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Richards began his career as a stand up comedian, first stepping into a national spotlight when he was featured on ]'s first cable ]. He went on to become a series regular on ]'s '']''. Prior to '']'', he made numerous guest appearances on a variety of television shows including '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']''. His film credits include '']'', '']'', and '']''. After Seinfield, Richards starred in his own sitcom, '']'', which lasted one season. After his series was canceled, he returned to his roots in stand up comedy. Richards began his career as a stand up comedian, first stepping into a national spotlight when he was featured on ]'s first cable ]. He went on to become a series regular on ]'s '']''. Prior to '']'', he made numerous guest appearances on a variety of television shows including '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']''. His film credits include '']'', '']'', and '']''. After Seinfield, Richards starred in his own sitcom, '']'', which lasted one season. After his series was canceled, he returned to his roots in stand up comedy.


In November 2006, controversy arose concerning ]s Richards shouted at black hecklers during a live comedy show. He has since apologized for the statements. In ], controversy arose concerning ]s Richards shouted at black hecklers during a live comedy show. He has since apologized for the statements.
<!-- NOTE TO EDITORS: PER http://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Lead_section PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE OR MODIFY MENTION OF THE LAUGH FACTORY INCIDENT BEFORE DISCUSSING IT ON THE TALK PAGE!--> <!-- NOTE TO EDITORS: PER http://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Lead_section PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE OR MODIFY MENTION OF THE LAUGH FACTORY INCIDENT BEFORE DISCUSSING IT ON THE TALK PAGE!-->


Richards is also a producer, writer, Master ], Vietnam era Veteran, and father of one. Richards is also a producer, writer, Master ], ] Veteran, and father of one.


== Early life == == Early life ==
Michael Richards was born in ], to William Richards, an electrical engineer; and Phyllis Nardozzi, a medical records librarian. Richards was brought up with no specific religious tradition.<ref name="no specific religious tradition">{{cite news | last =Staff Reports| first =| coauthors=| title =Michael Richards: Still Not a Jew| pages=| publisher =The Los Angeles Jewish Journal| date =] | url =http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id=16838| accessdate =2006-11-22 }}</ref> He attended the ] but received a ] degree in drama from ] in ]. He also had a short-lived ] with ] during this period. Enrolled at Los Angeles Valley College, he continued to dominate student productions. He later said: "I am grateful that the public schools introduced me to the performing arts." He was drafted during the ] and stationed in ] as one of the co-directors of the V Corps Training Road Show. He produced and directed shows dealing with race relations and ]; "This was a successful, educational operation, boosting the morale of our men and incorporating the arts into the service." He then spent two years in the Army developing educational skits, and a couple more years "finding himself" at a ] in the Santa Clara Mountains. In ], he drove a bus and developed a ] act. Michael Richards was born in ], to William Richards, an ]; and Phyllis Nardozzi, a ]s librarian. Richards was brought up with no specific religious tradition.<ref name="no specific religious tradition">{{cite news | last =Staff Reports| first =| coauthors=| title =Michael Richards: Still Not a Jew| pages=| publisher =The Los Angeles Jewish Journal| date =] | url =http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id=16838| accessdate =2006-11-22 }}</ref> He attended the ] but received a ] degree in drama from ] in ]. He also had a short-lived ] with ] during this period. Enrolled at ], he continued to dominate student productions. He later said: "I am grateful that the public schools introduced me to the ]." He was drafted during the ] and stationed in ] as one of the co-directors of the ] Training ]. He produced and directed shows dealing with ] and ]; "This was a successful, educational operation, boosting the morale of our men and incorporating the arts into the service." He then spent two years in the Army developing educational skits, and a couple more years "finding himself" at a ] in the Santa Clara Mountains. In ], he drove a bus and developed a ] act.


