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KambojaKam-Desa
c. 700 BCE–c. 200 BCE
Kambojas and other Mahajanapadas in the Post-Vedic period.
Capital	Rajapura (Eastern branch) Kapisi (Western branch)
Common languages	Vedic Sanskrit (Eastern Branch) Eastern Iranian (Western Branch)
Religion	Historical Vedic religion (early) Hinduism (late) Zoroastrianism
Government	Republic (early) Monarchy (later)
Maharaja
Historical era	Iron Age
• Established	c. 700 BCE
• Disestablished	c. 200 BCE
Today part of	India Pakistan Afghanistan Tajikistan

Kamboja (Template:Lang-sa) was a kingdom of Iron Age India that spanned parts of South and Central Asia, frequently mentioned in Sanskrit and Pali literature. Eponymous with the kingdom name, the Kambojas were a people of the Kshatriya caste inhabiting the Kamboja Mahajanapada region, forming one of the sixteen nations that made up ancient India from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE during the second urbanisation period.

Earlier, during the late Vedic age, the Kambojas had emerged as an important part of the Indo-Aryan Vedic people with a prominent place among the Kshatriya tribes of the Mahabharata. They have been described as residing between the ancient regions of the north-western Indian subcontinent and Central Asia. The separate but related Parama Kamboja Kingdom established in the latter area.

Etymology

The name Kamboja may derive from Kam and bhoj, or Kamma and boja, referring to the people of a country known as "Kum" or "Kam". The mountainous highlands where the Jaxartes and its confluents arise are called the highlands of the Komedes by Ptolemy. Ammianus Marcellinus also names these mountains as Komedas.

The Kiu-mi-to in the writings of Xuanzang have also been identified with the Komudha-dvipa of the Puranic literature and the Iranian Kambojas.

Scholars, such as Ernst Herzfeld, have suggested etymological links between some Indo-Aryan ethnonyms and some geonyms used by Iranian-speaking peoples of the Caucasus Mountains and Caspian basin.

Geography

The historical boundaries detailing the confederation of the Kambojas is varied. All scholarly and literary accounts encompass a large area at a crossroads between South Asia, Central Asia and West Asia.

D. C. Sircar supposed the Kambojas to have lived in various settlements in the wide area lying between Punjab, Iran, to the south of Balkh.The Mahabharata locates the Kambojas on the near side of the Hindu Kush as neighbors to the Daradas and according to Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri their capital was located at Rajapura in modern day Jammu.

History

The earliest reference to the Kambojas is in the works of Pāṇini, around the 5th century BCE. Other pre-Common Era references appear in the Manusmriti (2nd century) and parts of the Mahabharata, both of which described the Kambojas as former kshatriyas (warrior caste). In section 10.43-10.44 the Manusmriti mentions the Kambojas in a list of Kshatriya tribes, who in consequence of omissions in performance of sacred rites and failure to see Brahmins, had gradually become Mleccha. Their territories were located beyond Gandhara in present day eastern Afghanistan, where Buddha statues were built during the reign of Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE.

Kautiliya's Arthashastra and Ashoka's Edict No. XIII attest that the Kambojas followed a republican constitution. Pāṇini's Sutras tend to convey that the Kamboja of Pāṇini was a "Kshatriya monarchy", but "the special rule and the exceptional form of derivative" he gives to denote the ruler of the Kambojas implies that the king of Kamboja was a titular head (king consul) only. One king of Kamboja was King Srindra Varmana Kamboj.

The Aśvakas

The Kambojas were famous in ancient times for their excellent breed of horses and as remarkable horsemen located in the Uttarapatha or north-west. They were constituted into military sanghas and corporations to manage their political and military affairs. The Kamboja cavalry offered their military services to other nations as well. There are numerous references to Kamboja having been requisitioned as cavalry troopers in ancient wars by outside nations.

It was on account of their supreme position in horse (Ashva) culture that the ancient Kambojas were also popularly known as Ashvakas, i.e. horsemen. Their clans in the Kunar and Swat valleys have been referred to as Assakenoi and Aspasioi in classical writings, and Ashvakayanas and Ashvayanas in Pāṇini's Ashtadhyayi.

