages.
- Console version now shows names of processed files only in progress line by default.
- new -bb switch to set output log level. -bb1 shows names of processed files in log.
- new -bs switch to set stream for output messages;
o: output, e: error, p: progress line; 0: disable, 1: stdout, 2: stderr.
- new -bt switch to show execution time statistics.
- new -myx switch to set level of file analysis.
- new -mmtf- switch to set single thread mode for filters.
- The BUG was fixed:
7-Zip didn't restore NTFS permissions for folders during extracting from WIM archives.
- The BUG was fixed:
The command line version: if the command "rn" (Rename) was called with more
than one pair of paths, 7-Zip used only first rename pair.
- The BUG was fixed:
7-Zip crashed for ZIP/LZMA/AES/AES-NI.
- The BUG in 15.01-15.02 was fixed:
7-Zip created incorrect ZIP archives, if ZipCrypto encryption was used.
7-Zip 9.20 can extract such incorrect ZIP archives.
- Some bugs were fixed.

9.38 beta 2015-01-03
-------------------------
- Some bugs were fixed.


9.36 beta 2014-12-26
-------------------------
- The BUG in command line version was fixed:
7-Zip created temporary archive in current folder during update archive
operation, if -w{Path} switch was not specified.
The fixed 7-Zip creates temporary archive in folder that contains updated archive.
- The BUG in 9.33-9.35 was fixed:
7-Zip silently ignored file reading errors during 7z or gz archive creation,
and the created archive contained only part of file that was read before error.
The fixed 7-Zip stops archive creation and it reports about error.
- Some bugs were fixed.


9.35 beta 2014-12-07
-------------------------
- The BUG was fixed:
7-Zip crashed during ZIP archive creation, if the number of CPU threads was more than 64.
- The BUG in 9.31-9.34 was fixed:
7-Zip could not correctly extract ISO archives that are larger than 4 GiB.
- The BUG in 9.33-9.34 was fixed:
The option "Compress shared files" and -ssw switch didn't work.
- The BUG in 9.26-9.34 was fixed:
7-Zip File Manager could crash for some archives open in "Flat View" mode.
- Some bugs were fixed.


9.34 alpha 2014-06-22
-------------------------
- The BUG in 9.33 was fixed:
Command line version of 7-Zip could work incorrectly, if there is relative
path in exclude filename optiton (-x) and absolute path as include filename.
- The BUG in 9.26-9.33 was fixed:
7-Zip could not open some unusual 7z archives that were created by another
software (not by 7-Zip).
- The BUG in 9.31-9.33 was fixed:
7-Zip could crash with switch -tcab.


9.33 alpha 2014-06-15
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can show icons for 7-Zip items in Explorer's context menu.
- "Add to archive" dialog box:
- new options in "Path Mode"
- new option "Delete files after compression"
- new "NTFS" options for WIM and TAR formats:
- Store symbolic links
- Store hard links
- Store alternate data streams
- Store file security
- "Extract" dialog box:
- new optional field to set output folder name
- new option "Eliminate duplication of root folder"
- new option "Absolute pathnames" in "Path Mode".
- new option "Restore file security" (that works for WIM archives only)
- 7-Zip File Manager:
- new "File / Link" dialog box in to create symbolic links and hard links.
- Command line version:
- new -spd switch to Disable wildcard matching for file names
- new -spe switch to Eliminate duplication of root folder for extract archive command
- new -snh switch to store hard links as links (WIM and TAR formats only)
- new -snl switch to store symbolic links as links (WIM and TAR formats only)
- NSIS support was improved.
- The problem was fixed:
The command "extract to \*" with multiple archives could use same
output folder, if archives are placed inside PE (EXE) file.
- The BUG of 9.31-9.32 was fixed:
Command line version for test and extract commands returned the
value 0 as exit code, if it couldn't open archive.
- The BUG was fixed:
7-Zip could not create archives with anti-items for any archive type,
except of 7z type
- Some bugs were fixed.
- New localization: Mongolian (script).


9.32 alpha 2013-12-01
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can create multivolume SFX archives in 7z format.
Standalone sfx module now can unpack external 7z archive with name that is
matched to name of sfx module. For example, sfx module renamed to archive.exe
can unpack archive.7z or archive.7z.001 .
- ZIP, NSIS, HFS, AR support was improved.
- 7-Zip now supports files larger than 4 GiB in ISO archives.
- Improved compression ratio in 7z format with maximum or ultra level for
executable files (EXE and DLL) that are larger than 16 MB (improved BCJ2 filter).
- Improved support for file pathnames longer than 260 characters.
- CRC and SHA checksum calculation for files can be called via Explorer's context menu.
- 7-Zip File Manager now also takes into account the numbers in filenames for sorting order.
- 7-Zip File Manager now can use RAM buffers instead of temp files to open
nested archives, if temp file is smaller than 1/4 of RAM size.
- 7-Zip File Manager can open files in "Parser" mode via "Open Archive > #" context
menu command. It shows the list of archives inside file.
- Command line version:
- new -t# switch to open file in "Parser" mode and show the list of archives inside file.
- new -stx{Type} switch to exclude archive type from using.
- -scs switch now supports UTF-16 encoding.
- now it shows time and memory usage statistics at the end of execution.
- The BUGs were fixed:
- 7-Zip 9.30 and early versions created ZIP archives with minor errors
in extra field of headers for directory items, if AES (WinZip-AES) encryption was used.
- 7-Zip could work incorrectly in decompression of more than one
multi-volume archive in one command.
- 7-Zip 9.24 alpha - 9.30 alpha versions could not extract ZIP archives
encrypted with PKWARE-AES method.
- Minimum supported system now is Windows 2000. 7-Zip doesn't work on Windows 95/98/ME.
- New localization: Irish.


9.30 alpha 2012-10-26
-------------------------
- LZMA2 now is default compression method for .7z format.
- 7-Zip now can update WIM archives.
- 7-Zip File Manager now can move files to archives.
- The default encoding for TAR format now is UTF-8. You can use -mcp=1 switch for OEM encoding.
- Command line version:
- new "rn" command to rename files in archive.
- new -sdel switch to delete files after including to archive.
- new -sns switch to store NTFS alternate streams (for WIM format only).
- new -sni switch to store NT security information for files (for WIM format only).
- new -stl switch to set archive timestamp from the most recently modified file.
- Speed optimizations for opening big archives and big disk folders.
- 7-Zip now writes special padding blocks to headers of 7z archives for
faster archive opening. Note that 7-Zip 4.50 - 4.58 contain BUG,
so these old versions can't correctly work with such new 7z archives.
- DMG support was improved
- Some bugs were fixed.
- The BUG in 7-Zip 9.26 alpha - 9.29 alpha versions was fixed.
These alpha versions could not open non-solid 7z archive, if
some files were skipped during creation of that archive.
That problem is also related to 7z archives created in solid mode,
if each solid block contains no more than one file.
Note: 7-Zip skips files that were open for writing by another
application and shows warning in that case.
- New localization: Aragonese.


