List of presidents of Pakistan: Difference between revisions

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			{{Short description\|None}}
	#REDIRECT ]
			:''The head of state of Pakistan from independence until Pakistan became a ] in 1956 was the ]. For the Governor-Generals who represented them from 1947 to 1956, see ].''
			]
			{{Politics of Pakistan}}
			The ] is the ] of the ].

			The complete '''list of Presidents of Pakistan''' includes the persons sworn into the office as ] following the proclamation of the ] in 1956.

			There have been a total of ]. The first president was ] who entered office on 23 March 1956. The current office holder is ], who took charge on 9 September 2018, following his victory in the ].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://moma.gov.pk/ProjectDetail/ODY5OTZmNGQtMGFjNi00YWQxLTgxNTQtZWRiYzEzMjQ1OTgw \|title=Ministry of Maritime Affairs \|publisher=Moma.gov.pk \|access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref>

			==Line of succession and removal==

			{{Main\|Line of succession to the President of Pakistan}}

			The Constitution discusses the possibility of an ]. in Chapter 1: The President, Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the ]. Certain office-holders, however, are permitted to stand as presidential candidates in case of vacancy as the constitution does not include a position of vice president:
			* The ] of the ]
			* The ]. in Chapter 1: The President, Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the ].

			==Key==

			{\| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1"
			\|+Key for presidents list
			! scope="col" style="width:20px" \|
			! scope="col" style="width:250px" \| Party name
			\|-
			\| align=center style="background-color: #6495ED" \|
			\| ]
			\|-
			\| align=center style="background-color:{{party color\|Muslim League}}" \|
			\| ]
			\|-
			\| align=center style="background-color:{{party color\|Military rule}}"\|
			\| ]
			\|-
			\| align=center style="background-color:gray" \|
			\| ]
			\|-
			\| align=center style="background-color:{{party color\|Pakistan Muslim League (Q)}}" \|
			\| ]
			\|-
			\| align=center style="background-color:{{party color\|Pakistan Peoples Party}}" \|
			\| ]
			\|-
			\| align=center style="background-color:{{party color\|Pakistan Muslim League (N)}}" \|
			\| ]
			\|-
			\| align=center style="background-color:{{party color\|Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf}}" \|
			\| ]
			\|}