== Television and film career == == Television and film career ==
Richards got his big TV break nine months later, appearing in ]'s first cable ]. In 1980, he began as one of the cast members on ] '']'' television show, including a famous instance in which guest ] refused to deliver his scripted lines, leading Richards to bring the cue cards on screen to Kaufman, before a small riot ensued (Richards later claimed he was in on the joke).<ref name=fac"> via ], Recorded Feb. 28, 2002, in Aspen, Colorado</ref> He was also famous for a sketch that he did on the show, during which he simply improvised with a large pile of dirt and some army toys. Richards had a guest starring role on ]'s '']'' as an unscrupulous ]. He also had a guest role on '']'' as a character trying to collect on an old bet with ]. He made several guest appearances with ] as an accident-prone fitness expert, and gained a screen credit portraying "]" in ]'s movie '']'' in ]. His famous ] skills can be witnessed in this movie. As is confirmed in the feature ] and in the deleted scenes special feature on the ''UHF'' ], the scene where Stanley Spadowski was playing with the toy man he found in the box of ] was completely improvised by Richards. Richards got his big TV break nine months later, appearing in ]'s first cable ]. In 1980, he began as one of the cast members on ] '']'' television show, including a famous instance in which guest ] refused to deliver his scripted lines, leading Richards to bring the ]s on screen to Kaufman, before a small riot ensued (Richards later claimed he was in on the joke).<ref name=fac"> via ], Recorded Feb. 28, 2002, in Aspen, Colorado</ref> He was also famous for a sketch that he did on the show, during which he simply improvised with a large pile of dirt and some army toys. Richards had a guest starring role on ]'s '']'' as an unscrupulous ]. He also had a guest role on '']'' as a character trying to collect on an old bet with ]. He made several guest appearances with ] as an accident-prone fitness expert, and gained a ] portraying "]" in ]'s movie '']'' in ]. His famous ] skills can be witnessed in this movie. As is confirmed in the feature ] and in the ]s special feature on the ''UHF'' ], the scene where Stanley Spadowski was playing with the toy man he found in the box of ] was completely improvised by Richards.


===''Seinfeld''=== ===''Seinfeld''===
In the same year, he was cast as ] (based on the real-life ]) in the ] ] '']'', which was created by fellow ''Fridays'' cast member ] and ] ]. Although it got off to a slow start, by the mid-], the show had become one of the most popular ] in television history. The series ended its nine-year run in ] at #1 in the ]. In the same year, he was cast as ] (based on the real-life ]) in the ] ] '']'', which was created by fellow ''Fridays'' ] ] and ] ]. Although it got off to a slow start, by the mid-], the show had become one of the most popular ] in television history. The series ended its nine-year run in ] at #1 in the ].
Starting in ], he and his fellow ''Seinfeld'' cast members have provided interviews and audio commentaries for the ''Seinfeld'' DVDs. Starting in ], he and his fellow ''Seinfeld'' cast members have provided interviews and audio commentaries for the ''Seinfeld'' DVDs.


Line 47: Line 47:


== Personal life == == Personal life ==
Richards married former casting director Cathleen Richards and they had a daughter, Sophia. The two were ]d in 1990. He resides northwest of the ], specifically the Conejo Valley, near ], California. Richards is a Master ] and also holds ] in the ]. He was very active in preservation of Masonic research, and in his personal life is an avid reader. Richards holds memberships in the following ]: Riviera Lodge No. 780, Culver City–Foshay Lodge No. 467, as well as the Southern California Research Lodge. Additionally, he is also a Life Member of the Los Angeles Scottish Rite Valley and a Life Member of the ].<ref> The Scottish Rite Journal, September 2000, accessed 10 February, 2006.</ref><ref></ref> Richards married former ] Cathleen Richards and they had a daughter, Sophia. The two were ]d in 1990. He resides northwest of the ], specifically the ], near ], California. Richards is a Master ] and also holds ] in the ]. He was very active in preservation of Masonic research, and in his personal life is an avid reader. Richards holds memberships in the following ]: Riviera Lodge No. 780, Culver City–Foshay Lodge No. 467, as well as the ] Research Lodge. Additionally, he is also a Life Member of the Los Angeles Scottish Rite Valley and a Life Member of the ].<ref> The Scottish Rite Journal, ], accessed 10 February, 2006.</ref><ref></ref>


