| Revision as of 04:39, 22 April 2023 editDeroke77 (talk | contribs)13 edits I added some more details in the process of aerobic respiration. The previous description didn't mention ATP synthase or the electron transport chain.Tag: Visual edit← Previous edit | Revision as of 08:08, 22 April 2023 edit undoBoghog (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, IP block exemptions, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers, Template editors137,854 edits consistent citation formatting; templated citesNext edit → | ||
| Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
| ] can be identified by growing them in test tubes of ]: <br /> 1: ]s need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. They gather at the top of the tube where the oxygen concentration is highest. <br /> 2: ]s are poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom of the tube where the oxygen concentration is lowest. <br /> 3: ] can grow with or without oxygen because they can metabolise energy aerobically or anaerobically. They gather mostly at the top because aerobic respiration generates more ATP than either fermentation or anaerobic respiration. <br /> 4: ]s need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen. They gather in the upper part of the test tube but not the very top. <br /> 5: ] do not require oxygen as they metabolise energy anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes however, they are not poisoned by oxygen. They can be found evenly spread throughout the test tube. ]] | ] can be identified by growing them in test tubes of ]: <br /> 1: ]s need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. They gather at the top of the tube where the oxygen concentration is highest. <br /> 2: ]s are poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom of the tube where the oxygen concentration is lowest. <br /> 3: ] can grow with or without oxygen because they can metabolise energy aerobically or anaerobically. They gather mostly at the top because aerobic respiration generates more ATP than either fermentation or anaerobic respiration. <br /> 4: ]s need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen. They gather in the upper part of the test tube but not the very top. <br /> 5: ] do not require oxygen as they metabolise energy anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes however, they are not poisoned by oxygen. They can be found evenly spread throughout the test tube. ]] | ||
| An '''aerobic organism''' or '''aerobe''' is an ] that can survive and grow in an ]ated environment.<ref>{{DorlandsDict|one/000002016|aerobe}}</ref> In contrast, an ] (anaerobe) is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth. Some anaerobes react negatively or even die if oxygen is present.<ref name=Hentges>{{cite book|title=Medical Microbiology |edition=4 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7638/ |access-date=24 July 2016 | |
An '''aerobic organism''' or '''aerobe''' is an ] that can survive and grow in an ]ated environment.<ref>{{DorlandsDict|one/000002016|aerobe}}</ref> In contrast, an ] (anaerobe) is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth. Some anaerobes react negatively or even die if oxygen is present.<ref name=Hentges>{{cite book|title=Medical Microbiology |edition=4 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7638/ |access-date=24 July 2016 | vauthors = Hentges DJ |chapter=17: Anaerobes:General Characteristics |editor=Baron S |publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston |location = Galveston, Texas |date=1996|pmid=21413255 }}</ref> The ability to exhibit aerobic respiration may yield benefits to the aerobic organism, as aerobic respiration yields more energy than anaerobic respiration.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1201187551|title=Metals, Microbes, and Minerals - The Biogeochemical Side of Life | veditors = Kroneck PM, Sosa Torres ME | publisher = de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG |isbn=978-3-11-058890-3|edition = 1st |location=Berlin|oclc=1201187551}}</ref> Energy production of the cell involves the synthesis of ATP by an enzyme called ATP synthase. In aerobic respiration, ATP synthase is coupled with an electron transport chain in which oxygen acts as a terminal electron acceptor.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Morelli AM, Ravera S, Panfoli I | title = The aerobic mitochondrial ATP synthesis from a comprehensive point of view | journal = Open Biology | volume = 10 | issue = 10 | pages = 200224 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 33081639 | pmc = 7653358 | doi = 10.1098/rsob.200224 }}</ref> In July 2020, ] reported that aerobic ]s (mainly), in "]", were found in ], up to 101.5 million years old, 250 feet below the ] in the ] (SPG) ("the deadest spot in the ocean"), and could be the ] ever found.