			==President of Pakistan==
			{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
			! rowspan="2"\| {{Abbr\|No.\|Number}}
			! rowspan="2"\| Portrait
			! rowspan="2"\| Name<br /><small>(birth–death)</small>
			! colspan="3"\| Term of office
			! colspan="2" rowspan="2"\| Political party
			! rowspan="2"\| Elected
			! rowspan="2"\| {{Abbr\|Ref.\|Refernces}}
			\|-
			! Took office
			! Left office
			! Time in office
			\|-
			! 1
			\| ]
			\| ''']'''<br />{{small\|(1899–1969)}}
			\| 23 March 1956
			\| 27 October 1958
			\| {{ayd\|1956\|03\|23\|1958\|10\|27}}
			\| style="background-color: {{party color\|Republican Party (Pakistan)}}" \|
			\| ]
			\| –
			\| rowspan="3" \| <ref name=":0">{{Cite web \|date=2023-08-11 \|title=Presidents \|url=https://na.gov.pk/en/presidents.php \|url-status=unfit \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811185051/https://na.gov.pk/en/presidents.php \|archive-date=2023-08-11 \|access-date=2023-10-22 \|website=]}}</ref>
			\|-
			! rowspan="2"\| 2
			\| rowspan="2"\| ]
			\| rowspan="2"\| ''']'''<br />{{small\|(1907–1974)}}
			\| ]
			\| 8 June 1962
			\| {{ayd\|1958\|10\|27\|1962\|06\|08}}
			\| style="background-color: {{party color\|Military rule}}" \|
			\| ]
			\| –
			\|-
			\| 8 June 1962
			\| 25 March 1969
			\| {{ayd\|1962\|06\|08\|1969\|03\|25}}
			\| style="background-color: {{party color\|Convention Muslim League}}" \|
			\| ]
			\| ]
			\|-
			! 3
			\| ]
			\| ''']'''<br />{{small\|(1917–1980)}}
			\| 25 March 1969
			\| 20 December 1971
			\| {{ayd\|1969\|03\|25\|1971\|12\|20}}
			\| style="background-color: {{party color\|Military rule}}" \|
			\| ]
			\| –
			\| <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Burki \|first1=Shahid Javed \|last2=Baxter \|first2=Craig \|title=Pakistan Under The Military: Eleven Years Of Zia Ul-haq \|date=1991 \|publisher=Westview Press \|isbn=978-0813379852}}</ref>{{page needed\|date=February 2023}}
			\|-
			! 4
			\| ]
			\| ''']'''<br />{{small\|(1928– 1979)}}
			\| 20 December 1971
			\| 14 August 1973
			\| {{ayd\|1971\|12\|20\|1973\|08\|14}}
			\| style="background-color: {{party color\|Pakistan Peoples Party}}" \|
			\| ]
			\| –
			\| rowspan="8" \| <ref name=":0" />
			\|-
			! 5
			\| ]
			\| ''']'''<br />{{small\|(1904–1982)}}
			\| 14 August 1973
			\| 16 September 1978
			\| {{ayd\|1973\|08\|14\|1978\|04\|16}}
			\| style="background-color: {{party color\|Pakistan Peoples Party}}" \|
			\| ]
			\| 1973
			\|-
			! 6
			\| ]
			\| ''']'''<br />{{small\|(1924–1988)}}
			\| ]
			\| ] †
			\| {{ayd\|1978\|04\|16\|1988\|08\|17}}
			\| style="background-color: {{party color\|Military rule}}" \|
			\| ]
			\| —
			\|-
			! 7
			\| ]
			\| ''']'''<br />{{small\|(1915–2006)}}
			\| 17 August 1988
			\| 18 July 1993
			\| {{ayd\|1988\|08\|17\|1993\|07\|08}}
			\| style="background-color: {{party color\|Independent politician}}" \|
			\| ]
			\| 1988