== Laugh Factory incident == == Laugh Factory incident ==
<!-- NOTE TO EDITORS: THE FOLLOWING SECTION ABOUT THE LAUGH FACTORY INCIDENT IS AGREED BY A CONSENSUS OF EDITORS AFTER A VERY LONG AND DETAILED DEBATE ON THE TALK PAGE. SEE TALK ARCHIVE 2. IT SHOULD NOT BE ALTERED, UNLESS A CONSENSUS TO DO SO IS LIKEWISE ACHIEVED. --> <!-- NOTE TO EDITORS: THE FOLLOWING SECTION ABOUT THE LAUGH FACTORY INCIDENT IS AGREED BY A CONSENSUS OF EDITORS AFTER A VERY LONG AND DETAILED DEBATE ON THE TALK PAGE. SEE TALK ARCHIVE 2. IT SHOULD NOT BE ALTERED, UNLESS A CONSENSUS TO DO SO IS LIKEWISE ACHIEVED. -->


In November, 2006, during a performance at the ] in ], a cell phone video captured Richards<ref name="TMZ-2006">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tmz.com/2006/11/20/kramers-racist-tirade-caught-on-tape|title="Kramer's" Racist Tirade -- Caught on Tape|accessdate=2006-11-20|publisher=TMZ.com|year=2006|author=TMZ Staff|work=In The Zone|format=HTML}}</ref><ref name="Vibe">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vibe.com/news/news_headlines/2006/11/comedian_michael_kramer_richards_goes_into_racial_tirade|title=Comedian Michael "Kramer" Richards Goes Into Racial Tirade, Banned From Laugh Factory|accessdate=2006-11-21|publisher=]|year=2006|author=Mariel Concepción|work=News wire|format=HTML}}</ref> shouting at an audience member, "Shut up", followed by "He's a ]!" to the rest of the audience<ref></ref> (using the word at least 7 times altogether), and also making a reference to ].<ref name="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/tv/story/2006/11/20/kramer-racial-slurs.html|title=Seinfeld's Richards utters racial taunts during routine|accessdate=2006-11-20|publisher=]|year=2006|work=CBC arts|format=HTML}}</ref> He was addressing a group of black ].<ref name="Reuters-2006">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tiscali.co.uk/news/newswire.php/news/reuters/2006/11/21/entertainment/34seinfeld34-star-richards-under-fire-for-racial-outburst.html&template=/news/templates/newswire/news_story_reuters.html|title="Seinfeld" Star Richards Under Fire For Racial Outburst|accessdate=2006-02-23|publisher=Reuters|year=2006|work=News wire|format=HTML}}</ref> There were retorts, "That was uncalled for" and then "fucking ]-ass ]." Richards made a public apology for his remarks, during an appearance on the ].<ref name="CNN-transcripts2">{{cite web|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0611/21/cnr.01.html|title=CNN Newsroom|accessdate=2007-02-16|publisher=]|year=2006|format=HTML}}</ref> He described going into a rage and said, "For me to be at a ] and to flip out and say this crap, I'm deeply, deeply sorry." He said he was trying to defuse heckling by being even more outrageous, but that it had backfired. Richards met with ] and ]<ref name="CNN-transcripts">{{Cite web|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0611/22/sitroom.03.html|title=''The Situation Room'' transcript|accessdate=2006-12-04|publisher=]|year=2006|work=]|format=HTML}}</ref> in order to discuss personal issues related to the event. In November, 2006, during a performance at the ] in ], a ] video captured Richards<ref name="TMZ-2006">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tmz.com/2006/11/20/kramers-racist-tirade-caught-on-tape|title="Kramer's" Racist Tirade -- Caught on Tape|accessdate=2006-11-20|publisher=TMZ.com|year=2006|author=TMZ Staff|work=In The Zone|format=HTML}}</ref><ref name="Vibe">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vibe.com/news/news_headlines/2006/11/comedian_michael_kramer_richards_goes_into_racial_tirade|title=Comedian Michael "Kramer" Richards Goes Into Racial Tirade, Banned From Laugh Factory|accessdate=2006-11-21|publisher=]|year=2006|author=Mariel Concepción|work=News wire|format=HTML}}</ref> shouting at an audience member, "Shut up", followed by "He's a ]!" to the rest of the audience<ref></ref> (using the word at least 7 times altogether), and also making a reference to ].<ref name="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/tv/story/2006/11/20/kramer-racial-slurs.html|title=Seinfeld's Richards utters racial taunts during routine|accessdate=2006-11-20|publisher=]|year=2006|work=CBC arts|format=HTML}}</ref> He was addressing a group of black ].<ref name="Reuters-2006">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tiscali.co.uk/news/newswire.php/news/reuters/2006/11/21/entertainment/34seinfeld34-star-richards-under-fire-for-racial-outburst.html&template=/news/templates/newswire/news_story_reuters.html|title="Seinfeld" Star Richards Under Fire For Racial Outburst|accessdate=2006-02-23|publisher=Reuters|year=2006|work=News wire|format=HTML}}</ref> There were retorts, "That was uncalled for" and then "fucking ]-ass ]." Richards made a public apology for his remarks, during an appearance on the ].<ref name="CNN-transcripts2">{{cite web|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0611/21/cnr.01.html|title=CNN Newsroom|accessdate=2007-02-16|publisher=]|year=2006|format=HTML}}</ref> He described going into a rage and said, "For me to be at a ] and to flip out and say this crap, I'm deeply, deeply sorry." He said he was trying to defuse heckling by being even more outrageous, but that it had backfired. Richards met with ] and ]<ref name="CNN-transcripts">{{Cite web|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0611/22/sitroom.03.html|title=''The Situation Room'' transcript|accessdate=2006-12-04|publisher=]|year=2006|work=]|format=HTML}}</ref> in order to discuss personal issues related to the event.


