Misplaced Pages

Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 07:09, 16 November 2023 view sourceWham2001 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers43,568 edits →Ancestry and early life: Fix sfn error by converting ref← Previous edit Revision as of 11:32, 26 November 2023 view source Sutyarashi (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users8,482 edits →Ancestry and early life: (Partial) replacement with much discussed version at Bahmani SultanateTags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Disambiguation links addedNext edit →
Line 22: Line 22:


==Ancestry and early life== ==Ancestry and early life==
Hasan Gangu, the founder of the Bahmani Sultanate, was possibly of ], or ] origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jenkins|first=Everett|title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas, Volume 1 |publisher=McFarland |year=2015 |isbn=9781476608884 |pages=257 |language=English|quote=Zafar Khan alias Alauddin Hasan Gangu ('Ala al-Din Hasan Bahman Shah), an Afghan or a Turk soldier, revolted against Delhi and established the Muslim Kingdom of Bahmani on August 3 in the South (Madura) and ruled as Sultan Alauddin Bahman Shah.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p=181}}: "The Bahmani sultanate of the Deccan Soon after Muhammad Tughluq left Daulatabad, the city was conquered by Zafar Khan, a Turkish or Afghan officer of unknown descent, had earlier participated in a mutiny of troops in Gujarat."</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108417747 |pages=87 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kerr|first=Gordon|title=A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse |publisher=Oldcastle Books Ltd|year=2017|isbn=9781843449232|pages=160|language=English|quote=In the early fourteenth century, the Muslim Bahmani kingdom of the Deccan emerged following Alauddin's conquest of the south. Zafar Khan, an Afghan general and governor appointed by Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, was victorious against the troops of the Delhi Sultanate, establishing the Bahmani kingdom with its capital at Ahsanabad (modern-day Gulbarga).}}</ref> According to the medieval historian ], his obscurity makes it difficult to track his origin, but he is nonetheless stated as of Afghan birth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Jonathan |title=Ferishta's History of Dekkan from the first Mahummedan conquests: with a continuation from other native writers, of the events in that part of India, to the reduction of its last monarchs by the emperor Aulumgeer Aurungzebe: also, the reigns of his successors in the empire of Hindoostan to the present day: and the history of Bengal, from the accession of Aliverdee Khan to the year 1780 |publisher=hansebooks |year=2016 |isbn=9783743414709 |pages=15|quote=Some Authors write that he was descended from Bahman, one of the ancient kings of Persia. And I have seen a pedigree of him, fo derived (?), in the royal library of Ahmednagar: but am inclined to believe, such lineage was only framed upon his accession to royalty, by flatterers and poets, and that his origin is too obscure to be authentically traced. The apellation of Bahmani, he certainly took in compliment to Kango Brahmin, which is often pronounced Bhamen, and by tribe he was an Afghan.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink|first=Andre|title=Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries |publisher=BRILL|year=1991|isbn=9781843449232|pages=144|language=English}}</ref> Richard Eaton identifies the descendants of families who migrated to the Deccan with part-Turkish ancestry as North Indian immigrants that spoke an early form of Hindavi or Urdu.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&dq=self-styled+deccanis+saw+themselves+less+in+political+terms&pg=PA69 |title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 Eight Indian Lives · Part 1, Volume 8 |author=Richard M. Eaton |date=2005|page=69 }}</ref> Hasan Gangu, the founder of the Bahmani Sultanate, was either of ] or ] origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jenkins|first=Everett|title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas, Volume 1 |publisher=McFarland |year=2015 |isbn=9781476608884 |pages=257 |language=English|quote=Zafar Khan alias Alauddin Hasan Gangu ('Ala al-Din Hasan Bahman Shah), an Afghan or a Turk soldier, revolted against Delhi and established the Muslim Kingdom of Bahmani on August 3 in the South (Madura) and ruled as Sultan Alauddin Bahman Shah.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p=181}}: "The Bahmani sultanate of the Deccan Soon after Muhammad Tughluq left Daulatabad, the city was conquered by Zafar Khan, a Turkish or Afghan officer of unknown descent, had earlier participated in a mutiny of troops in Gujarat."</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108417747 |pages=87 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kerr|first=Gordon|title=A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse |publisher=Oldcastle Books Ltd|year=2017|isbn=9781843449232|pages=160|language=English|quote=In the early fourteenth century, the Muslim Bahmani kingdom of the Deccan emerged following Alauddin's conquest of the south. Zafar Khan, an Afghan general and governor appointed by Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, was victorious against the troops of the Delhi Sultanate, establishing the Bahmani kingdom with its capital at Ahsanabad (modern-day Gulbarga).}}</ref> ] states him to be a ] adventurer, who claimed descent from ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ḤASAN GĀNGU |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hasan-gangu|website=Encyclopædia Iranica}}</ref> According to the medieval historian ], his obscurity makes it difficult to track his origin, but he is nonetheless stated as of Afghan birth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink|first=Andre|title=Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries |publisher=BRILL|year=1991|isbn=9781843449232|pages=144|language=English}}</ref> Ferishta further writes, Zafar Khan had earlier been a servant of a Brahmin astrologer at Delhi named ] (hence the name Hasan Gangu),<ref name="Bhattacharya, Sachchidananada 1972 p. 100">Bhattacharya, Sachchidananada. ''A Dictionary of Indian History'' (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1972) p. 100</ref><ref name="https://books.google.se/books?id">{{cite book|last1=Cathal J. Nolan|title=The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global ..., Volym 1|url=https://archive.org/details/agewarsreligione00nola|url-access=limited|date=2006|pages=}}</ref> and says that he was from North India.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03lDAAAAYAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+inhabitant+of+delhi+native+of+delhi |title= The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi sultanate |author= Chopdar |page=248 |date= 1951 }}</ref> Historians have not found any corroboration for the legend,{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=177}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1967|p=248}} but ], who was the court chronicler of Sultan ], as well as some other scholars have also called him as Hasan Gangu.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/248/mode/2up?q=gangu |title= History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06,The Delhi Sultanate |author= Chopdar |publisher= Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=248 }}</ref> Ferishta mentions that later poets "who wanted to flatter him" called Hasan Gangu a descendant of ], but considers it implausible.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.116007/page/n55/mode/2up?q=bahman|title=The Tabaqat-i-akbari Of Khwajah Nizamuddin Ahmad Vol.iii |page=3 |author= Prashad, Baini|date= 1939 |publisher= Banasthali }}</ref> Another theory of origin for Zafar Khan is that he was of ] origin,<ref name=b/> and that Bahman is a corrupted personalized form of Brahman,<ref>{{Cite book |last=McCann |first=Michael W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WtoAayu603kC&dq=his+name+derives+from+corruption+of+word+Brahman&pg=RA1-PA253 |title=Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization |date=1994-07-15 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-55571-3 |language=en}}</ref> with Hasan Gangu being Hindu Brahman who became Muslim.<ref name=a>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rRxkAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+hindu+convert |page=3 |author=Suvorova |title= Masnavi: A Study of Urdu|publisher= ] |date=2000|isbn=978-0-19-579148-8 }}</ref><ref name=b>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NRluAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+brahmin+convert |title= Hindu Muslim Communalism |page=140 |author= Jayanta Gaḍakarī |date=2000 }}</ref> However this view has been discredited by S.A.Q Husaini, who considers the idea of a Brahmin origin or Zafar Khan originally being a Hindu convert to Islam from Punjab untenable.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Husaini (Saiyid.) |first=Abdul Qadir |url=https://books.google.ca/books/about/Bahman_Sh%C4%81h_the_Founder_of_the_Bahmani.html?id=zJgrnbdaefEC&redir_esc=y |title=Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom |date=1960 |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |language=en|page=60-63}}</ref>