The Kambojas were famous for their horses and as cavalry-men (aśva-yuddha-Kuśalah), Aśvakas, 'horsemen', was the term popularly applied to them... The Aśvakas inhabited Eastern Afghanistan, and were included within the more general term Kambojas.

— K.P.Jayswal

Elsewhere Kamboja is regularly mentioned as "the country of horses" (Asvanam ayatanam), and it was perhaps this well-established reputation that won for the horsebreeders of Bajaur and Swat the designation Aspasioi (from the Old Pali aspa) and assakenoi (from the Sanskrit asva "horse").

— Etienne Lamotte

Conflict with Alexander

The Kambojas entered into conflict with Alexander the Great as he invaded Central Asia. The Macedonian conqueror made short shrift of the arrangements of Darius and after over-running the Achaemenid Empire he dashed into today's eastern Afghanistan and western Pakistan. There he encountered resistance from the Kamboja Aspasioi and Assakenoi tribes.

The Ashvayans (Aspasioi) were also good cattle breeders and agriculturists. This is clear from the large number of bullocks that Alexander captured from them – 230,000 according to Arrian – some of which were of a size and shape superior to what the Macedonians had known, and which Alexander decided to send to Macedonia for agriculture.

Mauryan empire

According to the Mudrarakshasa when Chandragupta Maurya made his alliance with the Trigarta king, Parvatek, his military composed of men from the Kamboja republic among others which are mentioned in the list.During the reign of Ashoka they also find prominent mention as a military unit in the 3rd-century BCE Edicts of Ashoka. Rock Edict XIII tells us that the Kambojas had enjoyed autonomy under the Mauryas, and according to Paul J. Kosmin the Kambojas and Ghandharans represented the Western border of the empire.The republics mentioned in Rock Edict V are the Yonas, Kambojas, Gandharas, Nabhakas and the Nabhapamkitas, they are designated as araja vishaya in Rock Edict XIII, which means that they were kingless, republican polities that formed a self-governing political unit under the Maurya emperors.Ashoka sent missionaries to the Kambojas to convert them to Buddhism, and recorded this fact in his Rock Edict V.

Invasion into India

During the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE, clans of the Kambojas from Central Asia in alliance with the Sakas, Pahlavas and the Yavanas entered present-day India, spreading into Sindhu, Saurashtra, Malwa, Rajasthan, Punjab and Surasena, and set up independent principalities in western and south-western India. Later, a branch of the same people took Gauda and Varendra territories from the Palas and established the Kamboja-Pala Dynasty of Bengal in Eastern India.

There are references to the hordes of the Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, and Pahlavas in the Bala Kanda of the Valmiki Ramayana. In these verses one may see glimpses of the struggles of the Hindus with the invading hordes from the north-west. The royal family of the Kamuias mentioned in the Mathura Lion Capital are believed to be linked to the royal house of Taxila in Gandhara. In the medieval era, the Kambojas are known to have seized north-west Bengal (Gauda and Radha) from the Palas of Bengal and established their own Kamboja-Pala Dynasty. Indian texts like Markandeya Purana, Vishnu Dharmottari Agni Purana,

Eastern Kambojas

A branch of Kambojas seems to have migrated eastwards towards Nepal and Tibet in the wake of Kushana (1st century) or else Huna (5th century) pressure and hence their notice in the chronicles of Tibet ("Kam-po-tsa, Kam-po-ce, Kam-po-ji") and Nepal (Kambojadesa). The 5th-century Brahma Purana mentions the Kambojas around Pragjyotisha and Tamralipta.

The Kambojas of ancient India are known to have been living in north-west, but in this period (9th century AD), they are known to have been living in the north-east India also, and very probably, it was meant Tibet.

The last Kambojas ruler of the Kamboja-Pala Dynasty Dharmapala was defeated by the south Indian Emperor Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty in the 11th century.

Ethnicity and language

The origins of the Ancient Kambojas have been subject to controversy as different scholars argue whether they were Indo-Iranians or Indo-Aryans.

According to the Ancient Indian grammarian Yāska in his Nirukta, he states that the language of the Kambojas was a dialect of the Aryan languages of India. It is also stated in the Manusmriti that the Kambojas were originally Kshatriya however became Mleccha due to neglecting Brahmanical rites.

