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| '''''Stenodus leucichthys''''' is a species of ] in the family ]. In the strict sense |
'''''Stenodus leucichthys''''' is a species of ] in the family ]. In the strict sense its natural distribution is restricted to the ] basin, and it is known as '''beloribitsa''' (literally meaning "the fish that is white" in Russian).<ref name="IUCN leucichthys" /> The beloribitsa is now considered ], but survives in cultured stocks.<ref name="IUCN leucichthys" /><ref name="Belyaeva" /> The ] (''Stenodus nelma''), a more widespread species of Eurasian and North America, is sometimes considered its ].<ref name=HEFF /><ref name="FB" /> | ||
| == Systematics == | == Systematics == | ||
| Alternatively, the name ''Stenodus leucichtys'' has been used in a broader sense, referring to a widespread species composed of two ].<ref name="Belyaeva">{{cite web|first=E. S.|last=Belyaeva|url=http://www.caspianenvironment.org/biodb/eng/fishes/Stenodus%20leucichthys%20leucichthys/main.htm|title=''Stenodus leucichthys leucichthys''|publisher=caspianenvironment.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703230630/http://www.caspianenvironment.org/biodb/eng/fishes/Stenodus%20leucichthys%20leucichthys/main.htm|archive-date=2013-07-03}}</ref> In addition to the landlocked subspecies ''Stenodus leucichthys'', it comprises the ], ''Stenodus leucichthys nelma'' (], 1773) which lives in Eurasian and North American rivers of the ] basin. Nelma, also known as the ] or inconnu, is currently often considered as a distinct species |
Alternatively, the name ''Stenodus leucichtys'' has been used in a broader sense, referring to a widespread species composed of two ].<ref name="Belyaeva">{{cite web|first=E. S.|last=Belyaeva|url=http://www.caspianenvironment.org/biodb/eng/fishes/Stenodus%20leucichthys%20leucichthys/main.htm|title=''Stenodus leucichthys leucichthys''|publisher=caspianenvironment.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703230630/http://www.caspianenvironment.org/biodb/eng/fishes/Stenodus%20leucichthys%20leucichthys/main.htm|archive-date=2013-07-03}}</ref> In addition to the landlocked subspecies ''Stenodus leucichthys leucichthys'', it comprises the ], ''Stenodus leucichthys nelma'' (], 1773) which lives in Eurasian and North American rivers of the ] basin. Nelma, also known as the ] or inconnu, is currently often considered as a distinct species ''Stenodus nelma''.<ref name="IUCN leucichthys">{{Cite iucn |author1=Freyhof, J. |author2=Kottelat, M. | title = ''Stenodus leucichthys'' | volume = 2008 | page = e.T20745A9229071 | date = 2008 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T20745A9229071.en }}</ref><ref name=HEFF>{{cite book|last1=Kottelat|first1= M.|last2= Freyhof|first2= J.|year=2007|title=Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes|isbn= 978-2-8399-0298-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite iucn |author1=Freyhof, J. |author2=Kottelat, M. | title = ''Stenodus nelma'' | volume = 2008 | page = e.T135545A4141935 | date = 2008 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135545A4141935.en }}</ref><ref name="FB">{{FishBase genus | genus = Stenodus | month = February | year = 2013}}</ref><ref>Eschmeyer F. (Search: Stenodus (species)) California Academy of Sciences. (15 March 2012 version)</ref> | ||
| At a higher level, the genus ''Stenodus'' is not phylogenetically distinct from the broader lake whitefish genus '']'', although it is phenotypically characterized by a specialized predator morphology.<ref name=BCD>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1111/J.1095-8649.1991.TB05091.X| title = Phylogenetic relationships among the subfamily Coregoninae as revealed by mitochondrial DNA restriction analysis| year = 1991| last1 = Bernatchez| first1 = L.| last2 = Colombani| first2 = F.| last3 = Dodson| first3 = J. J.| journal = Journal of Fish Biology| volume = 39| pages = 283–290| url = http://www.bio.ulaval.ca/labdodson/Papers%20Julian/Bernatchez_1991_JFB.pdf| access-date = 2012-05-05| archive-date = 2013-09-27| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130927031704/http://www.bio.ulaval.ca/labdodson/Papers%20Julian/Bernatchez_1991_JFB.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> | At a higher level, the genus ''Stenodus'' is not phylogenetically distinct from the broader lake whitefish genus '']'', although it is phenotypically characterized by a specialized predator morphology.<ref name=BCD>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1111/J.1095-8649.1991.TB05091.X| title = Phylogenetic relationships among the subfamily Coregoninae as revealed by mitochondrial DNA restriction analysis| year = 1991| last1 = Bernatchez| first1 = L.| last2 = Colombani| first2 = F.| last3 = Dodson| first3 = J. J.| journal = Journal of Fish Biology| volume = 39| pages = 283–290| url = http://www.bio.ulaval.ca/labdodson/Papers%20Julian/Bernatchez_1991_JFB.pdf| access-date = 2012-05-05| archive-date = 2013-09-27| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130927031704/http://www.bio.ulaval.ca/labdodson/Papers%20Julian/Bernatchez_1991_JFB.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 17:25, 17 December 2023