			\|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
			! —
			\| ]
			\| ''']'''<br />{{small\|(1941–)<br />''acting''}}
			\| 18 July 1993
			\| 14 November 1993
			\| {{ayd\|1993\|07\|18\|1993\|11\|14}}
			\| style="background-color: {{party color\|Pakistan Muslim League (N)}}" \|
			\| ]
			\| –
			\|-
			! 8
			\| ]
			\| ''']'''<br />{{small\|(1940–2010)}}
			\| 14 November 1993
			\| 2 December 1997
			\| {{ayd\|1993\|11\|14\|1997\|12\|02}}
			\| style="background-color: {{party color\|Pakistan Peoples Party}}" \|
			\| ]
			\| 1993
			\|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
			! —
			\| ]
			\| ''']'''<br />{{small\|(1941–)<br />''acting''}}
			\| 2 December 1997
			\| 1 January 1998
			\| {{ayd\|1997\|12\|05\|1998\|01\|01}}
			\| style="background-color: {{party color\|Pakistan Muslim League (N)}}" \|
			\| ]
			\| –
			\|-
			! 9
			\| ]
			\| ''']'''<br />{{small\|(1929–2022)}}
			\| 1 January 1998
			\| 20 June 2001
			\| {{ayd\|1998\|01\|01\|2001\|06\|20}}
			\| style="background-color: {{party color\|Pakistan Muslim League (N)}}" \|
			\| ]
			\| –
			\|-
			! rowspan="2"\| 10
			\| rowspan="2"\| ]
			\| rowspan="2"\| ''']'''<br />{{small\|(1943–2023)}}
			\| 20 June 2001
			\| 15 October 2007
			\| {{ayd\|2001\|06\|20\|2007\|10\|15}}
			\| style="background-color: {{party color\|Military rule}}" \|
			\| ]
			\| ]
			\| <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/02/international/asia/02STAN.html?ex=1388379600&en=a5ffeee2a4e1367a&ei=5007&partner=USERLAND\|title=Pakistan gives Musharraf confidence vote as president\|work=The New York Times\|first=Amy \|last=Waldman\|date=2 January 2004\|access-date=20 January 2013}}</ref>
			\|-
			\| 19 November 2007
			\| 18 August 2008
			\| {{ayd\|2007\|11\|29\|2008\|08\|18}}
			\| style="background-color: {{party color\|Pakistan Muslim League (Q)}}" \|
			\| ]
			\| ]
			\| rowspan="5" \|<ref name=":0" />
			\|-style="background:#e6e6aa;"
			! —
			\| ]
			\| ''']'''<br />{{small\|(1950–)<br />''acting''}}
			\| 18 August 2008
			\| 9 September 2008
			\| {{ayd\|2008\|08\|18\|2008\|09\|09}}
			\| style="background-color: {{party color\|Pakistan Muslim League (N)}}" \|
			\| ]
			\| –
			\|-
			! 11
			\| ]
			\| ''']'''<br />{{small\|(1955–)}}
			\| 9 September 2008
			\| 9 September 2013
			\| {{ayd\|2008\|09\|09\|2013\|09\|09}}
			\| style="background-color: {{party color\|Pakistan Peoples Party}}" \|
			\| ]
			\| ]
			\|-
			! 12
			\| ]
			\| ''']'''<br />{{small\|(1941– 2021)}}
			\| 9 September 2013
			\| 9 September 2018
			\| {{ayd\|2013\|09\|09\|2018\|09\|09}}
			\| style="background-color: {{party color\|Pakistan Muslim League (N)}}" \|
			\| ]
			\| ]
			\|-
			! 13
			\| ]
			\| ''']'''<br />{{small\|(1949–)}}
			\| 9 September 2018
			\| ''Incumbent''
			\| {{ayd\|2018\|09\|09}}
			\| style="background-color: {{party color\|Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf}}" \|
			\| ]
			\| ]
			\|}