9.25 alpha 2011-09-16
-------------------------
- LZMA decompression speed was improved.
- "compress and send to email" code was improved to support more email clients.
- New command "h" to calculate hash values CRC-32, CRC-64, SHA-256 or SHA-1 for files on disk.
- New -spf switch to store full file paths including drive letter to archive.
If you use that switch with extract command, please check that file names in archive are correct.
- Some bugs were fixed.


9.23 alpha 2011-06-07
-------------------------
- The format of language files was changed.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- New localization: Karakalpak.


9.22 beta 2011-04-18
-------------------------

- 7-Zip now uses progress indicator displayed on a taskbar button under Windows 7.
- The BUG in 7-Zip 9.21 beta was fixed:
7-Zip could ignore some options when you created ZIP archives.
For example, it could use ZipCrypto cipher instead of AES-256.


9.21 beta 2011-04-11
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can unpack UEFI BIOS files.
- 64-bit version of 7-Zip now includes additional 32-bit shell extension DLL.
So other 32-bit programs can call 64-bit 7-Zip via context menu.
- Now it's possible to associate 7-Zip with file types without Administrator rights.
- New -mf=FilterID switch to specify compression filter. Examples:
7z a -mf=bcj2 a.7z a.tar
7z a -mf=delta:4 a.7z a.wav
7z a -mf=bcj a.tar.xz a.tar
- 32-bit 7-Zip running under 64-bit Windows now can use up to 4 GB of RAM.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- New localizations: Corsican, Kyrgyz, Ligurian.


9.20 2010-11-18
-------------------------
- Some bugs were fixed.


9.19 beta 2010-11-11
-------------------------
- The console version now doesn't show entered password.
- Some bugs were fixed.


9.18 beta 2010-11-02
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can unpack SquashFS and CramFS filesystem images.
- 7-Zip now can unpack some TAR and ISO archives with incorrect headers.
- New small SFX module for installers (in Extra package).
- Some bugs were fixed.


9.17 beta 2010-10-04
-------------------------
- Disk fragmentation problem for ZIP archives created by 7-Zip was fixed.


9.16 beta 2010-09-08
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now supports files that are larger than 8 GB in TAR archives.
- NSIS support was improved.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- New localizations: Hindi, Gujarati, Sanskrit.


9.15 beta 2010-06-20
-------------------------
- Some bugs were fixed.
- New localization: Tatar.


9.14 beta 2010-06-04
-------------------------
- WIM support was improved.


9.13 beta 2010-04-15
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now stores NTFS file timestamps to ZIP archives.
- New additional "Open archive >" item in context menu allows to select
archive type for some files.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- New localization: Uyghur.


9.12 beta 2010-03-24
-------------------------
- ZIP / PPMd compression ratio was improved in Maximum and Ultra modes.
- The BUG in 7-Zip 9.* beta was fixed: LZMA2 codec didn't work,
if more than 10 threads were used (or more than 20 threads in some modes).


9.11 beta 2010-03-15
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now supports PPMd compression in ZIP archives.
- Speed optimizations in PPMd codec.
- The support for archives in installers was improved.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- New localization: Kazakh.

9.10 beta 2009-12-22
-------------------------
- The BUG in 7-Zip 9.09 beta was fixed:
7-Zip created incorrect ZIP archives, if ZipCrypto encryption was used.

9.09 beta 2009-12-12
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can unpack Apple Partition Map (APM) disk images.
- Speed optimizations in AES code for Intel's 32nm CPUs.
- Speed optimizations in CRC calculation code for Intel's Atom CPUs.
- Some bugs were fixed.


9.07 beta 2009-08-27
-------------------------
- It's possible to specify Diff program in options (7-Zip File Manager).
- Some bugs were fixed.


9.06 beta 2009-08-17
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can unpack MSLZ archives.
- Partial parsing for EXE resources, SWF and FLV.
- Some bugs were fixed.


9.04 beta 2009-05-30
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can update solid .7z archives.
- 7-Zip now supports LZMA2 compression method.
- 7-Zip now supports XZ archives.
- 7-Zip now can unpack NTFS, FAT, VHD and MBR archives.
- 7-Zip now can unpack GZip, BZip2, LZMA, XZ and TAR archives from stdin.
- 7-Zip now can open/copy/compress disk images (like \\.\c:) from \\.\ folder.
- 7-Zip File Manager now doesn't use temp files to open nested archives
stored without compression.
- New -scrc switch to calculate total CRC-32 during extracting / testing.
- New -scc{WIN|DOS|UTF-8} switch to specify charset for console input/output (default = DOS).
- Some bugs were fixed.


4.65 2009-02-03
-------------------------
- 7-Zip File Manager now can calculate SHA-256 checksum.
- Some bugs were fixed.


4.64 2009-01-03
-------------------------
- The bug in 7-Zip 4.63 was fixed: 7-Zip could not decrypt .ZIP archives
encrypted with WinZip-AES method.


4.63 2008-12-31
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can unpack ZIP archives encrypted with PKWARE-AES.
- Some bugs were fixed.


4.62 2008-12-02
-------------------------
- Some bugs were fixed.


4.61 beta 2008-11-23
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now supports LZMA compression for .ZIP archives.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- New localization: Sinhala.


4.60 beta 2008-08-19
-------------------------
- Some bugs were fixed.


4.59 beta 2008-08-13
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can unpack UDF, XAR and DMG/HFS archives.
- 7-Zip File Manager now keeps encryption when you edit encrypted file inside archive.
- 7-Zip File Manager now allows to change current folder from the address bar drop-down list.
- It's allowed to use -t switch for "list" and "extract" commands.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- New localizations: Icelandic, Kurdish Sorani.


4.58 beta 2008-05-05
-------------------------
- Some speed optimizations.
- 7-Zip now can unpack .lzma archives.
- Unicode (UTF-8) support for filenames in .ZIP archives. Now there are 3 modes:
1) Default mode: 7-Zip uses UTF-8, if the local code page doesn't contain required symbols.
2) -mcu switch: 7-Zip uses UTF-8, if there are non-ASCII symbols.
3) -mcl switch: 7-Zip uses local code page.
- Now it's possible to store file creation time in 7z and ZIP archives (-mtc switch).
- 7-Zip now can unpack multivolume RAR archives created with
"old style volume names" scheme and names *.001, *.002, ...
- Now it's possible to use -mSW- and -mSW+ switches instead of -mSW=off and -mSW=on
- Some bugs were fixed.
- New localizations: Punjabi (Indian), Pashto.


4.57 2007-12-06
-------------------------
- The BUG in command line version was fixed: -up3 switch
could work incorrectly.


4.56 beta 2007-10-24
-------------------------
- Some bugs were fixed.


4.55 beta 2007-09-05
-------------------------
- Some bugs were fixed.


4.54 beta 2007-09-04
-------------------------
- Decompression speed was increased.


4.53 beta 2007-08-27
-------------------------
- "Test" and "Info" buttons now work for open archives.
- The bug in 7-Zip 4.48 - 4.52 beta was fixed:
7-Zip could create .ZIP archives with broken files.
- Some bugs were fixed.


4.52 beta 2007-08-03
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can unpack Compound files (msi, doc, ...).
- Some bugs were fixed.


4.51 beta 2007-07-25
-------------------------
- Bug was fixed: 7-Zip 4.50 beta could not open some .7z archives.


