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| {{short description|Arab tribe}} | {{short description|Arab tribe}} | ||
| {{Other uses|Bani Hasan (disambiguation)}}{{Infobox tribe|name=Beni Hassan<br>بني حسان|ethnicity=]|location=], ], ], ]|parent_tribe=]|language=]|religion=]}} | {{Other uses|Bani Hasan (disambiguation)}}{{Infobox tribe|name=Beni Hassan<br>بني حسان|ethnicity=]|location=], ], ], ]|parent_tribe=]|language=]|religion=]}} | ||
| '''Beni Ḥassan''' ({{lang-ar|بني حسان}} "sons of Ḥassān") was a ] ] tribe |
'''Beni Ḥassan''' ({{lang-ar|بني حسان}} "sons of Ḥassān") was a ] ] tribe which inhabited ], ], ] and ]. It was one of the four sub-tribes of the Beni Maqil who emigrated in the 11th century from ] to the ] with the ] and ] Arab tribes.<ref>Ahmed Annaçéri's Handwritten "Talaàt Al Mouchtari" (died in 1717)</ref> In the 13th century, they occupied the ] territories in the southwest of the ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Diccionario histórico-etnográfico de los pueblos de África {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/835983739 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.worldcat.org |page=153, 350 |language=en}}</ref> In Morocco, they first settled, alongside their ] relatives, in the area between ] and the ]. The ] ] governor called upon them for help against a rebellion in the Sous, and they resettled in and around that region.<ref>{{Citation|last1=de Moraes Farias|first1=Paulo Fernando|title=Interview. Landscapes, Sources, and Intellectual Projects|date=2018-07-18|work=Landscapes, Sources and Intellectual Projects of the West African Past|pages=498–516|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-38018-9|last2=Rossi|first2=Benedetta|doi=10.1163/9789004380189_026|s2cid=201566131}}</ref> They later moved to ],<ref name="Muhammad Suwaed">{{cite book|author=Muhammad Suwaed|title=Historical Dictionary of the Bedouins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8yhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|year=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5451-0|pages=41}}</ref> and from the 16th century onwards, they managed to push back all black Mauritanians southwards to the Senegal Valley river.<ref name="Pazzanita">{{cite book|author=Anthony G. Pazzanita|title=Historical Dictionary of Mauritania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-KU_9MfXKKYC&pg=PA96|year=2008|publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6265-4|pages=6–97}}</ref> The Beni Hassan and other warrior Arab tribes dominated the ] ] tribes of the area after the ] of the 17th century. As a result, Arabian culture and language came to dominate, and the Berber tribes underwent ]. The Bani Hassan dialect of Arabic became used in the region and is still spoken, in the form of ]. | ||
| The hierarchy established by the Beni Hassan tribe gave Mauritania much of its sociological character.<ref name="Pazzanita" /> That ideology has led to oppression, discrimination and even enslavement of other groups in Mauritania.<ref>*AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, 7 November 2002, MAURITANIA, "A future free from slavery?" The formal abolition of slavery in 1981 has not led to real and effective abolition for various reasons, including a lack of legislation to ensure its implementation. | The hierarchy established by the Beni Hassan tribe gave Mauritania much of its sociological character.<ref name="Pazzanita" /> That ideology has led to oppression, discrimination and even enslavement of other groups in Mauritania.<ref>*AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, 7 November 2002, MAURITANIA, "A future free from slavery?" The formal abolition of slavery in 1981 has not led to real and effective abolition for various reasons, including a lack of legislation to ensure its implementation. | ||
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| There have been many attempts to assess the real extension of slavery in modern Mauritania, but these have mostly been frustrated by the Nouakchott government's official stance that the practice has been eliminated. In 1994, Amnesty International claimed that 90,000 Blacks still live as "property" of their master. The further estimated that some 300,000 freed slaves continued to serve their former masters because of psychological or economic dependence."</ref> Beni Hassan's descendants and other tribes that arrived from ] in the 13th century are considered among the clean-blooded Arab tribes. For example the ] who trace their origin back to Beni Hassan are the most populous tribe in ] and consider themselves the cleanest blooded Arabs in the ].