Species of fish
| Stenodus leucichthys | |
|---|---|
| |
| Conservation status | |
 Extinct in the Wild (IUCN 3.1) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Salmoniformes |
| Family: | Salmonidae |
| Genus: | Stenodus |
| Species: | S. leucichthys |
| Binomial name | |
| Stenodus leucichthys (Güldenstädt, 1772) | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Stenodus leucichthys is a species of freshwater whitefish in the family Salmonidae. In the strict sense its natural distribution is restricted to the Caspian Sea basin, and it is known as beloribitsa (literally meaning "the fish that is white" in Russian). The beloribitsa is now considered extinct in the wild, but survives in cultured stocks. The nelma (Stenodus nelma), a more widespread species of Eurasian and North America, is sometimes considered its subspecies.
Systematics
Alternatively, the name Stenodus leucichtys has been used in a broader sense, referring to a widespread species composed of two subspecies. In addition to the landlocked subspecies Stenodus leucichthys leucichthys, it comprises the nelma, Stenodus leucichthys nelma (Pallas, 1773) which lives in Eurasian and North American rivers of the Arctic basin. Nelma, also known as the sheefish or inconnu, is currently often considered as a distinct species Stenodus nelma.
At a higher level, the genus Stenodus is not phylogenetically distinct from the broader lake whitefish genus Coregonus, although it is phenotypically characterized by a specialized predator morphology.
Description and status
The fish has a large mouth with a protruding lower jaw and a high and pointed dorsal fin. It is generally silver in color with a green, blue or brown back. The meat is white, flaky and somewhat oily. An adult fish weighs from 14 to 25 kilograms (31 to 55 lb). The fish eat plankton for their first year of life and then become predators of smaller fish.
Beloribitsa used to inhabit particularly the Volga, Ural and Terek rivers, and migrate up to 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) upstream from the Caspian to their spawning grounds in the spring. Following the construction of dams and hydropower reservoirs, the migration and natural reproduction has been impeded, and the taxon is now considered as extinct in the wild by the IUCN. The stock however survives in hatcheries and some populations are maintained by stocking.
References
- Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). "Stenodus leucichthys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T20745A9229071. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T20745A9229071.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). "Stenodus leucichthys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T20745A9229071. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T20745A9229071.en.
- ^ Belyaeva, E. S. "Stenodus leucichthys leucichthys". caspianenvironment.org. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03.
- ^ Kottelat, M.; Freyhof, J. (2007). Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes. ISBN 978-2-8399-0298-4.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Stenodus". FishBase. February 2013 version.
- Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). "Stenodus nelma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T135545A4141935. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135545A4141935.en.
- Eschmeyer F. Catalog of Fishes (Search: Stenodus (species)) California Academy of Sciences. (15 March 2012 version)
- Bernatchez, L.; Colombani, F.; Dodson, J. J. (1991). "Phylogenetic relationships among the subfamily Coregoninae as revealed by mitochondrial DNA restriction analysis" (PDF). Journal of Fish Biology. 39: 283–290. doi:10.1111/J.1095-8649.1991.TB05091.X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
- Poursaeid, F.; Falahatkar, B. (2012). "Threatened fishes of the world: Stenodus leucichthys leucichthys Güldenstädt, 1772 (Salmonidae)". Aqua (International Journal of Ichthyology). 18 (1): 31–34. S2CID 86104330.
External links
- Stenodus leucichthys nelma Illustration of the sister species by N.N. Kondrakov. NOAA Photo Library.
