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The Gurgure are mentioned in the ''Futuh Al Habasha : Conquest of Abyssinia'' as source dating back as far as the 16th century, by author: ''Shihabudin Ahmad bin Abd al-Qadir 'Arab Faqih'' or '''Arab Faqih.'' It is recorded that the Gurgure were among the famous Somali spearmen led by their chief Garad Abdi who fought alongside ] or ] with thirty knights and one-thousand foot-soldiers .<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgIwAQAAIAAJ&q=gorgorah |title=The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century |last=ʻArabfaqīh|first=Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir|date=2003-01-01|publisher=Tsehai Publishers & Distributors|isbn=9780972317269|pages=120, 123 and 401|language=en}}</ref> The Gurgure are mentioned in the ''Futuh Al Habasha : Conquest of Abyssinia'' as source dating back as far as the 16th century, by author: ''Shihabudin Ahmad bin Abd al-Qadir 'Arab Faqih'' or '''Arab Faqih.'' It is recorded that the Gurgure were among the famous Somali spearmen led by their chief Garad Abdi who fought alongside ] or ] with thirty knights and one-thousand foot-soldiers .<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgIwAQAAIAAJ&q=gorgorah |title=The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century |last=ʻArabfaqīh|first=Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir|date=2003-01-01|publisher=Tsehai Publishers & Distributors|isbn=9780972317269|pages=120, 123 and 401|language=en}}</ref>


The city of ] was originally called Diri Dhaba and used to be part of the ] and ] during the medieval times and was exclusively settled by ] clan (Gurgure, Issa and Gadabuursi). After the weakening of Adal Sultanate, the ] took advantage and were able to penetrate through the city and settle the surrounding areas. Through marriage the Oromo assimilated some of the local Gurgure into their tribe.<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YgIwAQAAIAAJ |title=The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century|last=ʻArabfaqīh|first=Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir |date=2003-01-01 |publisher=Tsehai Publishers & Distributors |others=Annotation: Dir, According to Huntingford a settlement which may be modern Dire Dawa. |isbn= 9780972317269|page=24 |language=en }}</ref> The city of ] was originally called Diri Dhaba and used to be part of the ] and ] during the medieval times and was exclusively settled by ] clan. The Gurgura and Samaron have followed the same route through the Harawa Valley. The earliest traditions collected from Gurgrua elders at Melka Jebtu, state that the Afar and Gurgura are the oldest inhabitants of this region.<ref></ref> After the weakening of Adal Sultanate, the ] took advantage and were able to penetrate through the city and settle the surrounding areas. Many of the newly arrived Oromos were converted to Islam by the Gurgure. The areas west of Dire Dire Dawa are strong-holds of Somali speaking Gurgura. The areas east of Dire Dawa, most are bilingual with Gurgura contributing to the establishment of Harar. The Gurgura converted the Argobba and other Ethiopic speaker to Islam around 13th century. One of Harar's famous gates is named after Sh. Auboba, a famous religious leader of Ifat/Adal. Gurgure laid the foundations of Harar and along with the Lehile and Akisho (along with Geri, etc.) and have contributed to the foundation of the Adar people of Harar. The Gurgure and Oromo are continuously coming into conflict. The Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn (b. 10th century) perennial and never ending conflict between the settled Gurgure and the encroaching nomadic Isa has added a complex dimension to the nature of clan/tribal conflicts in the region. In the early 1990s the IGLF (Isa & Gurgura Liberation Front) split due to the constant tension between the two tribes. <ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YgIwAQAAIAAJ |title=The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century|last=ʻArabfaqīh|first=Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir |date=2003-01-01 |publisher=Tsehai Publishers & Distributors |others=Annotation: Dir, According to Huntingford a settlement which may be modern Dire Dawa. |isbn= 9780972317269|page=24 |language=en }}</ref>



Patrick Gilkes (2003) mentions the Gurgura as one of the clans that participated in the ''Futuh Al Habasha : Conquest of Abyssinia'': Patrick Gilkes (2003) mentions the Gurgura as one of the clans that participated in the ''Futuh Al Habasha : Conquest of Abyssinia'':
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1530s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gikes |first1=Patrick |title=National Identity and Historical Mythology in Eritrea and Somaliland |journal=Northeast African Studies |year=2003 |volume=10 |issue=3 |publisher=Michigan State University Press |page=174 |jstor=41931244 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41931244}}</ref>}} 1530s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gikes |first1=Patrick |title=National Identity and Historical Mythology in Eritrea and Somaliland |journal=Northeast African Studies |year=2003 |volume=10 |issue=3 |publisher=Michigan State University Press |page=174 |jstor=41931244 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41931244}}</ref>}}


Folklore collected from the Dire Dawa region emphasizes the Madaxweyna Dir origin of Ahmed Gran. His capital Houbat is located directly in areas associated with Gurgure tribes. The conquest of Abyssinian was organised by the Madaxweyna Dir who had early experience of battles with previous Abyssinian Kings such as Amda Seyon (1314-44). The Lehile and Gurgure played an important role in leading the jihads against the Abyssinian Emperors.
In his book ''Across Widest Africa:'' ''An Account of the Country and People of Eastern, Central and Western Africa As Seen During a Twelve Months' Journey from Djibuti to Cape Verde, Volume 2,'' written in 1905'','' '''Arnold Henry Savage Landor''' describes the Gurgura as a Somali tribe that he encountered on his to Harar from Djibouti in and around Dire Dawa and back towards ]. The authors refers to the land between Dire Dawa and Harar as in Gurgura. The author says he met the Gurgura in great numbers with their spears, looking after sheep and camels. '''Landor''' describes the Gurgura possessing a skin of a deep chocolate colour, and divided them into two distinct types: one with wholly hair, or twisted into curls; the other not so common, with smooth hair, which is always left long and reaches the shoulders. Some grew a slight beard upon the cheeks and chin. The author goes on to say that they all had eyes the iris of which was of a deep brown, but that portion of the eye-ball which is white was dark yellowish tone.
Gurgura folklore empathizes that they came to the present region in search of Myrrh, Frankincense, and other products. In the Origin and History of The Somali People ; the author interviewed Gurgura elder Abdulahi Garechor (Abduahi Adan Ahmed) in Dire Dawa and collected the following account; "The Gurgura landed at Zeila, long ago. Our ancestors were traders, and we came in search of frankincense and myrrh. When we first arrived there were no Abyssinians; Esa has not been born yet, our neighbours were only the Afar (Danakil) and Hawiya. From Zeila we moved to the interior and built a city called Jaldesa. We sold aromatics to the Arabians and in exchange we received expensive dyed cloth, which we carried to Harar - a city built by the Gurgura. Our ancestors were the first to build cities in this region -but first we had to do battle with the Afar." .

In his book ''Across Widest Africa:'' ''An Account of the Country and People of Eastern, Central and Western Africa As Seen During a Twelve Months' Journey from Djibouti to Cape Verde, Volume 2,'' written in 1905'','' '''Arnold Henry Savage Landor''' describes the Gurgura as a Somali tribe that he encountered on his to Harar from Djibouti in and around Dire Dawa and back towards ]. The authors refers to the land between Dire Dawa and Harar as in Gurgura. The author says he met the Gurgura in great numbers with their spears, looking after sheep and camels. '''Landor''' describes the Gurgura possessing a skin of a deep chocolate colour, and divided them into two distinct types: one with wholly hair, or twisted into curls; the other not so common, with smooth hair, which is always left long and reaches the shoulders. Some grew a slight beard upon the cheeks and chin. The author goes on to say that they all had eyes the iris of which was of a deep brown, but that portion of the eye-ball which is white was dark yellowish tone.


Landor writes about making a camp near hot springs on his way to ] today known as Erer hot springs in the Sitti Zone of ]. There he met the Hawiya, like the Gurgura, who speak somali, and some also understand the Galla (]) language. The author describes the Hawiya, ], Gurgura, Haberual (Habar Awal), the Ghedebursi (]) and Dahrot (]) as speaking Somali. Landor writes about making a camp near hot springs on his way to ] today known as Erer hot springs in the Sitti Zone of ]. There he met the Hawiya, like the Gurgura, who speak somali, and some also understand the Galla (]) language. The author describes the Hawiya, ], Gurgura, Haberual (Habar Awal), the Ghedebursi (]) and Dahrot (]) as speaking Somali.
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==Gurgure Political Organization== ==Gurgure Political Organization==


The Gurgure fought for the Somalis rebels during the ] and supported the annexation of ], they actively participated in the ] and clashed with the ] on numerous occasions for control over ]. The Gurgure fought for the Somalis rebels during the ] and supported the annexation of ], they actively participated in the ] and clashed with the ] on numerous occasions for control over ].


*Issa Gurgure Libration Front (IGLF) was active until 1991 it was led by an Issa Mr.Riyaale Ahmed *Issa Gurgure Libration Front (IGLF) was active until 1991 it was led by an Issa Mr.Riyaale Ahmed
*Independent Gurgure Libration Front (GLF) was founded by Member of Parliament Abdi Aziz Gurgure who is former Ethiopian Ambassador to Ivory Coast. *Independent Gurgure Libration Front (GLF) was founded by Member of Parliament Abdi Aziz Gurgure who is former Ethiopian Ambassador to Ivory Coast. Abdi Wahab Abdi Wali was the most important leader of the Gurgure in the 1990s and is remembered as a fearless protector of Gurgure interests.
*Horiyaal Democratic Party was a Gadaburis led political Party in Ethiopia with their Dir Issa and Gurgure, however; several attempts to unite the three with other Somali tribes didn’t fall through. *Horiyaal Democratic Party was a Gadaburis led political Party in Ethiopia with their Dir Issa and Gurgure, however; several attempts to unite the three with other Somali tribes didn’t fall through.



Revision as of 23:41, 2 January 2023

Eastern Somali clan This article is about the ethnic group. For the district, see Gurgura (woreda). Ethnic group
Gurgure
غرغرة
Regions with significant populations
Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somaliland, and Somalia
Languages
Somali, Oromo and Arabic
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Akisho, Issa, Gadabursi, Surre, Bursuuk, Biimaal, Garre and other Dir clans.

The Gurgure, Gorgorah or Gurgura (Template:Lang-so, Template:Lang-om, Template:Lang-ar) is a northern Somali clan, who are of the Madaxweyne Dir.

Distribution

Ugaas Buux Gadiid (Somali: Ugaas Buux). The historical ughaz (sultan) of the Gurgura clan of Somalis. One of the most notable figures of Dire Dawa and 52nd Uggas of Gurgure.

The Gurgure are the majority in the Erer district in the Sitti Zone. Gurgure are among the first people who lived around what is now the city of Dire Dawa along with the Afar (Danakil) tribe. Today the Gurgure live in Dire Dawa, all over Somali Region of Ethiopia, Harar region, Djibouti, Somaliland, Somalia, and the Afar Region.

The Gurgure are of the descendants of Mohamed Madaxweyne Dir [see Origin & History of Somali People by Ibrahim Ali). This makes them cloesly related to the Gurre, Akisho and Gariire and other Dir. They also have lineal ties with other Dir subclans.

Overview

Origins

The Gurgura are a Somali clan who inhabit the area between Zeila and Dire Dawa the Origins of the Gurgura Clan has been disputed amongst the Oromo, and Somali Tribes. According to Somali traditions the Gurgura are a Somali tribe who were politically claimed by the Oromos after the various Ethiopian governments have weakened the Gurgura in the region, and the original name of the tribe was Mohamed Madaxweyne Dir. And after the arrival of the Oromos they were given a name by the oromos "Gurgura" (one who trades/sells). They also believe that the Gurgura were part of the Ali Madaxweyne (Qaldho) Dir confederate tribes I.M Lewis also agrees that the Gurgura are of Somali origin. The Gurgure are a vast tribe and stretch from Balawa (near Jijiga) to the Awash region; they also extend onto areas to the south where they established settlement of Sheikh Hussein Bale. They are associated with the spread of Islam. According to folklore collected from Dire Dawa region, During an earlier time, the Gurgure were established traders of Ifat and Adal. The arrival of the Oromo tribes from the south caused great disruption for both the Muslim tribes and the Christian Abyssinians. After the Muslim and Christians exhausted themselves with their ongoing wars; the newly arrived Oromos entered Ifat/Adal region (i.e. Dire Dawa & Jijija region). The arrival of the Oromo tribes such as the Ala, Itu, and Oborra) caused renewed conflict. A small Oromo tribe called the Nole, that arrived in the region before the other Oromos, suffered from a full scale attack from the Itu, Ala, and Oboraa Oromos. The Somali Gurgura decided to save the Nole from these attacks. According to Gurgura elders from Dir Dawa; such Abdullahi Gareicho, recall that Gurgure wadaads advised the Gurgure warriors to wage war on the Oromo Itu, Ala, & Oborra, for three days only. After the three days they must stop. They Gurgrua wages a successful war against the newly arrived Oromos and saved the Nole - from that day onwards the small Nole tribes agreed to become allies of the Gurgrua and pay blood money with them. The Nole are a small group and they do not extend beyond Dire Dawa. The Gurgrua (Mohamed Madaxweyan Dir) belong to the oldest section of Somalis. The ruined towns excavated on the Ethiopian Somalis boarder by A. T Curle reveal the sophistication of these ancient Gurgure towns. The town of Aubare is one of the largest and is named after Sheikh Aubare a famous leader of Ifat/Adal - a section of the Nabidur Gurgrue that still live in the region. The great trading abilities of the Gurgure and their association with the spread of Islam has resulted in them being very widespread. The Gurgure are in continuous conflict with the encroaching Isa tribe. During the reig of Haille Selassie, the Isa were not present in Dire Dawa beyond a well now know as 'hafad Isa.' The nubers of Isa only increased during the reign of Mengistu; this was a period when the Gurgure were severely oppressed by the Mengistu regime. The Origin and History of the Somali People by Ibrahim Ali identifies the warriors who fought Amda Seyon (1314 to 1344) with the Gurgura. The description of these warriors tying themselves together and then rushing into battle is identical to the battle practices of the Gurgura - "first the Beidoor Gurgura are sent in battle, and when we draw the first blood, it means we are guaranteed victory." . The Gurgura and Madaxweyna Dir tribes are closely associated with introducing Islam to the Horn of Africa. Many ancient sheikhs as believed to belong to the Madaxweyna Dir clan - examples are Sh. Auboba, Sh. Aubare, Sh Barkhadle ("Blessed Father" Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn (b. 10th century) and many more. Every Soamli when he or she counts the stars starts with "Xidigga kow kamel Gurgura" - this alloudes to the Somali folklore of the Gurgura climbing mount ELmas in search of the Camel in the Sky - this story indicates the early introdcution of the camel to the Horn of Africa by the Gurgura.

History

The Gurgure are mentioned in the Futuh Al Habasha : Conquest of Abyssinia as source dating back as far as the 16th century, by author: Shihabudin Ahmad bin Abd al-Qadir 'Arab Faqih or 'Arab Faqih. It is recorded that the Gurgure were among the famous Somali spearmen led by their chief Garad Abdi who fought alongside Ahmed Gurey or Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi with thirty knights and one-thousand foot-soldiers .

The city of Dire Dawa was originally called Diri Dhaba and used to be part of the Sultanate of Ifat and Adal Sultanate during the medieval times and was exclusively settled by Dir clan. The Gurgura and Samaron have followed the same route through the Harawa Valley. The earliest traditions collected from Gurgrua elders at Melka Jebtu, state that the Afar and Gurgura are the oldest inhabitants of this region.Cite error: There are <ref> tags on this page without content in them (see the help page). After the weakening of Adal Sultanate, the Oromos took advantage and were able to penetrate through the city and settle the surrounding areas. Many of the newly arrived Oromos were converted to Islam by the Gurgure. The areas west of Dire Dire Dawa are strong-holds of Somali speaking Gurgura. The areas east of Dire Dawa, most are bilingual with Gurgura contributing to the establishment of Harar. The Gurgura converted the Argobba and other Ethiopic speaker to Islam around 13th century. One of Harar's famous gates is named after Sh. Auboba, a famous religious leader of Ifat/Adal. Gurgure laid the foundations of Harar and along with the Lehile and Akisho (along with Geri, etc.) and have contributed to the foundation of the Adar people of Harar. The Gurgure and Oromo are continuously coming into conflict. The Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn (b. 10th century) perennial and never ending conflict between the settled Gurgure and the encroaching nomadic Isa has added a complex dimension to the nature of clan/tribal conflicts in the region. In the early 1990s the IGLF (Isa & Gurgura Liberation Front) split due to the constant tension between the two tribes.