<ref name="Besenyő János">{{cite book|author=Besenyő János|title=Western Sahara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DlGfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2009|publisher=Besenyő János |isbn=978-963-88332-0-4|pages=28}}</ref> | There have been many attempts to assess the real extension of slavery in modern Mauritania, but these have mostly been frustrated by the Nouakchott government's official stance that the practice has been eliminated. In 1994, Amnesty International claimed that 90,000 Blacks still live as "property" of their master. The further estimated that some 300,000 freed slaves continued to serve their former masters because of psychological or economic dependence."</ref> Beni Hassan's descendants and other tribes that arrived from ] in the 13th century are considered among the clean-blooded Arab tribes. For example the ] who trace their origin back to Beni Hassan are the most populous tribe in ] and consider themselves the cleanest blooded Arabs in the ].<ref name="Besenyő János">{{cite book|author=Besenyő János|title=Western Sahara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DlGfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2009|publisher=Besenyő János |isbn=978-963-88332-0-4|pages=28}}</ref> | ||
| ] nation includes Beni Hassan as part of its founding peoples]] | |||
| == Origin == | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| Beni Hassan are one of the four sub-tribes of ] who emigrated to the Maghreb in the 11th century. The exact origin of the Beni Maqil tribe is unknown,<ref name="pp78">{{cite book |last=Ibn Khaldun |first=Abderahman |title=تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر |publisher=دار الفكر |year=1377 |volume=6 |page=78 |authorlink=Ibn Khaldun}}</ref> although it has been established that they most likely originated in ] (]).<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last1=Sabatier |first1=Diane Himpan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjpvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 |title=Nomads of Mauritania |last2=Himpan |first2=Brigitte |date=2019-03-31 |publisher=Vernon Press |isbn=978-1-62273-410-8 |pages=110–111 |language=en}}</ref> The Maqil claimed ] descent from ], while some Arabian genealogists categorized them as ].<ref name="pp78" /> ] said both of these versions are false and that Maqil was most likely an Arab nomadic group from Yemen.<ref name="pp78" /> | |||
| ⚫ | The tradition of Beni Hassan states that they were descendants of ], son of ], ]'s son-in-law and a leading figure in ], although the Beni Hassan were ].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Suwaed |first=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.es/books?id=P8yhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=true |title=Historical Dictionary of the Bedouins |date=2015-10-30 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5451-0 |language=en}}</ref> The ] nation includes the Beni Hassan as part of its founding peoples and ] as part of its national identity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-29 |title=afrol News - Historia de Sáhara Occidental |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329013939/http://www.afrol.com/es/especiales/13397 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Velázquez Elizarrarás |first=Juan Carlos |date=December 2014 |title=Orígenes de la identidad del pueblo saharaui |url=http://erevistas.saber.ula.ve/index.php/humaniadelsur/article/view/6245}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of African history and culture {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/647901896 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.worldcat.org |page=237 |language=en}}</ref> There is also a Beni Hassan Bedouin tribe in northern ].<ref name=":1" /> | ||
| == History == | == History == | ||
| ] | |||
| Various sources point to the ] tribe as the origin from which the Beni Hassan tribe was formed. Since the 11th century, they were situated in ] together with other Bedouin Arab tribes that migrated from the ] such as the ] and the ], with whom they shared great skill as warriors and a destructive capacity for the nations they attacked. They were compared to ] warriors centuries later.<ref name=":3" /> | Various sources point to the ] tribe as the origin from which the Beni Hassan tribe was formed. Since the 11th century, they were situated in ] together with other Bedouin Arab tribes that migrated from the ] such as the ] and the ], with whom they shared great skill as warriors and a destructive capacity for the nations they attacked. They were compared to ] warriors centuries later.<ref name=":3" /> | ||