Rulers

Known Kamboja rulers are:

• Kamatha
• Chandravarma Kamboja
• Kamatha Kamboja
• Prapaksha Kamboja
• Sudakshina Kamboja
• Srindra Varmana Kamboj

See also

• Kamboj
• Mahajanapada
• Etymology of Kapisa
• History of India
• History of Afghanistan

References

1. ^ Dr Buddha Prakash maintains that, based on the evidence of Kalidasa's Raghuvamsha, Raghu defeated the Hunas on river Vamkshu (Raghu vamsha 4.68), and then he marched against the Kambojas (4.69-70). These Kambojas were of Iranian affinities who lived in Pamirs and Badakshan. Xuanzang calls this region Kiumito which is thought to be Komdei of Ptolemy and Kumadh or Kumedh of Muslim writers (See: Studies in Indian History and Civilization, Agra, p 351; India and the World, 1964, p 71, Dr Buddha Prakash; India and Central Asia, 1955, p 35, P. C. Bagch).
2. Numerous scholars have located the Kamboja realm on the southern side of the Hindu Kush ranges in the Kabul, Swat, and Kunar Valleys, and the Parama-Kambojas in the territories on the north side of the Hindu Kush in modern-day Pamir and Badakhshan region in Tajikistan. See: Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana Parva, 1945, p 11-13, Moti Chandra - India; Geographical Data in the Early Purāṇas: A Critical Study, 1972, p 165/66, M. R. Singh
3. Vedic Index I, p. 138, Macdonnel, Dr Keith.
4. Ethnology of Ancient Bhārata, 1970, p. 107, Dr Ram Chandra Jain.
5. The Journal of Asian Studies; 1956, p. 384, Association for Asian Studies, Far Eastern Association (U.S.).
6. Vikas Nain, "Second Urbanization in the Chronology of Indian History", International Journal of Academic Research and Development 3 (2) (March 2018), pp. 538–542 esp. 539.
7. Pande, G. C.; Pande, Govind Chandra (1995). Foundations of Indian Culture. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-0712-9.
8. Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 403; Central Asiatic provinces of the Maurya Empire, p403, H.C. Seth
9. History and Archaeology of India's Contacts with Other Countries, from Earliest Times to 300 B.C., 1976, p 152, Shashi Asthana; Mahabharata Myth and Reality, 1976, p 232, Swarajya Prakash Gupta, K. S. Ramachandran.
10. "The Town of Darwaz in Badakshan is still called Khum (Kum) or Kala-i-Khum. It stands for the valley of Basht. The name Khum or Kum conceals the relics of ancient Kamboja" (Journal of the Asiatic Society, 1956, p 256, Buddha Prakash ).
11. India and the World, p 71, Buddha Prakash; also see: Central Asiatic Provinces of Maurya Empire, p 403, H. C. Seth; India and Central Asia, p 25, P. C. Bagchi
12. Journal of the Asiatic Society, 1956, p 256, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India), Asiatic Society of Bengal.
13. Sircar, D. C. (1971). Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India. p. 100. ISBN 9788120806900.
14. Bimala Charan Law. Some Ksatriya Tribes Of Ancient India. BRAOU, Digital Library Of India. University Of Calcutta. p. 236.
15. Encyclopaedia Indica, "The Kambojas: Land and its Identification", First Edition, 1998 New Delhi, page 528
16. Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times, Parts I and II., 1955, p 52, Dr Kashi Prasad Jayaswal - Constitutional history; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja - Kamboja (Pakistan).
17. Studies in Skanda Purana, 1978, p 59, A. B. L. Awasthi.
18. The Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 103
19. ^ Hindu Polity, 1978, pp 121, 140, K. P. Jayswal.
20. War in Ancient India, 1944, p 178, V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar - Military art and science.
21. The Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 103; The Achaemenids in India, 1950, p 47, Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya; Poona Orientalist: A Quarterly Journal Devoted to Oriental Studies, 1945, P i, (edi) Har Dutt Sharma; The Poona Orientalist, 1936, p 13, Sanskrit philology