<!-- NOTE TO EDITORS: SEE REMARKS ABOVE THE PRECEDING PARAGRAPAH ABOUT CONSENSUS ON THE LAUGH FACTORY INCIDENT, AS IN TALK ARCHIVE 2. CONSENSUS SECTION CONTINUES BELOW --> <!-- NOTE TO EDITORS: SEE REMARKS ABOVE THE PRECEDING PARAGRAPAH ABOUT CONSENSUS ON THE LAUGH FACTORY INCIDENT, AS IN TALK ARCHIVE 2. CONSENSUS SECTION CONTINUES BELOW -->
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* ] '']'' .... Richard 'Ricky' Rietti * ] '']'' .... Richard 'Ricky' Rietti
* 2000 '']'' TV Series .... Vic Nardozza * 2000 '']'' TV Series .... Vic Nardozza
* ] '']'' (TV) .... Mr. Wilkins Micawber * ] '']'' (TV) .... Mr. ]


==Trivia== ==Trivia==
].]] ].]]


* Richards served as co-executive producer on his series, ], which featured two African American Actors in major supporting roles. * Richards served as co-executive producer on his series, ], which featured two ] Actors in major supporting roles.
* A ] of Richards is featured prominently in the '']'' episode entitled "]," where he addresses Congress. * A ] of Richards is featured prominently in the '']'' episode entitled "]," where he addresses Congress.
* In the '']'' episode "]," ] has a ] about the comedy club he attended with ]. Before the performance, Peter mentions to Cleveland that the comedian must be great because he played ], to which Cleveland replies "Oh, this is gonna be fun." * In the '']'' episode "]," ] has a ] about the comedy club he attended with ]. Before the performance, Peter mentions to Cleveland that the comedian must be great because he played ], to which Cleveland replies "Oh, this is gonna be fun."

Revision as of 08:39, 25 March 2007

Michael Richards
Michael Richards at the 45th Emmy Awards, August, 1993
Height6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
Spouse(s)Cathleen Richards
(divorced)
For other people named Michael Richards, see Michael Richards (disambiguation).

Michael Anthony Richards (born July 24, 1949) is an American comedian and actor, who played Cosmo Kramer on the television show Seinfeld, a role which earned him three Emmy Awards.