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| Historical accounts report that these Hassani communities enriched themselves by collecting tolls from trade caravans and extorting farming and herding villages settled in the oases. They were accused of subjecting these territories to two centuries of looting and intermittent wars, but at the same time they point out that their families settled in the same towns that they attacked and subjugated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guía del mundo 2005-2006 : el mundo visto desde el sur {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/1232454288 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.worldcat.org |page=388 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> This took place during the ] from 1644 to 1674, which after decades of confrontations ended up completely Arabizing the native Berber population, destroying their language and culture and giving rise to the contemporary ].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/166382606 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.worldcat.org |page=470 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> | Historical accounts report that these Hassani communities enriched themselves by collecting tolls from trade caravans and extorting farming and herding villages settled in the oases. They were accused of subjecting these territories to two centuries of looting and intermittent wars, but at the same time they point out that their families settled in the same towns that they attacked and subjugated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guía del mundo 2005-2006 : el mundo visto desde el sur {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/1232454288 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.worldcat.org |page=388 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> This took place during the ] from 1644 to 1674, which after decades of confrontations ended up completely Arabizing the native Berber population, destroying their language and culture and giving rise to the contemporary ].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/166382606 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=www.worldcat.org |page=470 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> | ||
| ]]] | |||
| By the mid-15th century, the Beni Hassan controlled a large part of the oases and Western Sahara. They crossed into the ] after taking advantage of the weakening ] around 1460 and then they dominated the ] region of ] by the beginning of the 16th century. At the same time, a part of the Beni Hassan made its way to ]. Other groups migrated north through ] to ] or up the ] and ] rivers, where some settled south of ].<ref name=":4" /> The Hassanis were represented in the Haouz of Marrakech by the ], who were brought north to respond to the military needs of the ] in the early 16th century. Two of the prominent Hassani communities during the late ] period were the Jaysh al-Udaya and the Shabbanat. The former were invited by the sultan of Morocco ] (1672–1727), while the latter controlled Marrakesh when sultan ] arrived to conquer it.<ref name=":4" /> | By the mid-15th century, the Beni Hassan controlled a large part of the oases and Western Sahara. They crossed into the ] after taking advantage of the weakening ] around 1460 and then they dominated the ] region of ] by the beginning of the 16th century. At the same time, a part of the Beni Hassan made its way to ]. Other groups migrated north through ] to ] or up the ] and ] rivers, where some settled south of ].<ref name=":4" /> The Hassanis were represented in the Haouz of Marrakech by the ], who were brought north to respond to the military needs of the ] in the early 16th century. Two of the prominent Hassani communities during the late ] period were the Jaysh al-Udaya and the Shabbanat. The former were invited by the sultan of Morocco ] (1672–1727), while the latter controlled Marrakesh when sultan ] arrived to conquer it.<ref name=":4" /> | ||
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| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 18:16, 1 May 2023
Arab tribe For other uses, see Bani Hasan (disambiguation).| Beni Hassan بني حسان | |
|---|---|
| Ethnicity | Arab |
| Location | Western Sahara, Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria |
| Parent tribe | Beni Maqil |
| Language | Hassaniya Arabic |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
Beni Ḥassan (Template:Lang-ar "sons of Ḥassān") was a Bedouin Arab tribe which inhabited Western Sahara, Mauritania, Morocco and Algeria. It was one of the four sub-tribes of the Beni Maqil who emigrated in the 11th century from South Arabia to the Maghreb with the Bani Hilal and Banu Sulaym Arab tribes. In the 13th century, they occupied the Sanhaja territories in the southwest of the Sahara. In Morocco, they first settled, alongside their Maqil relatives, in the area between Tadla and the Moulouya River. The Sous Almohad governor called upon them for help against a rebellion in the Sous, and they resettled in and around that region. They later moved to Mauritania, and from the 16th century onwards, they managed to push back all black Mauritanians southwards to the Senegal Valley river. The Beni Hassan and other warrior Arab tribes dominated the Sanhaja Berber tribes of the area after the Char Bouba war of the 17th century. As a result, Arabian culture and language came to dominate, and the Berber tribes underwent Arabisation. The Bani Hassan dialect of Arabic became used in the region and is still spoken, in the form of Hassaniya Arabic.