4.50 beta 2007-07-24
-------------------------
- New switch for command line version:
-ssc enables/disables case-sensitive mode for file names.
- Speed optimizations for AES encryption.
- Some bugs were fixed.


4.49 beta 2007-07-11
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can unpack WIM archives.
- 7-Zip now replaces incorrect characters in filenames during extracting.


4.48 beta 2007-06-26
-------------------------
- Encryption strength for .7z format was increased.
Now it uses random initialization vectors.
- Some bugs were fixed.


4.47 beta 2007-05-27
-------------------------
- Bugs of 7-Zip 4.46 beta were fixed: BZip2 could work incorrectly.


4.46 beta 2007-05-25
-------------------------
- New fast compression mode for Deflate method in Zip and GZip.
- New "Compress shared files" option in GUI and -ssw switch.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- New localization: Norwegian Nynorsk.


4.45 beta 2007-04-17
-------------------------
- Now it's possible to specify the size of solid block and the number
of CPU threads in "Add to archive" dialog box.
- Default dictionary size was increased: Normal: 16 MB, Max: 32 MB.
- Speed optimizations.
- Benchmark was improved (new "b" command in command line version).
- The number of DLL files was reduced.
- Now it's possible to associate 7-zip with combined types like .tbz2
- switch -mhcf=off is not supported now.
- If -t{Type} switch is not specified, 7-Zip now uses extension of archive to
detect the type of archive.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- New localization: Welsh.


4.44 beta 2007-01-20
-------------------------
- Speed optimizations for LZMA, Deflate, BZip2 and unRAR.
- 7-Zip now supports file pathnames longer than 260 characters.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- New localizations: Bangla, Bashkir, Nepali.


4.43 beta 2006-09-15
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now can use multi-threading mode for compressing to .ZIP archives.
- ZIP format supporting was improved.
- 7-Zip now supports WinZip-compatible AES-256 encryption for .ZIP archives.
- New context menu items for .ZIP archives creating.
- 7-Zip now uses order list (list of extensions) for files sorting for compressing
to .7z archives. It can slightly increase compression ratio in some cases.
- 7-Zip now restores modification time of folders during .7z archives extracting.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- New localizations: Armenian, Marathi.



4.42 2006-05-14
-------------------------
- Compressing speed and Memory requirements were increased.
Default dictionary size was increased: Fastest: 64 KB, Fast: 1 MB,
Normal: 4 MB, Max: 16 MB, Ultra: 64 MB.
- BZip2 compressing / decompressing now can work in multi-threading mode
- Multi-threading mode now is default for multi-processor systems
- 64-bit version now supports 1 GB dictionary
- 7z/LZMA now can use only these match finders: HC4, BT2, BT3, BT4
- Compression ratio in Zip/GZip/Deflate in Ultra mode was increased
- 7-Zip now can unpack ISO archives and some installers created by NSIS
- Optional "Flat View" mode in 7-Zip File Manager
- 7-Zip File Manager now can calculate CRC checksums for files
- -x switch with relative paths now affects files specified with absolute paths
- New switch for 7za.exe (console version): -slt.
"l" (list) command with -slt shows technical information for archive.
- New switch: -scs{WIN|DOS|UTF-8} specifies charset for list files.
Default charset for list files is UTF-8 now.
- Some bugs were fixed
- New localizations: Albanian, Kurdish


4.32 2005-12-09
-------------------------
- Bug was fixed: 7-Zip 4.31 didn't work in Windows 95


4.31 2005-12-04
-------------------------
- Small changes
- New localization: Basque


4.30 beta 2005-11-18
-------------------------
- Files 7zFMn.exe, 7zGn.exe, 7-zipn, 7za.exe, 7zC.sfx were removed from 7-zip package
- 7-Zip now uses uncompressed SFX: 7z.sfx
- Sfx modules 7z.sfx and 7zCon.sfx now use msvcrt.dll
- Speed optimizations in LZMA maximum/ultra compressing.
- LZMA now supports word size up to 273
- 7-Zip now reduces dictionary size for LZMA, if you compress files
smaller than specified dictionary size.
- 7-Zip now can use large memory pages:
GUI: 7-Zip File Manager / Options / Settings / Use large memory pages.
Command line version: -slp switch.
This feature allows to increase speed of compressing.
But 7-Zip can make some pause at starting of compressing for allocating large pages.
Also Task Manager doesn't show real memory usage of program, if 7-Zip uses large pages.
This feature works only on Windows 2003 / XP x64 / Vista.
Also you must have administrator's rights for your system.
Recommended size of RAM: 1 GB or more.
To install this feature you must run 7-Zip File Manager at least once,
close it and reboot system.
- Some bugs were fixed

4.29 beta 2005-09-28
-------------------------
- Bug was fixed: 7-Zip 4.28 beta worked incorrectly in Windows 95/98/Me


4.28 beta 2005-09-27
-------------------------
- Bug was fixed: 7-Zip 4.27 beta created incorrect multivolume archives.
- "Duplicate filename" collision problem between names with ligatures was fixed.


4.27 beta 2005-09-21
-------------------------
- 7-Zip can unpack CHM/HXS (MS HTML HELP) archives
- 7-Zip can unpack multivolume CAB archives
- Now 7-Zip deletes files to the Recycle Bin by default.
Shift+Delete deletes files permanently.
- Some bugs were fixed
- New localization: Tatarish


4.26 beta 2005-08-05
-------------------------
- LZH format support (extracting only)
- Some bugs were fixed
- New localization: Ido


4.25 beta 2005-07-31
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now doesn't interrupt the compressing when it can not
find specified file as in version 4.24 beta. It just shows warning.
- 7-Zip now supports standard selection mode in the file list
- Some bugs were fixed


4.24 beta 2005-07-06
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now supports right-click Drag and Drop in Explorer
- Command line version now supports short file names (like FILENA~1.TXT)
- If there are no wildcard names and there is no -r switch in command line,
7-Zip now checks that specified files exist on disk before compressing.
- Some bugs were fixed


4.23 2005-06-29
-------------------------
- Drag and Drop support
- 7-Zip File Manager now can copy files from one archive to another
- Some bugs were fixed
- New localizations: Extremaduran, Malay


4.20 2005-05-30
-------------------------
- No changes


4.19 beta 2005-05-21
-------------------------
- BZip2 code was rewritten. Now it supports 3 modes: Normal, Maximum and
Ultra. In Normal mode it compresses almost as original BZip2 compressor.
Compression ratio in Maximum and Ultra modes is 1-3% better for some files,
but Maximum Mode is about 3 times slower and Ultra Mode is about 8 times
slower than Normal mode.
- Console version now prints all messages to stdout by default,
and if -so switch is specified, 7-Zip prints messages to stderr.
- Some bugs were fixed
- New localizations: Azeri, Georgian


4.18 beta 2005-04-19
-------------------------
- Bug in v4.17 beta was fixed: 7-Zip File Manager could crash
after some operations with archives