Patrick Gilkes (2003) mentions the Gurgura as one of the clans that participated in the Futuh Al Habasha : Conquest of Abyssinia:

Emir Ahmed Gurrey, known to the Ethiopians as Ahmed Gran. The emir himself was almost certainly from one of the pre-Somali peoples around Harar, but Somalis from a number of clans, particularly the Gorgora, a clan that probably originated around Zelia, certainly fought in his armies. Ahmed himself probably had no direct links with Somalis other than recruiting them, but his mythic value was substantial. He had launched a highly successful jihad against Ethiopia in the 1530s.

Folklore collected from the Dire Dawa region emphasizes the Madaxweyna Dir origin of Ahmed Gran. His capital Houbat is located directly in areas associated with Gurgure tribes. The conquest of Abyssinian was organised by the Madaxweyna Dir who had early experience of battles with previous Abyssinian Kings such as Amda Seyon (1314-44). The Lehile and Gurgure played an important role in leading the jihads against the Abyssinian Emperors.

Gurgura folklore empathizes that they came to the present region in search of Myrrh, Frankincense, and other products. In the Origin and History of The Somali People ; the author interviewed Gurgura elder Abdulahi Garechor (Abduahi Adan Ahmed) in Dire Dawa and collected the following account; "The Gurgura landed at Zeila, long ago. Our ancestors were traders, and we came in search of frankincense and myrrh. When we first arrived there were no Abyssinians; Esa has not been born yet, our neighbours were only the Afar (Danakil) and Hawiya. From Zeila we moved to the interior and built a city called Jaldesa. We sold aromatics to the Arabians and in exchange we received expensive dyed cloth, which we carried to Harar - a city built by the Gurgura. Our ancestors were the first to build cities in this region -but first we had to do battle with the Afar." .

In his book Across Widest Africa: An Account of the Country and People of Eastern, Central and Western Africa As Seen During a Twelve Months' Journey from Djibouti to Cape Verde, Volume 2, written in 1905, Arnold Henry Savage Landor describes the Gurgura as a Somali tribe that he encountered on his to Harar from Djibouti in and around Dire Dawa and back towards Abyssinia. The authors refers to the land between Dire Dawa and Harar as in Gurgura. The author says he met the Gurgura in great numbers with their spears, looking after sheep and camels. Landor describes the Gurgura possessing a skin of a deep chocolate colour, and divided them into two distinct types: one with wholly hair, or twisted into curls; the other not so common, with smooth hair, which is always left long and reaches the shoulders. Some grew a slight beard upon the cheeks and chin. The author goes on to say that they all had eyes the iris of which was of a deep brown, but that portion of the eye-ball which is white was dark yellowish tone.

Landor writes about making a camp near hot springs on his way to Abyssinia today known as Erer hot springs in the Sitti Zone of Somali Region. There he met the Hawiya, like the Gurgura, who speak somali, and some also understand the Galla (Oromo) language. The author describes the Hawiya, Issa, Gurgura, Haberual (Habar Awal), the Ghedebursi (Gadabuursi) and Dahrot (Darod) as speaking Somali.

Oromo political organizations sought to coerce the Gurgure, who were also another tribe in Dire Dawa who speak the Oromo language (Oromiffa), to identify themselves as Oromo, though they belong to and identified as Dir Somalis. Oromo elders claimed that "the Gurgura people who speak the Oromo language belong to the Oromo nation and they only started to identify themselves with the Somali after the 1974 change of the Haile Selassie regime" though Somali's strongly disagree.

Gurgure Political Organization

The Gurgure fought for the Somalis rebels during the Ethiopian Civil War and supported the annexation of Dire Dawa, they actively participated in the Issa and Gurgure Liberation Front and clashed with the Oromo Liberation Front on numerous occasions for control over Dire Dawa.