Historians have not found any corroboration for the legend,{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=177}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1967|p=248}} but ], a contemporary of Hasan Gangu as the court chronicler of Sultan ], as well as some other scholars have also corroborated his surname as Gangu, which points out his Hindu cognomen.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KUIQAAAAIAAJ&q=barani+hasan+gangu |title= The Dacca University Studies: Volumes 1-2 |page= 139 |date= 1935 |publisher= the University of Dacca }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/248/mode/2up?q=gangu |title= History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06,The Delhi Sultanate |author= Chopdar |publisher= Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=248 }}</ref> His ancestry is known, but detractors inspired by the prejudices of the partisan advocate of the ] have claimed that his ancestry is unknown.{{sfn|Avari|2013|p=88}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p=170}} Furthermore, there is a legend regarding him narrated by the 17th century poet ],{{sfn|Briggs|1909|loc=''Alauddin Hassan Shah Bahamani'' pp.
}} which says that he was a servant of a ] astrologer named ] of ] and he was himself called Hasan Gangu. Historians have not found any corroboration for the legend, but Barani also corroborates the fact that Alauddin's original name was Hasan Gangu.{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=177}}{{sfn|Majumdar|1967|p=248}}{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1972|p=100}} Ferishta mentions that later poets "who wanted to flatter him" called Hasan Gangu a descendant of ], but considers it implausible.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.116007/page/n55/mode/2up?q=bahman|title=The Tabaqat-i-akbari Of Khwajah Nizamuddin Ahmad Vol.iii |page=3 |author= Prashad, Baini|date= 1939 |publisher= Banasthali }}</ref>
It is possible that Bahman is a corrupted persianized form of ],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Uppe |first=Dr Shivakumar V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVh-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 |title=BRIEF CULTURAL HISTORY OF BASAVAKALYANA |date=2022-07-30 |publisher=Ashok Yakkaldevi |isbn=978-1-387-84786-0 |language=en}}</ref> and Hassan Gangu might have been born as a Hindu.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rRxkAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+hindu+convert |page=3 |author=Suvorova |title= Masnavi |date=2000|isbn=978-0-19-579148-8 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Husaini (Saiyid.) |first=Abdul Qadir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJgrnbdaefEC&q=%22Hindu+tribes+of+the+punjab%22 |title=Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom |date=1960 |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |pages=59–60 |language=en}}</ref>