The hierarchy established by the Beni Hassan tribe gave Mauritania much of its sociological character. That ideology has led to oppression, discrimination and even enslavement of other groups in Mauritania. Beni Hassan's descendants and other tribes that arrived from Yemen in the 13th century are considered among the clean-blooded Arab tribes. For example the Oulad Delim who trace their origin back to Beni Hassan are the most populous tribe in Western Sahara and consider themselves the cleanest blooded Arabs in the Sahel.
Origin
Beni Hassan are one of the four sub-tribes of Beni Maqil who emigrated to the Maghreb in the 11th century. The exact origin of the Beni Maqil tribe is unknown, although it has been established that they most likely originated in South Arabia (Yemen). The Maqil claimed Hashemite descent from Ja'far ibn Abi Talib, while some Arabian genealogists categorized them as Hilalians. Ibn Khaldun said both of these versions are false and that Maqil was most likely an Arab nomadic group from Yemen.
The tradition of Beni Hassan states that they were descendants of Hasan ibn Ali, son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad's son-in-law and a leading figure in Shia Islam, although the Beni Hassan were Sunni Muslims. The Sahrawi nation includes the Beni Hassan as part of its founding peoples and Hassaniya Arabic as part of its national identity. There is also a Beni Hassan Bedouin tribe in northern Jordan.
History
Various sources point to the Maqil tribe as the origin from which the Beni Hassan tribe was formed. Since the 11th century, they were situated in North Africa together with other Bedouin Arab tribes that migrated from the Arabian Peninsula such as the Banu Hilal and the Banu Sulaym, with whom they shared great skill as warriors and a destructive capacity for the nations they attacked. They were compared to Mughal warriors centuries later.
In the 13th century, they occupied southern Algeria and dominated the oases of Tuat and Gourara. For some authors, at this point, the Maqil group had already disintegrated into different populations in the Maghreb and had given rise to the Beni Hassan along with other related groups.
The Beni Hassan continued their expansion to the southwest and occupied Sanhaja lands after invading and defeating this Berber confederation with the Lamtuna, Masmuda, Djuddala, Gazula, Banu Warith, Lamta and Tuareg, in a group known as the Baranis in Western Sahara. The Sanhaja, cattle herders, has long had to pay tribute to the nomadic Bedouin Hassani invaders. The invasion was quick and effective and happened around the year 1250, by the end of the Almohad Caliphate, and also dominated the valleys of the Moulouya, Draa, Sous, as well as the Tafilalt oasis region.
Historical accounts report that these Hassani communities enriched themselves by collecting tolls from trade caravans and extorting farming and herding villages settled in the oases. They were accused of subjecting these territories to two centuries of looting and intermittent wars, but at the same time they point out that their families settled in the same towns that they attacked and subjugated. This took place during the Char Bouba War from 1644 to 1674, which after decades of confrontations ended up completely Arabizing the native Berber population, destroying their language and culture and giving rise to the contemporary Sahrawi people.
By the mid-15th century, the Beni Hassan controlled a large part of the oases and Western Sahara. They crossed into the Atlas after taking advantage of the weakening Marinid sultanate around 1460 and then they dominated the Haouz region of Marrakesh by the beginning of the 16th century. At the same time, a part of the Beni Hassan made its way to Mauritania. Other groups migrated north through Tafilalt to Fez or up the Sebou and Bou Regreg rivers, where some settled south of Rabat. The Hassanis were represented in the Haouz of Marrakech by the Rahamna, who were brought north to respond to the military needs of the Saadian Sultanate in the early 16th century. Two of the prominent Hassani communities during the late 'Alawi period were the Jaysh al-Udaya and the Shabbanat. The former were invited by the sultan of Morocco Ismail Ibn Sharif (1672–1727), while the latter controlled Marrakesh when sultan Al-Rashid arrived to conquer it.