  • Issa Gurgure Libration Front (IGLF) was active until 1991 it was led by an Issa Mr.Riyaale Ahmed
  • Independent Gurgure Libration Front (GLF) was founded by Member of Parliament Abdi Aziz Gurgure who is former Ethiopian Ambassador to Ivory Coast. Abdi Wahab Abdi Wali was the most important leader of the Gurgure in the 1990s and is remembered as a fearless protector of Gurgure interests.
  • Horiyaal Democratic Party was a Gadaburis led political Party in Ethiopia with their Dir Issa and Gurgure, however; several attempts to unite the three with other Somali tribes didn’t fall through.

Clan tree

Gurgure are subdivided into seven major subtribes. Kundhuble, Gufaatile, Sanceele, Sanaye, Nibidoor, Bicida, and Gacalwaaq.

  • Dir
    • Madaxweyne
      • Gurgure (Mohamed)
        • Habr Daar
              • Kundhuble
                • Ali
                • Abdulle
            • Dudub
              • Quwaxade
                • Gufaatile
                • Sanceele
                • Sanaye
              • Liiban
                • Nibidoor
                • Biciida
                • Gacalwaaq

Notable Gurgure People

  • Ugaas Buux Gaiid(52nd Ugaas of Gurgure and one of Dir Dhabah’s most notable figures)
  • Ugaas Gadiid Abdullahi Ugaas Buux (53rd Ugaas of Gurgure)
  • Ugaas Siyad Daud Cumar (54th and current Ugaas)
  • AbduWahab Sh. Abdiwali (former Colonel in the Somali National Army, Politician and prominent Gurgure leader well known by Dire Dawa residents and in Somali Region.
  • Shiekh Macalin Qaasim Xaaji-Maxamed (well known shiekh of Somaliland who taught the likes of former president Silaanyo of Somaliland)
  • Cabdiaziz Gurgure (MP, former Ethiopian Ambassador to Ivory Coast, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and among other countries)

References

  1. ^ "Women in conflict and indigenous conflict resolution among the Issa and Gurgura clans of Somali in Eastern Ethiopia". ACCORD. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  2. ^ Lewis, I. M. (1998). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. Red Sea Press. ISBN 9781569021057. At the end of the book "Tribal Distribution of Somali Afar and Saho"
  3. Expectations and belonging in Dire Dawa Drivers, dynamics and challenges of rural to urban mobility. Research and Evidence facility. 2018. p. 10. The Gurgure speak Somali and Oromo because they arrived in the region as traders. This meant that they had to learn various languages so they could dominate the spice trade. They trace their genealogy to the Dir, a Somali clan family.
  4. Verdier, Isabelle (1997). Ethiopia: the top 100 people. Indigo Publications. p. 13. ISBN 9782905760128.
  5. Dirsame (2012-04-07). "The Somali Dir Clan's History: Codka Beesha Direed: ISSA GURGURE FRONT GURGURE DISTRICT DIRA DHAWE". The Somali Dir Clan's History. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  6. Dirsame (2010-01-06). "The Somali Dir Clan's History: Codka Beesha Direed: The Madaxweyn Dir Gurgure Clan Of Dira Dhawa". The Somali Dir Clan's History. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  7. "The origin and History of the Somali People" (PDF).
  8. profilpelajar.com. "Reer Nuur - profilpelajar.com". Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  9. "The Somali Dir clan (Beesha Direed)". Beelaha Direed Official Site. 2013-07-13. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  10. Lewis, I. M. (1998). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. Red Sea Press. ISBN 978-1-56902-105-7.
  11. ʻArabfaqīh, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir (2003-01-01). The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. pp. 120, 123 and 401. ISBN 9780972317269.
  12. ʻArabfaqīh, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir (2003-01-01). The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century. Annotation: Dir, According to Huntingford a settlement which may be modern Dire Dawa. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. p. 24. ISBN 9780972317269.
  13. Gikes, Patrick (2003). "National Identity and Historical Mythology in Eritrea and Somaliland". Northeast African Studies. 10 (3). Michigan State University Press: 174. JSTOR 41931244.
  14. Sindjoun, Luc (2010). The Coming African Hour: Dialectics of Opportunities and Constraints. African Books Collective. p. 210. ISBN 9780798302302.
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