4.17 beta 2005-04-18
-------------------------
- To increase protection from viruses, 7-Zip now does not open
files with more than 4 continuous spaces in the name.
And 7-Zip changes such long spaces in name to " ... " in the file list.
- Code size optimization
- Some files were moved from main package to extra package:
- Plugin for FAR Manager
- SFX modules for installers (7zS.sfx and 7zSD.sfx)
- New localizations: Asturian, Indonesian


4.16 beta 2005-03-29
-------------------------
- Speed optimization (5%) for 7z / LZMA
- 7za.exe now supports .Z archives
- -r- switch in command line now is default for all commands
- Some bugs were fixed
- New localization: Uzbek


4.15 beta 2005-01-25
-------------------------
- Z format supporting (extracting only)
- 7-Zip now can extract ZIP archives compressed with "Shrink" method
- 7-Zip now doesn't interrupt the compressing when it can not open file.
7-Zip just skips that file and shows warning.
- Some bugs were fixed
- New localization: Frisian


4.14 beta 2005-01-11
-------------------------
- 7-Zip installer was created with NSIS.
Now it installs 7-Zip for all users (under Windows 2000/XP).
- Now 7-Zip can create multivolume archives
(switch -v for command line)
- Some bugs were fixed
- New localizations: Breton, Farsi


4.13 beta 2004-12-14
-------------------------
- Switch "--" stops switches parsing
- Some bugs were fixed


4.12 beta 2004-11-18
-------------------------
- Bug in v4.11 beta was fixed:
7-Zip created incorrect ZIP archives if file size was
from 3.75 GB to 4 GB.


4.11 beta 2004-11-16
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now shows file names during compressing/decompressing
- 7-Zip now supports Zip64 extension of ZIP format. So now it's
possible to compress files bigger than 4 GB to ZIP archives.
- Some bugs were fixed
- New localization: Galician


4.10 beta 2004-10-21
-------------------------
- Bugs in v4.0* were fixed:
- Some commands in command line with "-r" switch worked incorrectly,
so 7-zip could skip some files during compressing
- Some other bugs were fixed
- Small internal changes

4.09 beta 2004-10-05
-------------------------
- Bugs in v4.0* were fixed:
- Renaming inside archives didn't work or worked incorrectly
- GUI SFX didn't show extracting dialog at start
- Small fixes in 7-Zip GUI (7zG.exe)


4.08 beta 2004-10-04
-------------------------
- Bug in installer for v4.07 was fixed: when rebooting
is required, it rebooted without asking user
- Small fixes in 7-Zip GUI (7zG.exe)


4.07 beta 2004-10-03
-------------------------
- Big amount of code was changed in this beta version.
So don't use it for important data compressing.
And test archive after compressing.

- Unified command line interface to GUI and console versions
- 7-Zip now can extract or test several archives in one command
- 7-Zip now doesn't interrupt the compressing when file is locked by
other application. 7-Zip just skips that file and shows warning.
Note: previous versions of 7-Zip had bug, so they can not unpack
non-solid and some solid 7z archives with such skipped files.
- Command line interface was changed:
- now it's possible to use absolute pathnames
- syntax simplification:
was: 7z a a Folder1\* Folder2\* -r
now: 7z a a Folder1 Folder2
- now it's possible to use complex wildcard commands, like *\*111*\*
- More smart detection of archive type for files with unusual
file name extensions
- Supporting for RAR archives with encrypted headers
- CPIO format supporting was improved
- For GZip and BZip2 formats you can:
- Compress from stdin (-si switch)
- Compress to stdout (-so switch)
- Extract to stdout (-so switch)
- 7-Zip File Manager:
- Split and Combine commands
- new list view options: Full row select, Show grid lines
- Internal reconstruction
- Some bugs were fixed
- New localizations: Friulian, Macedonian, Mongolian, Tamil, Thai


3.13 2003-12-11
-------------------------
- Some small bugs were fixed


3.12 2003-12-10
-------------------------
- Now you can select compression method, dictionary size
and word size in "Add to archive" dialog box. Also it
shows memory usage.
- 7-Zip File Manager now contains toolbars.
- New "Benchmark" command in 7-Zip File Manager.
It measures compressing and decompressing speeds and
shows rating values.
- Some bugs were fixed.


3.11 2003-10-06
-------------------------
- 7-zip now use limitations for solid block size
for increasing the speed of random file decompressing:
- in Store mode: 0 B
- in Fast mode: 16 MB
- in Normal mode: 256 MB
- in Maximum mode: 1 GB
- in Ultra mode: 4 GB
- 7z.exe, 7za.exe and SFX modules now support Unicode
file names under Windows NT/2000/XP/2003.
7zn.exe and 7zan.exe were removed from package.
- Some bugs were fixed
- New localization: Afrikaans

3.10 2003-09-27
-------------------------
- Drag-and-Drop from external application
- GUI version (7zG.exe) can compress files with absolute paths
- Compression dialog doesn't suggest bzip2 and gzip2 types when
there are more than one selected file
- Optional auto renaming for existing files during extraction
in command line version (-aot switch).
- Some bugs were fixed


3.09.02 2003-09-20
-------------------------
- Optional limitation for solid block size for increasing
the speed of random file decompressing (-ms switch)


3.09.01 beta 2003-09-06
-------------------------
- Automatic compression filter for executable files:
dll, exe, ocx, sfx, sys, (-mf switch)
- Compression levels in 7z now are:
- Fast: 32 KB dictionary, BCJ filter
- Normal: 2 MB dictionary, BCJ filter
- Maximum: 8 MB dictionary, BCJ filter, max settings
- Ultra: 32 MB dictionary, BCJ2 filter, max settings
- Updating solid 7z archives now is supported, if it doesn't
require repacking solid blocks
- -mhcf switch for 7z format now is default
- Some bugs were fixed


3.08.04 beta 2003-08-24
-------------------------
- Favorites menu in 7-Zip File Manager
- Some bugs were fixed


3.08.03 beta 2003-08-21
-------------------------
- Automatic adding of extension to archive name in Compress Dialog
- Some bugs in previous 3.08.* versions were fixed:
- Storing columns width inside archives in File Manager
- Opening archive inside archive
- Quotes in list files in console version


3.08.02 beta 2003-08-20
-------------------------
- Some bugs were fixed


3.08 beta 2003-08-19
-------------------------
- Compress dialog:
- Supporting fast compressing mode (-mx=1 switch)
- Multi-threading option for Multi-Processor systems
or Pentium 4 with Hyper-Threading
- Encrypt file names option
- New context menu items:
- Extract here
- Extract to <Folder>
- Compress and email
- Internal reconstruction, registry using was reduced
- New localization: Esperanto


2.30 Beta 32 2003-05-15
-------------------------
- New features in compressing / decompressing window.
- "Show password" option.
- Some other small changes.
- New localization: Valencian.


2.30 Beta 31 2003-04-29
-------------------------
- Some bugs were fixed.


2.30 Beta 30 2003-04-19
-------------------------
- 7-Zip File Manager:
- Showing .. item.
- 1/2 Panels mode switching (F9).
- Supporting Bzip2 compression in ZIP archives.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- Some optimization recompiling for reducing code size.