In 1339, Zafar Khan participated in an uprising against the Tughluqs. This turned out unsuccessful; he and his allies were exiled to ] the same year. He managed to return to the Deccan, and in 1346 he participated in a siege of ], at the time under Tughluq control. The siege proved successful.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=M.|first=Eaton, Richard|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/921054505|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : Eight Indian Lives|isbn=978-1-139-05390-7|pages=40–42|oclc=921054505}}</ref> In 1339, Zafar Khan participated in an uprising against the Tughluqs. This turned out unsuccessful; he and his allies were exiled to ] the same year. He managed to return to the Deccan, and in 1346 he participated in a siege of ], at the time under Tughluq control. The siege proved successful.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=M.|first=Eaton, Richard|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/921054505|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : Eight Indian Lives|isbn=978-1-139-05390-7|pages=40–42|oclc=921054505}}</ref>

Revision as of 11:32, 26 November 2023

Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah
Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah
Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah
1st Sultan of the Bahmani Sultanate
Monarch3 August 1347 – 10 February 1358
SuccessorMohammed Shah I
BornZafar Khan
1290-1292
Died10 February 1358(1358-02-10) (aged 65–66)
BurialHaft Gumbaz
IssueSultan Muhammed Shah I, Prince Mahmud, Prince Dawood
Regnal name
Ala-ud-din Hasan

Ala-ud-Din Hasan Bahman Shah (Template:Lang-fa; died 10 February 1358) whose original name was Zafar Khan or Hasan Gangu, was the founder of the Bahmani Sultanate.

Ancestry and early life

Hasan Gangu, the founder of the Bahmani Sultanate, was either of Afghan or Turk origin. Encyclopedia Iranica states him to be a Khorasani adventurer, who claimed descent from Bahrām Gōr. According to the medieval historian Ferishta, his obscurity makes it difficult to track his origin, but he is nonetheless stated as of Afghan birth. Ferishta further writes, Zafar Khan had earlier been a servant of a Brahmin astrologer at Delhi named Gangu (hence the name Hasan Gangu), and says that he was from North India. Historians have not found any corroboration for the legend, but Barani, who was the court chronicler of Sultan Firuz Shah, as well as some other scholars have also called him as Hasan Gangu. Ferishta mentions that later poets "who wanted to flatter him" called Hasan Gangu a descendant of Bahman, but considers it implausible. Another theory of origin for Zafar Khan is that he was of Brahman origin, and that Bahman is a corrupted personalized form of Brahman, with Hasan Gangu being Hindu Brahman who became Muslim. However this view has been discredited by S.A.Q Husaini, who considers the idea of a Brahmin origin or Zafar Khan originally being a Hindu convert to Islam from Punjab untenable.

In 1339, Zafar Khan participated in an uprising against the Tughluqs. This turned out unsuccessful; he and his allies were exiled to Afghanistan the same year. He managed to return to the Deccan, and in 1346 he participated in a siege of Gulbarga, at the time under Tughluq control. The siege proved successful.

He was made a governor. Zafar Khan rose to power during the Rebellion of Ismail Mukh and In 1347 he was made commander of an army in Daulatabad. On 3 August 1347, the Afghan noble Nasir-ud-Din Ismail Shah, also known as Ismail Mukh, whom the rebel amirs of the Deccan placed on the throne of Daulatabad in 1345) abdicated in favor of Zafar Khan, resulting the establishment of the Bahmani Kingdom with its headquarters at Hasanabad (Gulbarga). He was in charge of a three city Jahangir, with his main rule at Miraj.