Richards began his career as a stand up comedian, first stepping into a national spotlight when he was featured on Billy Crystal's first cable TV special. He went on to become a series regular on ABC's Fridays. Prior to Seinfeld, he made numerous guest appearances on a variety of television shows including Cheers, Night Court, Miami Vice and St. Elsewhere. His film credits include So I Married an Axe Murderer, Problem Child, and UHF. After Seinfield, Richards starred in his own sitcom, The Michael Richards Show, which lasted one season. After his series was canceled, he returned to his roots in stand up comedy.

In November 2006, controversy arose concerning racial epithets Richards shouted at black hecklers during a live comedy show. He has since apologized for the statements.

Richards is also a producer, writer, Master Mason, Vietnam era Veteran, and father of one.

Early life

Michael Richards was born in Culver City, California, to William Richards, an electrical engineer; and Phyllis Nardozzi, a medical records librarian. Richards was brought up with no specific religious tradition. He attended the California Institute of the Arts but received a BA degree in drama from The Evergreen State College in 1975. He also had a short-lived improv act with Ed Begley, Jr. during this period. Enrolled at Los Angeles Valley College, he continued to dominate student productions. He later said: "I am grateful that the public schools introduced me to the performing arts." He was drafted during the Vietnam War and stationed in Germany as one of the co-directors of the V Corps Training Road Show. He produced and directed shows dealing with race relations and drug abuse; "This was a successful, educational operation, boosting the morale of our men and incorporating the arts into the service." He then spent two years in the Army developing educational skits, and a couple more years "finding himself" at a commune in the Santa Clara Mountains. In 1979, he drove a bus and developed a stand-up comedy act.

Television and film career

Richards got his big TV break nine months later, appearing in Billy Crystal's first cable TV special. In 1980, he began as one of the cast members on ABC's Fridays television show, including a famous instance in which guest Andy Kaufman refused to deliver his scripted lines, leading Richards to bring the cue cards on screen to Kaufman, before a small riot ensued (Richards later claimed he was in on the joke). He was also famous for a sketch that he did on the show, during which he simply improvised with a large pile of dirt and some army toys. Richards had a guest starring role on NBC's Miami Vice as an unscrupulous bookie. He also had a guest role on Cheers as a character trying to collect on an old bet with Sam Malone. He made several guest appearances with Jay Leno as an accident-prone fitness expert, and gained a screen credit portraying "Stanley Spadowski" in "Weird Al" Yankovic's movie UHF in 1989. His famous improvisation skills can be witnessed in this movie. As is confirmed in the feature commentary and in the deleted scenes special feature on the UHF DVD, the scene where Stanley Spadowski was playing with the toy man he found in the box of Corn Flakes was completely improvised by Richards.

Seinfeld

In the same year, he was cast as Kramer (based on the real-life Kenny Kramer) in the NBC television series Seinfeld, which was created by fellow Fridays cast member Larry David and comedian Jerry Seinfeld. Although it got off to a slow start, by the mid-1990s, the show had become one of the most popular sitcoms in television history. The series ended its nine-year run in 1998 at #1 in the Nielsen Ratings. Starting in 2004, he and his fellow Seinfeld cast members have provided interviews and audio commentaries for the Seinfeld DVDs.

The Michael Richards Show

In 2000, after the end of Seinfeld, Richards began work on a new series for NBC, his first major project since Seinfeld's high-profile finale. The Michael Richards Show, for which the actor received co-writer and co-executive producer credits, was originally conceived as a comedy/mystery starring Richards as a bumbling private eye. However, after the first pilot failed with test audiences, NBC ordered that the show be retooled into a more conventional, office-based sitcom before its premiere. After a few weeks of poor ratings and negative reviews, it was canceled.

Monk

The lead role in the series Monk was originally written for Richards, but there was concern that audiences, used to seeing him do comedy, might not accept him in the role. After being developed at ABC and then picked up by USA, the show was cast with Tony Shalhoub and became a critically acclaimed hit.

Cameo roles and guest appearances

Richards played himself in Episode 6 of Season 1 "The Flirt Episode" (1992) of the acclaimed HBO series, The Larry Sanders Show. Richards also played a cameo role in So I Married an Axe Murderer where he was an "insensitive man," and had a supporting role as an escaped convict in the John Ritter movie Problem Child. He also made guest appearances on the popular sitcom Night Court.