2.30 Beta 29 2003-04-07
-------------------------
- 7-Zip File Manager:
- "7-Zip" and "System" submenus in "Files" menu.
- Path history and "Browse" button in "Copy" dialog.
- RAR supporting was improved.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- Small changes in LZMA code.
- New localizations: Hebrew, Vietnamese.


2.30 Beta 28 2003-02-16
-------------------------
- Some bugs were fixed:
- Updating 7z archives that are larger than 4 GB.
- Using anti-items in 7z format.
- Compressing empty files with password to zip format.
- In max mode 7z now uses 8 MB dictionary instead of 4 MB.
- 7-Zip File Manager:
- Supporting file comments: Ctrl-Z.
- New key alias for folder bookmarks: +Alt+Number.


2.30 Beta 27 2003-01-24
-------------------------
- Two BUGs in two previous beta versions (Beta 25 and Beta 26)
were fixed:
1. Incorrect compressing to non-solid 7z archive
when files have some very big sizes:
4 GB, 8 GB, 12 GB, 16 GB, ...
2. Incorrect percent showing in 7z compressing
when files are bigger than 4 GB.
- Supporting multivolume RAR and SPLIT archives.
- Supporting DEB archives.
- Supporting old version of CPIO format.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- New localizations: Korean, Swedish.


2.30 Beta 26 2003-01-12
-------------------------
- Supporting Deflate64 method in Zip archives.
- Supporting Rar 1.50 archives.
- Some bugs were fixed.


2.30 Beta 25 2003-01-02
-------------------------
- Encryption feature for 7z format (AES-256).
- New optional archive header compressing mode (-mhcf).
- Archive headers now always are compressed with LZMA method.
- Updating non-solid 7z archives without -ms=off now is allowed.
- Folder creating and item renaming inside archive now is supported.
- Supporting encrypted Rar3 archives.
- Supporting Unicode names in Rar3 archives.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- New localizations: Lithuanian, Voro.


2.30 Beta 24 2002-11-01
-------------------------
- Some internal reconstructions.
- -m switch syntax was slightly changed.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- New localizations: Catalan, Norwegian, Romanian.

2.30 Beta 23 2002-09-07
-------------------------
- Encryption feature for zip format.
- Percent indicating for some operations.
- Some bugs were fixed.

2.30 Beta 22 2002-08-31
-------------------------
- New program: 7-Zip File Manager.
- Command line version now doesn't allow absolute paths
for compressing files.
- New localizations: Belarusian, Greek.
- Bug in FAR plugin was fixed:
Incorrect updating when archive has no explicit
directory items for file items.
- Some bugs were fixed.

2.30 Beta 21 2002-07-08
-------------------------
- RAM requirements for LZMA (7z) compression were reduced.
- Small bug in FAR plugin was fixed.


2.30 Beta 20 2002-07-01
-------------------------
- RAM requirements for LZMA (7z) decompression were reduced.
- New localization: Turkish.
- Some bugs were fixed.


2.30 Beta 19 2002-04-11
-------------------------
- Supporting RAR 3.0 archives.
- New localizations: Danish, Ukrainian.


2.30 Beta 18 2002-03-25
-------------------------
- Compressing speed in 7z format was slightly increased.
- New localizations: Estonian, Finnish.
- Some bugs were fixed.


2.30 Beta 17 2002-03-03
-------------------------
- Supporting ARJ archives.
- New localization: Chinese Simplified.


2.30 Beta 16 2002-02-24
-------------------------
- Supporting RPM and CPIO archives.
- New fast compression mode for LZMA: -m0a=0.
- New match finders for LZMA: bt4b, hc3, hc4.
- Some bugs were fixed.


2.30 Beta 15 2002-02-17
-------------------------
- Compression ratio in 7z was slightly improved.
- New localization: Dutch.


2.30 Beta 14 2002-02-10
-------------------------
- Speed optimization for multiprocessor computers (-mmt switch).
- New localizations: Czech, Japanese, Polish.
- Some bugs were fixed.


2.30 Beta 13 2002-01-31
-------------------------
- New SFX module for installers.
- New match finder for LZMA: bt3.
- New localizations: Portuguese, Portuguese Brazil, Serbo-Croatian.
- Some bugs were fixed.


2.30 Beta 12 2002-01-16
-------------------------
- Bug was fixed: memory leak in Beta 11.
- New localization: Hungarian.


2.30 Beta 11 2002-01-15
-------------------------
- Archive testing feature for GUI version.
- Now 7-Zip can use more than 256 MB of RAM in all Windows versions.
- New localizations: Bulgarian, Chinese Traditional, Latvian, Slovak.
- Some bugs were fixed.


2.30 Beta 10 2002-01-11
-------------------------
- Bugs were fixed:
- Updating 7z archives in Beta 8 and 9 didn't work.
- Unicode version in Beta 9 didn't work in Windows NT4.
- Some other bugs were fixed.
- New localizations: Arabic, French, Italian, Slovenian, Spanish.


2.30 Beta 9 2002-01-08
-------------------------
- Program localization: English, German, Russian.
- Additional optimized versions of programs
for Windows NT4/2000/XP.
- Two new match finders for LZMA: pat3h and pat4h.
- Some bugs were fixed.


2.30 Beta 8 2001-12-21
-------------------------
- 7-Zip now supports some zip archives that were not
supported by previous versions.
- 7-Zip now supports new state (-uw switch) for cases
when 7-Zip can not detect whether file is newer or the same.
- Supporting anti-items in 7z format for incremental
update (-u with action #3).
- Some bugs were fixed.


2.30 Beta 7 2001-11-04
-------------------------
- BCJ2: new converter for x86 code.
- Supporting tar archives with very long file names
(GNU extension to 'tar' format).
- Supporting multistream coders in 7z (-mb switch).
- More compressing parameters for zip and gzip
in console version (-m switch).
- Solid compressing option in Windows version.
- Compressing parameters option in Windows version.
- Auto renaming existing files feature for
extracting files.
- Overwrite mode switch for extracting (-ao).
- Some bugs were fixed.


2.30 Beta 6 2001-10-13
-------------------------
- Supporting 7z format in MultiArc plugin for FAR Manager.
- Some bugs were fixed.


2.30 Beta 5 2001-10-02
-------------------------
- Creating SFX archives from explorer.
- 7zWin.sfx: Windows version of SFX module.
- Auto adding .exe extension to SFX archive name.
- 7za.exe now supports 7z, bzip2, gzip, tar, zip.
- Some bugs were fixed.


2.30 Beta 4 2001-09-15
-------------------------
- Self extract capability for 7z format.
- 7z archive format is default for 7z.exe and 7za.exe.
- 7z in default mode now uses bt234 match finder
and solid compression.
- 7z in maximum mode (-mx) now uses 4MB dictionary.


2.30 Beta 3 2001-09-10
-------------------------
- Bug was fixed: decompressing .7z solid archives
containing empty files.
- new 7za.exe: standalone command line version
(only for 7z format).
- Speed of compressing to Deflate format (zip, gzip)
was slightly increased.


2.30 Beta 2 2001-08-30
-------------------------
- Supporting the new 7z format with high compression ratio.
- -bd (Disable percentage indicator) switch in
console version.
- Bug in console version was fixed:
previous versions incorrectly execute compression
commands with non-recursive wildcards in combination
with subfolders.
- Some other bugs were fixed.


2.30 Beta 1 2001-05-07
-------------------------
- Speed of reading of archive contents was increased.
- Bug was fixed: incorrect showing file names with
national charsets in some zip archives.
- Now it is possible to compress files larger than 4GB
to GZip archives.


2.24 2001-03-21
-------------------------
- Bugs in GZip and Cab decoders were fixed.


2.23 2001-03-04
-------------------------
- Opening archive items in Explorer.
- Context menu for archive items in Explorer.
- Automatic adding extension to archive name in console version.
- Some bugs were fixed.


2.22 2001-01-21
-------------------------
- Supporting Zip archives containing more than 65535 files.
- Speed of Plugin for Explorer was increased.
- Searching start position of archive now is limited by
first 1MB part of file.
- Some bugs were fixed.
- Packet now doesn't contain 7zip.exe, far7zip.reg and
far7zip2.reg files. There is new far7z.reg file.


2.21 2000-12-21
-------------------------
- FAR Plugin was improved:

- Showing process box during opening archives.
- Viewing properties of file by Ctrl-A.
- Alt-F6 in archive now immediately extracts selected files
to current directory.
- Some bugs were fixed:
- Entering to archive's subfolders in Explorer by clicking
items in main window didn't work under Windows ME/2000.
- Decompressing solid Rar archives sometimes gave error.
- Console version 7z.exe during list operation incorrectly
showed file names with national (non-english) charsets.
- FAR Plugin didn't execute some operations.
- Showing percents during extracting ZIP archives sometimes
was incorrect.


2.20 2000-11-20
-------------------------
- Supporting BZip2 and Cab.
- New program architecture with external
compression and cryptographic modules.
- Decryption support (Rar and Zip).
- New console client.
- Some bugs were fixed.


2.11 2000-06-15
-------------------------
- Bugs were fixed:

- FAR Plugin incorrectly processed
names of subdirectories that use national
(non-english) charsets.
- gzip plugin could not compress empty files.


2.10 2000-05-16
-------------------------
- First level 7-Zip Plugin for FAR Manager.
- GUI version with integration to Windows Shell.
- Compression and decompressing GZip and TAR formats.
- Decompression RAR.
- Install & Uninstall support.
- Some bugs were fixed.


2.01 1999-09-19
-------------------------
- Small bug was fixed.
- Compression ratio was improved for some files.


2.00 1999-07-18
-------------------------
- Release.
- Big bug was fixed: previous versions incorrectly worked
during compressing with files that were referred by
direct(without wildcards) paths, containing subdirs parts.
- Compression and decompression speed were improved.
- -mx switch (maXimize compression) was added.
- Small bugs were fixed.


2.00 Beta 1 1999-01-02
-------------------------
- Original beta version.


End of document
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Revision as of 20:48, 31 December 2022

Two or more humans who interact with one another "Group structure" redirects here. For group structures in business, see Corporate group. "Social circle" redirects here. For the city in Georgia, see Social Circle, Georgia. Not to be confused with Social club.
Part of a series on
Sociology
Key themes
Perspectives
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Major theorists

1800s: Martineau · Tocqueville · Marx · Spencer · Le Bon · Ward · Pareto · Tönnies · Veblen · Simmel · Durkheim · Addams · Mead · Weber · Du Bois · Mannheim · Elias

1900s: Fromm · Adorno · Gehlen · Aron · Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens
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Individuals in groups are connected to each other by social relationships.

In the social sciences, a social group can be defined as two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity. Regardless, social groups come in a myriad of sizes and varieties. For example, a society can be viewed as a large social group. The system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social group or between social groups is known as group dynamics.

Definition

Social cohesion approach

A social group exhibits some degree of social cohesion and is more than a simple collection or aggregate of individuals, such as people waiting at a bus stop, or people waiting in a line. Characteristics shared by members of a group may include interests, values, representations, ethnic or social background, and kinship ties. Kinship ties being a social bond based on common ancestry, marriage or adoption. In a similar vein, some researchers consider the defining characteristic of a group as social interaction. According to Dunbar's number, on average, people cannot maintain stable social relationships with more than 150 individuals.

Social psychologist Muzafer Sherif proposed to define a social unit as a number of individuals interacting with each other with respect to:

  1. Common motives and goals
  2. An accepted division of labor, i.e. roles
  3. Established status (social rank, dominance) relationships
  4. Accepted norms and values with reference to matters relevant to the group
  5. Development of accepted sanctions (praise and punishment) if and when norms were respected or violated

This definition is long and complex, but it is also precise. It succeeds in providing the researcher with the tools required to answer three important questions:

  1. "How is a group formed?"
  2. "How does a group function?"
  3. "How does one describe those social interactions that occur on the way to forming a group?"

Significance of that definition

The attention of those who use, participate in, or study groups has focused on functioning groups, on larger organizations, or on the decisions made in these organizations. Much less attention has been paid to the more ubiquitous and universal social behaviors that do not clearly demonstrate one or more of the five necessary elements described by Sherif.

Some of the earliest efforts to understand these social units have been the extensive descriptions of urban street gangs in the 1920s and 1930s, continuing through the 1950s, which understood them to be largely reactions to the established authority. The primary goal of gang members was to defend gang territory, and to define and maintain the dominance structure within the gang. There remains in the popular media and urban law enforcement agencies an avid interest in gangs, reflected in daily headlines which emphasize the criminal aspects of gang behavior. However, these studies and the continued interest have not improved the capacity to influence gang behavior or to reduce gang related violence.

The relevant literature on animal social behaviors, such as work on territory and dominance, has been available since the 1950s. Also, they have been largely neglected by policy makers, sociologists and anthropologists. Indeed, vast literature on organization, property, law enforcement, ownership, religion, warfare, values, conflict resolution, authority, rights, and families have grown and evolved without any reference to any analogous social behaviors in animals. This disconnect may be the result of the belief that social behavior in humankind is radically different from the social behavior in animals because of the human capacity for language use and rationality. Of course, while this is true, it is equally likely that the study of the social (group) behaviors of other animals might shed light on the evolutionary roots of social behavior in people.

Territorial and dominance behaviors in humans are so universal and commonplace that they are simply taken for granted (though sometimes admired, as in home ownership, or deplored, as in violence). But these social behaviors and interactions between human individuals play a special role in the study of groups: they are necessarily prior to the formation of groups. The psychological internalization of territorial and dominance experiences in conscious and unconscious memory are established through the formation of social identity, personal identity, body concept, or self concept. An adequately functioning individual identity is necessary before an individual can function in a division of labor (role), and hence, within a cohesive group. Coming to understand territorial and dominance behaviors may thus help to clarify the development, functioning, and productivity of groups.

Social identification approach

Explicitly contrasted against a social cohesion based definition for social groups is the social identity perspective, which draws on insights made in social identity theory. Here, rather than defining a social group based on expressions of cohesive social relationships between individuals, the social identity model assumes that "psychological group membership has primarily a perceptual or cognitive basis." It posits that the necessary and sufficient condition for individuals to act as group members is "awareness of a common category membership" and that a social group can be "usefully conceptualized as a number of individuals who have internalized the same social category membership as a component of their self concept." Stated otherwise, while the social cohesion approach expects group members to ask "who am I attracted to?", the social identity perspective expects group members to simply ask "who am I?"

Empirical support for the social identity perspective on groups was initially drawn from work using the minimal group paradigm. For example, it has been shown that the mere act of allocating individuals to explicitly random categories is sufficient to lead individuals to act in an ingroup favouring fashion (even where no individual self-interest is possible). Also problematic for the social cohesion account is recent research showing that seemingly meaningless categorization can be an antecedent of perceptions of interdependence with fellow category members.

While the roots of this approach to social groups had its foundations in social identity theory, more concerted exploration of these ideas occurred later in the form of self-categorization theory. Whereas social identity theory was directed initially at the explanation of intergroup conflict in the absence of any conflict of interests, self-categorization theory was developed to explain how individuals come to perceive themselves as members of a group in the first place, and how this self-grouping process underlies and determines all problems subsequent aspects of group behaviour.

Defining characteristics

In his text, Group Dynamics, Forsyth (2010) discuses several common characteristics of groups that can help to define them.

1) Interaction

Main article: Social interaction

This group component varies greatly, including verbal or non-verbal communication, social loafing, networking, forming bonds, etc. Research by Bales (cite, 1950, 1999) determine that there are two main types of interactions; relationship interactions and task interactions.

  1. Relationship interactions: “actions performed by group members that relate to or influence the emotional and interpersonal bonds within the group, including both positive actions (social support, consideration) and negative actions (criticism, conflict).”
  2. Task interactions: “actions performed by group members that pertain to the group’s projects, tasks, and goals.” This involve members organizing themselves and utilizing their skills and resources to achieve something.

2) Goals

Most groups have a reason for their existence, be it increasing the education and knowledge, receiving emotional support, or experiencing spirituality or religion. Groups can facilitate the achievement of these goals. The circumplex model of group tasks by Joseph McGrath organizes group related tasks and goals. Groups may focus on several of these goals, or one area at a time. The model divides group goals into four main types, which are further sub-categorized

  1. Generating: coming up with ideas and plans to reach goals
    • Planning Tasks
    • Creativity Tasks
  2. Choosing: Selecting a solution.
    • Intellective Tasks
    • Decision-making Tasks
  3. Negotiating: Arranging a solution to a problem.
    • Cognitive Conflict Tasks
    • Mixed Motive Task
  4. Executing: Act of carrying out a task.
    • Contests/Battles/Competitive Tasks
    • Performance/Psychomotor Tasks

3) Interdependence in relation

“The state of being dependent, to some degree, on other people, as when one’s outcomes, actions, thoughts, feelings, and experiences are determined in whole or part by others." Some groups are more interdependent than others. For example, a sports team would have a relatively high level of interdependence as compared to a group of people watching a movie at the movie theater. Also, interdependence may be mutual (flowing back and forth between members) or more linear/unilateral. For example, some group members may be more dependent on their boss than the boss is on each of the individuals.

4) Structure

Group structure involves the emergence or regularities, norms, roles and relations that form within a group over time. Roles involve the expected performance and conduct of people within the group depending on their status or position within the group. Norms are the ideas adopted by the group pertaining to acceptable and unacceptable conduct by members. Group structure is a very important part of a group. If people fail to meet their expectations within to groups, and fulfil their roles, they may not accept the group, or be accepted by other group members.

5) Unity

When viewed holistically, a group is greater than the sum of its individual parts. When people speak of groups, they speak of the group as a whole, or an entity, rather than speaking of it in terms of individuals. For example, it would be said that “The band played beautifully.” Several factors play a part in this image of unity, including group cohesiveness, and entitativity (appearance of cohesion by outsiders).

Types

Main article: Types of social groups

There are four main types of groups: 1) primary groups, 2) social groups, 3) collectives, and 4) categories.

1) Primary groups

Primary groups are small, long-term groups characterized by high amounts of cohesiveness, member identification, face-to-face interaction, and solidarity. Such groups may act as the principal source of socialization for individuals as primary groups may shape an individual's attitudes, values, and social orientation.

Three sub-groups of primary groups are:

  1. kin (relatives)
  2. close friends
  3. neighbours.

2) Social groups

Social groups are also small groups but are of moderate duration. These groups are often formed due to a common goal. In this type of group, it is possible for outgroup members (i.e., social categories of which one is not a member) to become ingroup members (i.e., social categories of which one is a member) with reasonable ease. Social groups, such as study groups or coworkers, interact moderately over a prolonged period of time.

3) Collectives

In contrast, spontaneous collectives, such as bystanders or audiences of various sizes, exist only for a very brief period of time and it is very easy to become an ingroup member from an outgroup member and vice versa. Collectives may display similar actions and outlooks.

4) Categories

Categories consist of individuals that are similar to one another in a certain way, and members of this group can be permanent ingroup members or temporary ingroup members. Examples of categories are individuals with the same ethnicity, gender, religion, or nationality. This group is generally the largest type of group.

Health

The social groups people are involved with in the workplace directly affect their health. No matter where you work or what the occupation is, feeling a sense of belonging in a peer group is a key to overall success. Part of this is the responsibility of the leader (manager, supervisor, etc.). If the leader helps everyone feel a sense of belonging within the group, it can help boost morale and productivity. According to Dr. Niklas Steffens "Social identification contributes to both psychological and physiological health, but the health benefits are stronger for psychological health". The social relationships people have can be linked to different health conditions. Lower quantity or quality social relationships have been connected to issues such as: development of cardiovascular disease, recurrent myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, autonomic dysregulation, high blood pressure, cancer and delayed cancer recovery, and slower wound healing as well as inflammatory biomarkers and impaired immune function, factors associated with adverse health outcomes and mortality. The social relationship of marriage is the most studied of all, the marital history over the course of one's life can form differing health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease, chronic conditions, mobility limitations, self-rated health, and depressive symptoms. Social connectedness also plays a large part in overcoming certain conditions such as drug, alcohol, or substance abuse. With these types of issues, a person's peer group play a big role in helping them stay sober. Conditions do not need to be life-threatening, one's social group can help deal with work anxiety as well. When people are more socially connected have access to more support. Some of the health issues people have may also stem from their uncertainty about just where they stand among their colleagues. It has been shown that being well socially connected has a significant impact on a person as they age, according to a 10-year study by the MacArthur Foundation, which was published in the book 'Successful Aging' the support, love, and care we feel through our social connections can help to counteract some of the health-related negatives of aging. Older people who were more active in social circles tended to be better off health-wise.

Group membership and recruitment

Social groups tend to form based on certain principles of attraction, that draw individuals to affiliate with each other, eventually forming a group.

  • The Proximity Principle – the tendency for individuals to develop relationships and form groups with those they are (often physically) close to. This is often referred to as ‘familiarity breeds liking’, or that we prefer things/people that we are familiar with
  • The Similarity Principle – the tendency for individuals to affiliate with or prefer individuals who share their attitudes, values, demographic characteristics, etc.
  • The Complementarity Principle – the tendency for individuals to like other individuals who are dissimilar from themselves, but in a complementary manner. E.g. leaders will attract those who like being led, and those who like being led will attract leaders
  • The Reciprocity Principle – the tendency for liking to be mutual. For example, if A likes B, B is inclined to like A. Conversely, if A dislikes B, B will probably not like A (negative reciprocity)
  • The Elaboration Principle – the tendency for groups to complexify over time by adding new members through their relationships with existing group members. In more formal or structured groups, prospective members may need a reference from a current group member before they can join.

Other factors also influence the formation of a group. Extroverts may seek out groups more, as they find larger and more frequent interpersonal interactions stimulating and enjoyable (more than introverts). Similarly, groups may seek out extroverts more than introverts, perhaps because they find they connect with extroverts more readily. Those higher in relationality (attentiveness to their relations with other people) are also likelier to seek out and prize group membership. Relationality has also been associated with extroversion and agreeableness. Similarly, those with a high need for affiliation are more drawn to join groups, spend more time with groups and accept other group members more readily.

Previous experiences with groups (good and bad) inform people's decisions to join prospective groups. Individuals will compare the rewards of the group (e.g. belonging, emotional support, informational support, instrumental support, spiritual support; see Uchino, 2004 for an overview) against potential costs (e.g. time, emotional energy). Those with negative or 'mixed' experiences with previous groups will likely be more deliberate in their assessment of potential groups to join, and with which groups they choose to join. (For more, see Minimax Principal, as part of Social Exchange Theory)

Once a group has begun to form, it can increase membership through a few ways. If the group is an open group, where membership boundaries are relatively permeable, group members can enter and leave the group as they see fit (often via at least one of the aforementioned Principles of Attraction). A closed group on the other hand, where membership boundaries are more rigid and closed, often engages in deliberate and/or explicit recruitment and socialization of new members.

If a group is highly cohesive, it will likely engage in processes that contribute to cohesion levels, especially when recruiting new members, who can add to a group's cohesion, or destabilize it. Classic examples of groups with high cohesion are fraternities, sororities, gangs, and cults, which are all noted for their recruitment process, especially their initiation or hazing. In all groups, formal and informal initiations add to a group's cohesion and strengthens the bond between the individual and group by demonstrating the exclusiveness of group membership as well as the recruit's dedication to the group. Initiations tend to be more formal in more cohesive groups. Initiation is also important for recruitment because it can mitigate any cognitive dissonance in potential group members.

In some instances, such as cults, recruitment can also be referred to as conversion. Kelman's Theory of Conversion identifies 3 stages of conversion: compliance (individual will comply or accept group's views, but not necessarily agree with them), identification (member begins to mimic group's actions, values, characteristics, etc.) and internalization (group beliefs and demands become congruent with member's personal beliefs, goals and values). This outlines the process of how new members can become deeply connected to the group.

Development

If one brings a small collection of strangers together in a restricted space and environment, provides a common goal and maybe a few ground rules, then a highly probable course of events will follow. Interaction between individuals is the basic requirement. At first, individuals will differentially interact in sets of twos or threes while seeking to interact with those with whom they share something in common: i.e., interests, skills, and cultural background. Relationships will develop some stability in these small sets, in that individuals may temporarily change from one set to another, but will return to the same pairs or trios rather consistently and resist change. Particular twosomes and threesomes will stake out their special spots within the overall space.

Again depending on the common goal, eventually twosomes and threesomes will integrate into larger sets of six or eight, with corresponding revisions of territory, dominance-ranking, and further differentiation of roles. All of this seldom takes place without some conflict or disagreement: for example, fighting over the distribution of resources, the choices of means and different subgoals, the development of what are appropriate norms, rewards and punishments. Some of these conflicts will be territorial in nature: i.e., jealousy over roles, or locations, or favored relationships. But most will be involved with struggles for status, ranging from mild protests to serious verbal conflicts and even dangerous violence.

By analogy to animal behavior, sociologists may term these behaviors territorial behaviors and dominance behaviors. Depending on the pressure of the common goal and on the various skills of individuals, differentiations of leadership, dominance, or authority will develop. Once these relationships solidify, with their defined roles, norms, and sanctions, a productive group will have been established.

Aggression is the mark of unsettled dominance order. Productive group cooperation requires that both dominance order and territorial arrangements (identity, self-concept) be settled with respect to the common goal and within the particular group. Some individuals may withdraw from interaction or be excluded from the developing group. Depending on the number of individuals in the original collection of strangers, and the number of "hangers-on" that are tolerated, one or more competing groups of ten or less may form, and the competition for territory and dominance will then also be manifested in the inter group transactions.

Dispersal and transformation

Two or more people in interacting situations will over time develop stable territorial relationships. As described above, these may or may not develop into groups. But stable groups can also break up in to several sets of territorial relationships. There are numerous reasons for stable groups to "malfunction" or to disperse, but essentially this is because of loss of compliance with one or more elements of the definition of group provided by Sherif. The two most common causes of a malfunctioning group are the addition of too many individuals, and the failure of the leader to enforce a common purpose, though malfunctions may occur due to a failure of any of the other elements (i.e., confusions status or of norms).

In a society, there is a need for more people to participate in cooperative endeavors than can be accommodated by a few separate groups. The military has been the best example as to how this is done in its hierarchical array of squads, platoons, companies, battalions, regiments, and divisions. Private companies, corporations, government agencies, clubs, and so on have all developed comparable (if less formal and standardized) systems when the number of members or employees exceeds the number that can be accommodated in an effective group. Not all larger social structures require the cohesion that may be found in the small group. Consider the neighborhood, the country club, or the megachurch, which are basically territorial organizations who support large social purposes. Any such large organizations may need only islands of cohesive leadership.

For a functioning group to attempt to add new members in a casual way is a certain prescription for failure, loss of efficiency, or disorganization. The number of functioning members in a group can be reasonably flexible between five and ten, and a long-standing cohesive group may be able to tolerate a few hangers on. The key concept is that the value and success of a group is obtained by each member maintaining a distinct, functioning identity in the minds of each of the members. The cognitive limit to this span of attention in individuals is often set at seven. Rapid shifting of attention can push the limit to about ten. After ten, subgroups will inevitably start to form with the attendant loss of purpose, dominance-order, and individuality, with confusion of roles and rules. The standard classroom with twenty to forty pupils and one teacher offers a rueful example of one supposed leader juggling a number of subgroups.

Weakening of the common purpose once a group is well established can be attributed to: adding new members; unsettled conflicts of identities (i.e., territorial problems in individuals); weakening of a settled dominance-order; and weakening or failure of the leader to tend to the group. The actual loss of a leader is frequently fatal to a group, unless there was lengthy preparation for the transition. The loss of the leader tends to dissolve all dominance relationships, as well as weakening dedication to common purpose, differentiation of roles, and maintenance of norms. The most common symptoms of a troubled group are loss of efficiency, diminished participation, or weakening of purpose, as well as an increase in verbal aggression. Often, if a strong common purpose is still present, a simple reorganization with a new leader and a few new members will be sufficient to re-establish the group, which is somewhat easier than forming an entirely new group. This is the most common factor.

See also

References

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