In 1674, they defeated the Marabout Berbers, and after achieving political and military hegemony in the area, they founded the emirates of Trarza, Brakna, Tagant, Adrar and Hod. Following the pre-Islamic tradition of tribal warfare between clans in the Arabian Peninsula, the new Hassani emirates repeatedly went to war with each other. The marabouts were Berbers who followed the Islamic doctrine of Nasr al-Din imposed in Senegal in the mid-17th century. Throughout the 18th century, they harassed the Wolof in Senegal. Throughout this period they spread their dialect and culture throughout the desert area of Western Sahara. In the 19th century, they led the consolidation of the process of cultural and linguistic Arabization of Mauritania. By the end of the 19th century, the Zenaga Berber language was completely annihilated.
Beni Hassan sub-tribes
- The descendants of Hasan ben Mokhtar ben Mohamed, son of the forefather of the Maqils
- The Shebanat: descendants of Shebana, brother of Hassan, and son of Mokhtar ben Mohamed
- The Reguitat: descendants of Jallal, Salem and Uthman, brothers of Mokhtar and sons of Mohamed
Several other Arab tribes joined the Maqils and became part of the Beni Hassan tribe.
Notable people
See also
References
- Ahmed Annaçéri's Handwritten "Talaàt Al Mouchtari" (died in 1717)
- ^ "Diccionario histórico-etnográfico de los pueblos de África | WorldCat.org". www.worldcat.org. p. 153, 350. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
- de Moraes Farias, Paulo Fernando; Rossi, Benedetta (2018-07-18), "Interview. Landscapes, Sources, and Intellectual Projects", Landscapes, Sources and Intellectual Projects of the West African Past, BRILL, pp. 498–516, doi:10.1163/9789004380189_026, ISBN 978-90-04-38018-9, S2CID 201566131
- Muhammad Suwaed (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Bedouins. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-4422-5451-0.
- ^ Anthony G. Pazzanita (2008). Historical Dictionary of Mauritania. Scarecrow Press. pp. 6–97. ISBN 978-0-8108-6265-4.
- *AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, 7 November 2002, MAURITANIA, "A future free from slavery?" The formal abolition of slavery in 1981 has not led to real and effective abolition for various reasons, including a lack of legislation to ensure its implementation.
http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engAFR380032002!Open Archived 2005-01-07 at the Wayback Machine
- http://www.afrol.com/articles/17518 : "The practice of slavery in Mauritania is most dominant within the traditional upper class of the Moors. For centuries, the so-called Haratin lower class, mostly poor black Africans living in rural areas, have been considered natural slaves by these Moors. Social attitudes have changed among most urban Moors, but in rural areas, the ancient divide is still very alive.
- Besenyő János (2009). Western Sahara. Besenyő János. p. 28. ISBN 978-963-88332-0-4.
- ^ Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman (1377). تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر. Vol. 6. دار الفكر. p. 78.
- Sabatier, Diane Himpan; Himpan, Brigitte (2019-03-31). Nomads of Mauritania. Vernon Press. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-1-62273-410-8.
- ^ Suwaed, Muhammad (2015-10-30). Historical Dictionary of the Bedouins. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-5451-0.
- "afrol News - Historia de Sáhara Occidental". web.archive.org. 2013-03-29. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
- ^ Velázquez Elizarrarás, Juan Carlos (December 2014). "Orígenes de la identidad del pueblo saharaui".
- ^ "Encyclopedia of African history and culture | WorldCat.org". www.worldcat.org. p. 237. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
- ^ "Historical dictionary of Morocco | WorldCat.org". www.worldcat.org. p. 232. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
- "Guía del mundo 2005-2006 : el mundo visto desde el sur | WorldCat.org". www.worldcat.org. p. 388. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
- ^ "Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East | WorldCat.org". www.worldcat.org. p. 470. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
- Almsaodi, Abdulaziz. Modern History of Yemen
- Power and Interest News Report