22. "Par ailleurs le Kamboja est régulièrement mentionné comme la "patrie des chevaux" (Asvanam ayatanam), et cette reputation bien etablie gagné peut-etre aux eleveurs de chevaux du Bajaur et du Swat l'appellation d'Aspasioi (du v.-p. aspa) et d'assakenoi (du skt asva "cheval")". E. Lamotte, Historie du Bouddhisme Indien, p. 110. (WP translation. Quotation should be taken from the published English translation: Lamotte 1988, p. 100)
23. Panjab Past and Present, pp 9-10; also see: History of Porus, pp 12, 38, Buddha Parkash
24. Proceedings, 1965, p 39, by Punjabi University. Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies - History.
25. De Sélincourt, A., & Hamilton, J. (1971, 2003). Arrian: The Campaigns of Alexander. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Book IV, pp. 244
26. History of Punjab, 1997, Editors: Fauja Singh, L. M. Joshi
27. Acharya 2001, p 91
28. Kumar, Raj (2008). History Of The Chamar Dynasty : (From 6Th Century A.D. To 12Th Century A.D.). Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7835-635-8.
29. Indian Religions. PediaPress.
30. ^ "Political History of Ancient India", H. C. Raychaudhuri, B. N. Mukerjee, University of Calcutta, 1996.
31. H. C. Raychaudhury, B. N. Mukerjee; Asoka and His Inscriptions, 3d Ed, 1968, p 149, Beni Madhab Barua, Ishwar Nath Topa.
32. Kosmin, Paul J. (2014-06-23). The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in the Seleucid Empire. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-72882-0.
33. Hindu Polity, A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times, 1978, p 117-121, K. P. Jayswal; Ancient India, 2003, pp 839-40, V. D. Mahajan; Northern India, p 42, Mehta Vasisitha Dev Mohan etc
34. Bimbisāra to Aśoka: With an Appendix on the Later Mauryas, 1977, p 123, Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya.
35. The North-west India of the Second Century B.C., 1974, p 40, Mehta Vasishtha Dev Mohan - India; Tribes in Ancient India, 1973, p 7
36. Yar-Shater 1983, p. 951
37. Geographical Data in the Early Purāṇas: A Critical Study, 1972, p 168, M. R. Singh - India.
38. History of Ceylon, 1959, p 91, Ceylon University, University of Ceylon, Peradeniya, Hem Chandra Ray, K. M. De Silva.
39. Pande (R.) 1984, p. 93
40. Shrava 1981, p. 12
41. Rishi, 1982, p. 100
42. See: Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol II, Part I, p xxxvi; see also p 36, Sten Konow; Indian Culture, 1934, p 193, Indian Research Institute; Cf: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1990, p 142, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland - Middle East.
43. Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 127
44. Shastri and Choudhury 1982, p. 112
45. B. C. Sen, Some Historical Aspects of the Inscriptions of Bengal, p. 342, fn 1
46. M. R. Singh, A Critical Study of the Geographical Data in the Early Puranas, p. 168
47. Ganguly 1994, p. 72, fn 168
48. H. C. Ray, The Dynastic History of Northern India, I, p. 309
49. A. D. Pusalkar, R. C. Majumdar et al., History and Culture of Indian People, Imperial Kanauj, p. 323,
50. R. R. Diwarkar (ed.), Bihar Through the Ages, 1958, p. 312
51. Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p.281
52. The Cambridge Shorter History of India p.145
53. Muir, John; Co (Londres), Trübner & (1874). Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India: Their Religion and Institutions. Inquiry whether the hindus are or trans-himalayan origin and akin to the western branches of the indo european race. Trübner & Company.
54. Muir, John; Co (Londres), Trübner & (1874). Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India: Their Religion and Institutions. Inquiry whether the hindus are or trans-himalayan origin and akin to the western branches of the indo european race. Trübner & Company.
55. Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (2007). India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-8069-457-8.

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External links

• Kamboj Society - Ancient Kamboja Country

• Mahajanapadas
• Kambojas
• Historical Iranian peoples
• Kingdoms in the Mahabharata
• Ancient history of Afghanistan
• Ancient history of Pakistan