Personal life

Richards married former casting director Cathleen Richards and they had a daughter, Sophia. The two were divorced in 1990. He resides northwest of the San Fernando Valley, specifically the Conejo Valley, near Thousand Oaks, California. Richards is a Master Mason and also holds 33° in the Scottish Rite. He was very active in preservation of Masonic research, and in his personal life is an avid reader. Richards holds memberships in the following lodges: Riviera Lodge No. 780, Culver City–Foshay Lodge No. 467, as well as the Southern California Research Lodge. Additionally, he is also a Life Member of the Los Angeles Scottish Rite Valley and a Life Member of the Scottish Rite Research Society.

Laugh Factory incident

In November, 2006, during a performance at the Laugh Factory in West Hollywood, California, a cell phone video captured Richards shouting at an audience member, "Shut up", followed by "He's a nigger!" to the rest of the audience (using the word at least 7 times altogether), and also making a reference to lynching. He was addressing a group of black hecklers. There were retorts, "That was uncalled for" and then "fucking cracker-ass motherfucker." Richards made a public apology for his remarks, during an appearance on the Late Show with David Letterman. He described going into a rage and said, "For me to be at a comedy club and to flip out and say this crap, I'm deeply, deeply sorry." He said he was trying to defuse heckling by being even more outrageous, but that it had backfired. Richards met with Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton in order to discuss personal issues related to the event.

Kyle Doss, one of the members of the group that Richards had addressed, gave his explanation to CNN of the events prior to the cell phone video. He said that they had arrived in the middle of the performance and that, "I guess we're being a little loud, because there was 20 of us ordering drinks. And he said, 'Look at the stupid Mexicans and blacks being loud up there.'" Richards then continued with his routine. Doss added, "And, then, after a while, I told him, my friend doesn't think you're funny", which triggered Richards' outburst. Doss and a friend Frank McBride (also involved in the incident) engaged Gloria Allred to seek compensation from Richards but, as of March 2007, there has been no report that they have received any.

Filmography

Faye Dunaway and Michael Richards at the 47th Emmy Awards Governor's Ball, September 11, 1994.

Trivia

File:Michael Richards.PNG
A caricaturization of Michael Richards as it appeared on South Park.

Notes and references

  1. "Michael Richards Height" (HTML). CelebHeights.com. 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
  2. Staff Reports (2006-11-27). "Michael Richards: Still Not a Jew". The Los Angeles Jewish Journal. Retrieved 2006-11-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  3. Michael Richards 'Speaking Freely' transcript. via First Amendment Center, Recorded Feb. 28, 2002, in Aspen, Colorado
  4. Iqbal, Navid (August 8, 2006). Creator of 'Monk' gets behind show's act. Daily Record
  5. Battaglio, Stephen (August 16, 2002). 'Monk': ABC loss was cable's gain. New York Daily News
  6. Brother Michael A. Richards: Renaissance Man, not "Kramer" The Scottish Rite Journal, September 2000, accessed 10 February, 2006.
  7. "The Scottish Rite Journal of Freemasonry", Southern Jurisdiction USA, August 2003, accessed 7 August, 2006
  8. TMZ Staff (2006). ""Kramer's" Racist Tirade -- Caught on Tape" (HTML). In The Zone. TMZ.com. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
  9. Mariel Concepción (2006). "Comedian Michael "Kramer" Richards Goes Into Racial Tirade, Banned From Laugh Factory" (HTML). News wire. Vibe.com. Retrieved 2006-11-21.
  10. Washingtonpost.com "Seinfeld" Comic Richards Apologizes for Racial Rant
  11. "Seinfeld's Richards utters racial taunts during routine" (HTML). CBC arts. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-20.
  12. ""Seinfeld" Star Richards Under Fire For Racial Outburst" (HTML). News wire. Reuters. 2006. Retrieved 2006-02-23.
  13. "CNN Newsroom" (HTML). CNN.com. 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
  14. ^ "The Situation Room transcript" (HTML). The Situation Room. CNN. 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-04.

External links



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