<ref name="NYT-2200728">{{cite news | vauthors = Wu KJ |title=These Microbes May Have Survived 100 Million Years Beneath the Seafloor - Rescued from their cold, cramped and nutrient-poor homes, the bacteria awoke in the lab and grew. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/28/science/microbes-100-million-years-old.html | work = The New York Times |date=28 July 2020 |access-date=31 July 2020 }}</ref><ref name="NC-20200728">{{cite journal | vauthors = Morono Y, Ito M, Hoshino T, Terada T, Hori T, Ikehara M, D'Hondt S, Inagaki F | display-authors = 6 | title = Aerobic microbial life persists in oxic marine sediment as old as 101.5 million years | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 3626 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32724059 | pmc = 7387439 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-17330-1 | bibcode = 2020NatCo..11.3626M }}</ref> | ||
| ==Types== | ==Types== | ||
| * |
*]s need oxygen to grow. In a process known as ], these organisms use oxygen to ] substrates (for example ]s and ]s) and generate ].<ref name=Todar>{{cite book |url= http://textbookofbacteriology.net/nutgro_4.html |access-date=24 July 2016 |title=Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology | vauthors = Todar K |chapter=Nutrition and Growth of Bacteria |page=4}}</ref> | ||
| * |
*] use oxygen if it is available, but also have ] methods of energy production.<ref name=Hentges/> | ||
| * |
*]s require oxygen for energy production, but are harmed by atmospheric concentrations of oxygen (21% O<sub>2</sub>).<ref name=Todar/> | ||
| * |
*] do not use oxygen but are not harmed by it.<ref name=Todar/> | ||
| When an organism is able to survive in both oxygen and anaerobic environments, the use of the ] can distinguish between facultative anaerobes and aerotolerant organisms. If the organism is using fermentation in an anaerobic environment, the addition of oxygen will cause facultative anaerobes to suspend fermentation and begin using oxygen for respiration. Aerotolerant organisms must continue fermentation in the presence of oxygen. | When an organism is able to survive in both oxygen and anaerobic environments, the use of the ] can distinguish between facultative anaerobes and aerotolerant organisms. If the organism is using fermentation in an anaerobic environment, the addition of oxygen will cause facultative anaerobes to suspend fermentation and begin using oxygen for respiration. Aerotolerant organisms must continue fermentation in the presence of oxygen. | ||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
| ==Glucose== | ==Glucose== | ||
| A good example is the oxidation of ] (a ]) in ]:<ref name="Chauhan">Chauhan |
A good example is the oxidation of ] (a ]) in ]:<ref name="Chauhan">{{cite book | vauthors = Chauhan BS | date = 2008 | title = Principles of Biochemistry and Biophysics | publisher = Laxmi Publications | page = 530 | isbn = 978-8131803226 }}</ref> | ||
| :C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + 6 O<sub>2</sub> + 38 ] + 38 phosphate → 6 CO<sub>2</sub> + 44 H<sub>2</sub>O + 38 ] | :C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + 6 O<sub>2</sub> + 38 ] + 38 phosphate → 6 CO<sub>2</sub> + 44 H<sub>2</sub>O + 38 ] | ||
| Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
| This equation is a summary of what happens in three series of biochemical reactions: ], the ], and ]. | This equation is a summary of what happens in three series of biochemical reactions: ], the ], and ]. | ||
| ==See also== | == See also == | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| Line 28: | Line 28: | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| ==References== | == References == | ||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
Revision as of 08:08, 22 April 2023
Organism that thrives in an oxygenated environment
1: Obligate aerobes need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. They gather at the top of the tube where the oxygen concentration is highest.
2: Obligate anaerobes are poisoned by oxygen, so they gather at the bottom of the tube where the oxygen concentration is lowest.
3: Facultative anaerobes can grow with or without oxygen because they can metabolise energy aerobically or anaerobically. They gather mostly at the top because aerobic respiration generates more ATP than either fermentation or anaerobic respiration.