Reign

Upon establishing an independent kingdom, Zafar Khan took the title of Abu'l-Muzaffar Ala-ud-din Bahman Shah. He gave Ismail Mukh a jagir near Jamkhandi and later conferred to him the highest title of his kingdom, Amir-ul-Umara. But Narayana, a local Hindu chieftain still succeeded in turning Ismail against Bahman Shah for a short period before he poisoned Ismail.

Bahman Shah led his first campaign against Warangal in 1350 and forced its ruler Kapaya Nayaka to cede to him the fortress of Kaulas. His kingdom was divided into four provinces and he appointed a governor for each province. During his reign Hasan fought many wars with Vijayanagara. By the time of his death the kingdom stretched from north to south from the Wainganga River to Krishna and east to west from Bhongir to Daulatabad.

He was succeeded by his son Mohammed Shah I after his death in 1358.

References

  1. Sherwani 1946, Alauddin Hassan Shah Bahamani pp.69.
  2. history of the decan. Mittal Publications. 1990. p. 15. This man was called Hasan. He was born in the year 1290 (A.D.) and was in very humble circumstances.
  3. Briggs 1909, Death of Alauddin Hassan Shah Bahamani pp. 297.
  4. Shokoohy, Mehrdad (ed.), "Alauddin Hassan Shah Bahamani", Encyclopædia Iranica
  5. Jenkins, Everett (2015). The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas, Volume 1. McFarland. p. 257. ISBN 9781476608884. Zafar Khan alias Alauddin Hasan Gangu ('Ala al-Din Hasan Bahman Shah), an Afghan or a Turk soldier, revolted against Delhi and established the Muslim Kingdom of Bahmani on August 3 in the South (Madura) and ruled as Sultan Alauddin Bahman Shah.
  6. Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 181: "The Bahmani sultanate of the Deccan Soon after Muhammad Tughluq left Daulatabad, the city was conquered by Zafar Khan, a Turkish or Afghan officer of unknown descent, had earlier participated in a mutiny of troops in Gujarat."
  7. Wink, André (2020). The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. ISBN 9781108417747.
  8. Kerr, Gordon (2017). A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse. Oldcastle Books Ltd. p. 160. ISBN 9781843449232. In the early fourteenth century, the Muslim Bahmani kingdom of the Deccan emerged following Alauddin's conquest of the south. Zafar Khan, an Afghan general and governor appointed by Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, was victorious against the troops of the Delhi Sultanate, establishing the Bahmani kingdom with its capital at Ahsanabad (modern-day Gulbarga).
  9. "ḤASAN GĀNGU". Encyclopædia Iranica.
  10. Wink, Andre (1991). Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries. BRILL. p. 144. ISBN 9781843449232.
  11. Bhattacharya, Sachchidananada. A Dictionary of Indian History (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1972) p. 100
  12. Cathal J. Nolan (2006). The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global ..., Volym 1. pp. 437.
  13. Chopdar (1951). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi sultanate. p. 248.
  14. Chandra 2004, p. 177.
  15. Majumdar 1967, p. 248.
  16. Chopdar. History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06,The Delhi Sultanate. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 248.
  17. Prashad, Baini (1939). The Tabaqat-i-akbari Of Khwajah Nizamuddin Ahmad Vol.iii. Banasthali. p. 3.
  18. ^ Jayanta Gaḍakarī (2000). Hindu Muslim Communalism. p. 140.
  19. McCann, Michael W. (15 July 1994). Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-55571-3.
  20. Suvorova (2000). Masnavi: A Study of Urdu. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-579148-8.
  21. Husaini (Saiyid.), Abdul Qadir (1960). Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom. Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay. p. 60-63.
  22. M., Eaton, Richard. A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : Eight Indian Lives. pp. 40–42. ISBN 978-1-139-05390-7. OCLC 921054505.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. Ahmed Farooqui, Salma (2011). Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson. p. 150. ISBN 9789332500983.
  24. Mahajan, V.D. (1991). History of Medieval India, Part I, New Delhi:S. Chand, ISBN 81-219-0364-5, pp.279–80
  25. ^ Bhattacharya. Indian History. p. 928
  26. Proceedings, Indian History Congress (Part 2 ed.). Indian History Congress. 2007. p. 1443. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  27. Bhattacharya 1972, p. 100.
  28. ^ Majumdar 1967, pp. 249–250.
  29. ^ Bhattacharya. Indian History. p. 929

Sources

Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah
Regnal titles
New title
Dynasty founded 		Bahmani Sultan
3 August 1347 – 10 February 1358 		Succeeded byMohammed Shah I
Categories: