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== Biography == == Biography ==
'''Alexandra (Alekso) Martulkov''' (]-]) was born in ].<ref name="Gerdzhikov407">{{Cite book |last=Gerdzhikov |first=Mikhail |title=Memories, Documents, Materials, Science and Art |year=1984 |location=Sofia |pages=407}}</ref> He studied in his hometown and in ], where he was expelled because of a ]. He left for ], where he began to develop and propagate ] ideology as a member of the Macedonian-Adrianopolean Social Democratic Group, part of ].<ref name="Gerdzhikov407" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Istorijski arhiv Komunistic̆ke partije Jugoslavije |year=1950 |location=Serbia |pages=224}}</ref> '''Alexandra (Alekso) Martulkov''' (]-]) was born in ].<ref name="Gerdzhikov407">{{Cite book |last=Gerdzhikov |first=Mikhail |title=Memories, Documents, Materials, Science and Art |year=1984 |location=Sofia |pages=407}}</ref> He studied in his hometown and in ], where he was expelled because of a ]. He left for ], where he began to develop and propagate ] ideology as a member of the Macedonian Socialist Group.<ref name="Gerdzhikov407" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Istorijski arhiv Komunistic̆ke partije Jugoslavije |year=1950 |location=Serbia |pages=224}}</ref>


He joined ] at a young age. He participated in the fight against ], and later (December, 1912) in the All-Macedonian Conference in Veles, together with ], ], ] and other ] patriots.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Енциклопедија Македоника |year=2009 |location=Skopje |pages=924}}</ref> In his youth he noted how ] wasn't full of ] propaganda but instead with pro-Serbian (])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martulkov |first=Alekso |url=http://bp0.blogger.com/_NzpNBfJxkY8/R0K9oPHUIsI/AAAAAAAAA8g/TVp4b758iEA/s1600-h/scan0007.jpg |title=My participation in the Macedonian revolutionary battle |year=1953 |location=Skopje |pages=68}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Martulkov |first=Alekso |url=http://bp1.blogger.com/_NzpNBfJxkY8/R0K9ofHUItI/AAAAAAAAA8o/ZUjbTJplwuE/s1600-h/scan0008.jpg |title=My participation in the Macedonian revolutionary battle |year=1953 |location=Skopje |pages=70}}</ref> organized by the Serbian authority. He joined ] at a young age. He participated in the fight against ], and later (December, 1912) in the All-Macedonian Conference in Veles, together with ], ], ] and other ] patriots.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Енциклопедија Македоника |year=2009 |location=Skopje |pages=924}}</ref> In his youth he noted how ] wasn't full of ] propaganda but instead with pro-Serbian (])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martulkov |first=Alekso |url=http://bp0.blogger.com/_NzpNBfJxkY8/R0K9oPHUIsI/AAAAAAAAA8g/TVp4b758iEA/s1600-h/scan0007.jpg |title=My participation in the Macedonian revolutionary battle |year=1953 |location=Skopje |pages=68}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Martulkov |first=Alekso |url=http://bp1.blogger.com/_NzpNBfJxkY8/R0K9ofHUItI/AAAAAAAAA8o/ZUjbTJplwuE/s1600-h/scan0008.jpg |title=My participation in the Macedonian revolutionary battle |year=1953 |location=Skopje |pages=70}}</ref> organized by the Serbian authority.
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During his time in ] he worked at ]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stojcev |first=Vance |url=https://books.google.mk/books?id=46NtAAAAMAAJ&q=alekso+martulkov&dq=alekso+martulkov&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZ6v7l8Pn8AhVCmosKHQRcBDsQ6AF6BAgFEAI |title=Military History of Macedonia |year=2004 |volume=1 |location=Skopje |pages=490}}</ref> and ] and helped in organizing and helping wounded soldiers during the ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martulkov |first=Alekso |url=http://bp3.blogger.com/_NzpNBfJxkY8/R0K-l_HUIxI/AAAAAAAAA9I/lLnJvZKXXnM/s1600-h/scan0012.jpg |title=My participation in the Macedonian revolutionary battle |year=1953 |location=Skopje |pages=79}}</ref> During his time in ] he worked at ]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stojcev |first=Vance |url=https://books.google.mk/books?id=46NtAAAAMAAJ&q=alekso+martulkov&dq=alekso+martulkov&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZ6v7l8Pn8AhVCmosKHQRcBDsQ6AF6BAgFEAI |title=Military History of Macedonia |year=2004 |volume=1 |location=Skopje |pages=490}}</ref> and ] and helped in organizing and helping wounded soldiers during the ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martulkov |first=Alekso |url=http://bp3.blogger.com/_NzpNBfJxkY8/R0K-l_HUIxI/AAAAAAAAA9I/lLnJvZKXXnM/s1600-h/scan0012.jpg |title=My participation in the Macedonian revolutionary battle |year=1953 |location=Skopje |pages=79}}</ref>


After the failure of the uprising he fled to ] to avoid being drafted by the Serbian authorities,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Katarchiev |first=Ivan |title=Историја на македонскиот народ |year=2000 |location=Skopje |pages=88}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Godishnik na Sofiĭskii͡a universitet Istoricheski fakultet |year=1981 |location=Sofia |pages=155}}</ref> then he became a member of ],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Vmro (Obedineta): dokumentacija i materijali |year=1992 |edition=2nd |pages=356}}</ref> which is why he was persecuted and imprisoned, because of his pro-Macedonian national views.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garvanski |first=Net︠s︡o |title=Ne vsichko mozhe da se zabravi |year=1974 |location=Sofia |pages=142}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=International Press Correspondence |year=1935 |volume=15 |pages=1149}}</ref> In the summer of 1935, he was arrested in Sofia and tried under the Law for the Protection of the State together with other members of the IMRO (United). At the trial, Martulkov was among the defendants who declared themselves as "Bulgarians" and not "Macedonians". Before the court, Martulkov denied his membership in IMRO (United). He was sentenced to 5 years in prison and a fine of BGN 50,000.<ref>Добринов, Дечо. ВМРО (обединена), Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, София, 1993, стр. 234 – 236.</ref> After the failure of the uprising he fled to ] to avoid being drafted by the Serbian authorities,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Katarchiev |first=Ivan |title=Историја на македонскиот народ |year=2000 |location=Skopje |pages=88}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Godishnik na Sofiĭskii͡a universitet Istoricheski fakultet |year=1981 |location=Sofia |pages=155}}</ref> then he became a member of ],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Vmro (Obedineta): dokumentacija i materijali |year=1992 |edition=2nd |pages=356}}</ref> which is why he was persecuted and imprisoned, because of his pro-Macedonian national views.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garvanski |first=Net︠s︡o |title=Ne vsichko mozhe da se zabravi |year=1974 |location=Sofia |pages=142}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=International Press Correspondence |year=1935 |volume=15 |pages=1149}}</ref> In the summer of 1935, he was arrested in Sofia and tried under the Law for the Protection of the State together with other members of the IMRO (United). At the trial, Martulkov was among the defendants who declared themselves as "Bulgarians" and not "Macedonians" hoping the Bulgarian court would take pity. Before the court, Martulkov denied his membership in IMRO (United) due to the organization pro-macedonian nature. He was sentenced to 5 years in prison and a fine of BGN 50,000.<ref>Добринов, Дечо. ВМРО (обединена), Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, София, 1993, стр. 234 – 236.</ref>


] to be united with Macedonia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=V. |first=Andreev |title=Chronicle of a National Betrayal |year=1999 |location=Blagoevgrad |pages=13-15}}</ref> One of the signatories is Aleksandar Martulkov.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.mk/books?id=BkhtAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&dq=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiKyeO_-fn8AhWJl4sKHXRACIA4FBDoAXoECAoQAg |title=БКП, Коминтернът и македонския въпрос (1917-1946) |year=1999 |location=Sofia |pages=1122}}</ref>]] ] to be united with Macedonia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=V. |first=Andreev |title=Chronicle of a National Betrayal |year=1999 |location=Blagoevgrad |pages=13-15}}</ref> One of the signatories is Aleksandar Martulkov.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.mk/books?id=BkhtAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&dq=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiKyeO_-fn8AhWJl4sKHXRACIA4FBDoAXoECAoQAg |title=БКП, Коминтернът и македонския въпрос (1917-1946) |year=1999 |location=Sofia |pages=1122}}</ref>]]
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In his memoirs "My participation in the revolutionary struggles of Macedonia", published in post-war Yugoslavia, Alexo Martulkov writes about the Macedonian revolution, about the fight against the ] and various national-] ] of the neighboring countries, about the turmoil in the Organization. The struggle of the ] against the ] church propaganda, that is, against the Great Serbian<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martulkov |first=Alekso |url=http://bp0.blogger.com/_NzpNBfJxkY8/R0K9oPHUIsI/AAAAAAAAA8g/TVp4b758iEA/s1600-h/scan0007.jpg |title=My participation in the Macedonian revolutionary battle |year=1953 |location=Skopje |pages=68}}</ref> armed nationalist propaganda, is very well described, as a fratricidal war, a war between ] - ]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martulkov |first=Alekso |url=http://bp1.blogger.com/_NzpNBfJxkY8/R0LATfHUI2I/AAAAAAAAA9w/rl1DS_kGAtM/s1600-h/scan0017.jpg |title=My participation in the Macedonian revolutionary battle |year=1953 |location=Skopje |pages=88-89}}</ref> and ] - ]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martulkov |first=Alekso |url=http://bp1.blogger.com/_NzpNBfJxkY8/R0K9ofHUItI/AAAAAAAAA8o/ZUjbTJplwuE/s1600-h/scan0008.jpg |title=My participation in the Macedonian revolutionary battle |year=1953 |location=Skopje |pages=70}}</ref> (Serbian Chetnik Movement). He also talks about the factionalism in the Organization itself, about the personal interests of certain actors, about the antagonism between the pro-Macedonian elements and the pro-Bulgarian neo-supervisors, and so on. In his memoirs "My participation in the revolutionary struggles of Macedonia", published in post-war Yugoslavia, Alexo Martulkov writes about the Macedonian revolution, about the fight against the ] and various national-] ] of the neighboring countries, about the turmoil in the Organization. The struggle of the ] against the ] church propaganda, that is, against the Great Serbian<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martulkov |first=Alekso |url=http://bp0.blogger.com/_NzpNBfJxkY8/R0K9oPHUIsI/AAAAAAAAA8g/TVp4b758iEA/s1600-h/scan0007.jpg |title=My participation in the Macedonian revolutionary battle |year=1953 |location=Skopje |pages=68}}</ref> armed nationalist propaganda, is very well described, as a fratricidal war, a war between ] - ]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martulkov |first=Alekso |url=http://bp1.blogger.com/_NzpNBfJxkY8/R0LATfHUI2I/AAAAAAAAA9w/rl1DS_kGAtM/s1600-h/scan0017.jpg |title=My participation in the Macedonian revolutionary battle |year=1953 |location=Skopje |pages=88-89}}</ref> and ] - ]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martulkov |first=Alekso |url=http://bp1.blogger.com/_NzpNBfJxkY8/R0K9ofHUItI/AAAAAAAAA8o/ZUjbTJplwuE/s1600-h/scan0008.jpg |title=My participation in the Macedonian revolutionary battle |year=1953 |location=Skopje |pages=70}}</ref> (Serbian Chetnik Movement). He also talks about the factionalism in the Organization itself, about the personal interests of certain actors, about the antagonism between the pro-Macedonian elements and the pro-Bulgarian neo-supervisors, and so on.


Disappointed with the policy of the new authorities in Yugoslavia, he returned to Sofia, where he died on December 19, 1962.<ref> Пелтеков, Александър Г. Революционни дейци от Македония и Одринско. Второ допълнено издание. София, Орбел, 2014. {{ISBN|9789544961022}} с. 283.</ref> According to the Macedonian historian ] such left-wing Macedonian activists, former members of the IMRO (United) never managed to get rid of their strong Bulgarophile sentiments. Thus, they practically continued to feel themselves as Bulgarians, even in Communist Yugoslavia after the Second World War.<ref>Академик Катарџиев, Иван. Верувам во националниот имунитет на македонецот, интервју за списание "Форум", 22 jули 2000, број 329.</ref> Disappointed with the policy of the new authorities in Yugoslavia, he returned to Sofia, where he died on December 19, 1962.<ref> Пелтеков, Александър Г. Революционни дейци от Македония и Одринско. Второ допълнено издание. София, Орбел, 2014. {{ISBN|9789544961022}} с. 283.</ref>


== <big>External Source</big> == == <big>External Source</big> ==

Revision as of 08:55, 12 February 2023

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Alekso Martulkov
Alexandar Martulkov
BornOctober 23th, 1878
Veles, Kosovo Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
DiedDecember 19th, 1962 (aged 84)
Sofia, Bulgaria
Other names"Bismarck"
CitizenshipYugoslavia, Turkey, Bulgaria

Alexander Martulkov (Also known as "Bismarck") — (Macedonian: Александар “Алексо“ Мартулков) was a Macedonian revolutionary and publicist. As a member of the Macedonian Socialist Group, and later IMRO (United), he advocated for the liberation of Macedonia. Alexo was a member of the Presidium of ASNOM and in the Assembly of Macedonia.

Biography

Alexandra (Alekso) Martulkov (1878-1965) was born in Veles. He studied in his hometown and in Skopje, where he was expelled because of a rebellion. He left for Sofia, where he began to develop and propagate socialist ideology as a member of the Macedonian Socialist Group.

He joined IMRO at a young age. He participated in the fight against propaganda, and later (December, 1912) in the All-Macedonian Conference in Veles, together with Dimitrija Chupovski, Petar Poparsov, Rizo Rizov and other Macedonian patriots. In his youth he noted how Veles wasn't full of pro-bulgarian propaganda but instead with pro-Serbian (Serbophile) organized by the Serbian authority.

During his time in IMRO he worked at Veles and Kumanovo and helped in organizing and helping wounded soldiers during the llinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising.

After the failure of the uprising he fled to Sofia to avoid being drafted by the Serbian authorities, then he became a member of IMRO (United), which is why he was persecuted and imprisoned, because of his pro-Macedonian national views. In the summer of 1935, he was arrested in Sofia and tried under the Law for the Protection of the State together with other members of the IMRO (United). At the trial, Martulkov was among the defendants who declared themselves as "Bulgarians" and not "Macedonians" hoping the Bulgarian court would take pity. Before the court, Martulkov denied his membership in IMRO (United) due to the organization pro-macedonian nature. He was sentenced to 5 years in prison and a fine of BGN 50,000.

September, 1944 Appeal to the Macedonians in Bulgaria as well as asking for Pirin Macedonia to be united with Macedonia. One of the signatories is Aleksandar Martulkov.

Second World War and after

After the capitulation of Bulgaria in September 1944, he signed the Appeal to the Macedonians in Bulgaria along with other prominent revolutionaries and actors such as: Pavel Shatev, Tushe Deliivanov, Petar Shandanov, Mihail Gerdzhikov and others. During this time he was a representative in the minority Macedonians in the BCP he along with Hristo Trajkov. In the 1940s He suffered an assassination attempt by bulgarian bandits which ended up taking Hristo Trajkov's life while he was badly injured After the Second World War, he returned to Macedonia, where he participated in ASNOM. He retires in Skopje. It is the bearer of the Ilinden Monument. He finished the memories of the revolutionary struggles in Macedonia in 1953. in Skopje, and were issued by the Institute of National History of Macedonia in 1954. Later, disappointed, he returns to Sofia, where he dies on December 19, 1962

In his memoirs "My participation in the revolutionary struggles of Macedonia", published in post-war Yugoslavia, Alexo Martulkov writes about the Macedonian revolution, about the fight against the Ottomans and various national-chauvinist propaganda of the neighboring countries, about the turmoil in the Organization. The struggle of the IMRO against the Serbian church propaganda, that is, against the Great Serbian armed nationalist propaganda, is very well described, as a fratricidal war, a war between Macedonian Bulgarians - Exarchates and Macedonians - Serbophiles (Serbian Chetnik Movement). He also talks about the factionalism in the Organization itself, about the personal interests of certain actors, about the antagonism between the pro-Macedonian elements and the pro-Bulgarian neo-supervisors, and so on.

Disappointed with the policy of the new authorities in Yugoslavia, he returned to Sofia, where he died on December 19, 1962.

External Source

Sources

  1. Nikola, Boris (1999). VMORO: pseudonyms and ciphers 1893-1934. Sofia. p. 16.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. Pavlovski, Jovan (2006). Ми-Анова енциклопедија. Skopje. p. 1043.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. Apostolski, Mihailo (1969). From the Past of The Macedonian People. Skopje. p. 194.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. Oružane borbe makedonskog naroda od VI do XX veka. Belgrad: Vojnoistorijski institut. 1975. p. 207.
  5. Vmro (Obedineta): dokumentacija i materijali (2nd ed.). 1992. p. 356.
  6. Nadoveza, Branko (1997). Balkanski socliajalisti i balkanska federacija. p. 154.
  7. Rabotnicheskata partii︠a︡ v Bŭlgarii︠a︡, 1927-1938 g. Sofia. 1966. p. 580.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. Dokumenti. Vol. 1st. 1984. p. 131.
  9. ^ Gerdzhikov, Mikhail (1984). Memories, Documents, Materials, Science and Art. Sofia. p. 407.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. Istorijski arhiv Komunistic̆ke partije Jugoslavije. Serbia. 1950. p. 224.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. Енциклопедија Македоника. Skopje. 2009. p. 924.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. Martulkov, Alekso (1953). My participation in the Macedonian revolutionary battle. Skopje. p. 68.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. Martulkov, Alekso (1953). My participation in the Macedonian revolutionary battle. Skopje. p. 70.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. Stojcev, Vance (2004). Military History of Macedonia. Vol. 1. Skopje. p. 490.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. Martulkov, Alekso (1953). My participation in the Macedonian revolutionary battle. Skopje. p. 79.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. Katarchiev, Ivan (2000). Историја на македонскиот народ. Skopje. p. 88.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. Godishnik na Sofiĭskii͡a universitet Istoricheski fakultet. Sofia. 1981. p. 155.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  18. Vmro (Obedineta): dokumentacija i materijali (2nd ed.). 1992. p. 356.
  19. Garvanski, Net︠s︡o (1974). Ne vsichko mozhe da se zabravi. Sofia. p. 142.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. International Press Correspondence. Vol. 15. 1935. p. 1149.
  21. Добринов, Дечо. ВМРО (обединена), Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, София, 1993, стр. 234 – 236.
  22. "Апел до Македонците во Бугарија - 1944 — Wikibooks". mk.wikibooks.org (in Macedonian). Retrieved 2023-02-02.
  23. V., Andreev (1999). Chronicle of a National Betrayal. Blagoevgrad. pp. 13–15.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  24. БКП, Коминтернът и македонския въпрос (1917-1946). Sofia. 1999. p. 1122.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  25. Dinev, Angel (1983). Odbrani dela vo tri knigi. Skopje. pp. 333–337.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  26. Delev, Ivan (1974). Svetli pŭtishta. Bulgaria. p. 67.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  27. Todorova, Liljana (2002). Влогот на книжевната комуникација. Skopje. p. 235.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  28. Vlahov, Dimitar (1950). Makedonija: momenti od istorijata na makedonskiot narod. Skopje. p. 217.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  29. Историја на македонскиот народ. Skopje. 1969. p. 220.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  30. Mokrov, Boro (1980). Razvojot na makedonskiot pečat i novinarstvo. Skopje. p. 333.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  31. Dokumenti od prvoto i vtoroto zasedanie na ASNOM. Skopje. 1984. p. 485.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  32. Peitelkov, Alexander (2014). G. Revolutionary activists from Macedonia and Odrinsko. Sofia. p. 283. ISBN 9789544961022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  33. Martulkov, Alekso (1953). My participation in the Macedonian revolutionary battle. Skopje. p. 68.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  34. Martulkov, Alekso (1953). My participation in the Macedonian revolutionary battle. Skopje. pp. 88–89.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  35. Martulkov, Alekso (1953). My participation in the Macedonian revolutionary battle. Skopje. p. 70.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  36. Пелтеков, Александър Г. Революционни дейци от Македония и Одринско. Второ допълнено издание. София, Орбел, 2014. ISBN 9789544961022 с. 283.
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