4: Microaerophiles need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen. They gather in the upper part of the test tube but not the very top.
5: Aerotolerant organisms do not require oxygen as they metabolise energy anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes however, they are not poisoned by oxygen. They can be found evenly spread throughout the test tube.
An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment. In contrast, an anaerobic organism (anaerobe) is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth. Some anaerobes react negatively or even die if oxygen is present. The ability to exhibit aerobic respiration may yield benefits to the aerobic organism, as aerobic respiration yields more energy than anaerobic respiration. Energy production of the cell involves the synthesis of ATP by an enzyme called ATP synthase. In aerobic respiration, ATP synthase is coupled with an electron transport chain in which oxygen acts as a terminal electron acceptor. In July 2020, marine biologists reported that aerobic microorganisms (mainly), in "quasi-suspended animation", were found in organically poor sediments, up to 101.5 million years old, 250 feet below the seafloor in the South Pacific Gyre (SPG) ("the deadest spot in the ocean"), and could be the longest-living life forms ever found.
Types
- Obligate aerobes need oxygen to grow. In a process known as cellular respiration, these organisms use oxygen to oxidize substrates (for example sugars and fats) and generate energy.
- Facultative anaerobes use oxygen if it is available, but also have anaerobic methods of energy production.
- Microaerophiles require oxygen for energy production, but are harmed by atmospheric concentrations of oxygen (21% O2).
- Aerotolerant anaerobes do not use oxygen but are not harmed by it.
When an organism is able to survive in both oxygen and anaerobic environments, the use of the Pasteur effect can distinguish between facultative anaerobes and aerotolerant organisms. If the organism is using fermentation in an anaerobic environment, the addition of oxygen will cause facultative anaerobes to suspend fermentation and begin using oxygen for respiration. Aerotolerant organisms must continue fermentation in the presence of oxygen. Facultative organisms grow in both oxygen rich media and oxygen free media.
Glucose
A good example is the oxidation of glucose (a monosaccharide) in aerobic respiration:
This equation is a summary of what happens in three series of biochemical reactions: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
See also
- Aerobic digestion
- Anaerobic digestion
- Fermentation (biochemistry)
- Aerobic vaginitis
- Oxygenation (environmental)
References
- "aerobe" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ^ Hentges DJ (1996). "17: Anaerobes:General Characteristics". In Baron S (ed.). Medical Microbiology (4 ed.). Galveston, Texas: University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. PMID 21413255. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
- Kroneck PM, Sosa Torres ME (eds.). Metals, Microbes, and Minerals - The Biogeochemical Side of Life (1st ed.). Berlin: de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG. ISBN 978-3-11-058890-3. OCLC 1201187551.
- Morelli AM, Ravera S, Panfoli I (October 2020). "The aerobic mitochondrial ATP synthesis from a comprehensive point of view". Open Biology. 10 (10): 200224. doi:10.1098/rsob.200224. PMC 7653358. PMID 33081639.
- Wu KJ (28 July 2020). "These Microbes May Have Survived 100 Million Years Beneath the Seafloor - Rescued from their cold, cramped and nutrient-poor homes, the bacteria awoke in the lab and grew". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- Morono Y, Ito M, Hoshino T, Terada T, Hori T, Ikehara M, et al. (July 2020). "Aerobic microbial life persists in oxic marine sediment as old as 101.5 million years". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 3626. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.3626M. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17330-1. PMC 7387439. PMID 32724059.
- ^ Todar K. "Nutrition and Growth of Bacteria". Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology. p. 4. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
- Chauhan BS (2008). Principles of Biochemistry and Biophysics. Laxmi Publications. p. 530. ISBN 978-8131803226.
| Microbiology: Bacteria | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medical microbiology | |||||||
| Biochemistry and ecology |
| ||||||
| Shape | |||||||
| Structure |
| ||||||
| Taxonomy and evolution | |||||||