			==Timeline==
			{{#tag:timeline\|ImageSize=width:900 height:auto barincrement:13
			PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:150 left:20
			AlignBars = late

			Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

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			id:RP value:rgb(0.45,0.50,0.99) legend: Republican_Party
			id:MLC value:rgb(0.11,0.79,0.79) legend: Pakistan_Muslim_League_(C)
			id:PPP value:black legend: Pakistan_People's_Party
			id:MLN value:rgb(0.32,0.60,0.29) legend: Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)
			id:MLQ value:rgb(0.32,0.99,0.59) legend: Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Q)
			id:PTE value:red legend: Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf

			id:gray1 value:gray(0.85)
			id:gray2 value:gray(0.95)

			DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
			Period = from:23/03/1956 till:$today
			TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
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			text:"Political Parties:"

			BarData =

			bar:Mirza
			bar:Ayub
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			bar:ZBhutto
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			bar:Anwarul
			bar:Zia-ul-Haq
			bar:Ghulam
			bar:Sajjad
			bar:Leghari
			bar:Rafiq
			bar:Musharraf
			bar:Soomro
			bar:Zardari
			bar:Mamnoon
			bar:Alvi

			PlotData =
			width:5 align:left fontsize:9 shift:(5,-4) anchor:till
			bar: Mirza
			from: 23/03/1956 till: 27/10/1958 color:RP text:"]"
			bar: Ayub
			from: 27/10/1958 till: 08/06/1962 color:military
			from: 08/06/1962 till: 29/11/1963 color:MLC
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			from: 11/06/1962 till: 29/11/1963 color:MLC text:"]"
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			bar: Ayub
			from: 12/06/1965 till: 25/03/1969 color:MLC text:"]"
			bar: Yahya
			from: 25/03/1969 till: 20/12/1971 color:military text:"]"
			bar: ZBhutto
			from: 20/12/1971 till: 13/08/1973 color:PPP text:"]"
			bar: FChaudhry
			from: 14/08/1973 till: 20/04/1978 color:PPP
			bar: Anwarul
			from: 20/04/1978 till: 07/05/1978 color:PPP text:"]"
			bar: FChaudhry
			from: 07/05/1978 till: 16/09/1978 color:PPP text:"]"
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			bar: Ghulam
			from: 13/12/1988 till: 18/07/1993 color: independent text:"]"
			bar: Sajjad
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			bar: Leghari
			from: 14/11/1993 till: 02/12/1997 color:PPP text:"]
			bar: Sajjad
			from: 02/12/1997 till: 01/01/1998 color:MLN text:"]"
			bar: Rafiq
			from: 01/01/1998 till: 20/06/2001 color:MLN text:"]"
			bar: Musharraf
			from: 20/06/2001 till: 06/10/2007 color:military
			from: 06/10/2007 till: 18/08/2008 color:MLQ text:"]
			bar: Soomro
			from: 18/08/2008 till: 09/09/2008 color:MLN text:"]"
			bar: Zardari
			from: 09/09/2008 till: 09/09/2013 color:PPP text:"]"
			bar: Mamnoon
			from: 09/09/2013 till: 09/09/2018 color:MLN text:"]"
			bar: Alvi
			from: 09/09/2018 till: $today color:PTE text:"]"

	{{Rcat shell\|
	{{R to related topic}}
	{{R with history}}
	}}		}}

			==See also==
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			** ]
			*]
			*]
			*]
			*]
			*]
			*]

			== Notes ==
			{{reflist\|group=n}}
			{{notelist\|30em}}

			==References==
			{{reflist\|25em}}

			==External links==
			{{cite web \| url=http://worldstatesmen.org/Pakistan.htm \| title=Presidents \| publisher=WorldStatesman.org}}

			{{Presidents of Pakistan}}
			{{featured list}}

			]
			]
			]

Revision as of 07:36, 5 February 2024

The head of state of Pakistan from independence until Pakistan became a republic in 1956 was the Pakistani monarch. For the Governor-Generals who represented them from 1947 to 1956, see Governor-General of Pakistan.

Politics of Pakistan


Federalism Federal government Provincial governments: Punjab Sindh KPK Balochistan Governors: Sardar Saleem Haider Kamran Tessori Faisal Karim Kundi Sheikh Jaffar Khan Syed Mehdi Shah Chief Ministers: Maryam Nawaz Murad Ali Shah Ali Amin Gandapur Sarfraz Bugti Gulbar Khan Provincial assemblies of Pakistan: Punjab Sindh KPK Balochistan Gilgi-Baltistan Azad Kashmir government President: Sultan Mehmood Chaudhry Prime Minister: Chaudhry Anwarul Haq Legislative Assembly Government of Gilgit-Baltistan Local government Divisions Districts Tehsil UCs
Parliament legislature Senate (Upper House) Chairman: Yousaf Raza Gillani Deputy Chairman: Syedaal Khan Nasar (PML(N)) Leader of the House: Ishaq Dar (PML(N)) Opposition leader: Shibli Faraz (PTI) National Assembly (Lower House) Leader of the House: Shehbaz Sharif (PML(N)) Speaker: Ayaz Sadiq (PML(N)) Deputy speaker: Syed Ghulam Mustafa Shah (PPP) Leader of the Opposition: Omar Ayub Khan Constitution of Pakistan Previous constitutions:1956 1962 1973 Annex (written 1949, incorporated 1985) Amendments Law Pakistan Penal Code Human rights
Executive President of Pakistan: Asif Ali Zardari (PPP) List of presidents of Pakistan Prime Minister of Pakistan: Shahbaz Sharif (PML-N) List of prime ministers of Pakistan Cabinet of Pakistan Cabinet Secretary
Judiciary Supreme Court of Pakistan Chief Justice: Yahya Afridi List of justices Judges appointment body: Supreme Judicial Council and Judicial Commission High courts: Islamabad, Punjab, Sindh, KPK, Balochistan, Shariat Court Territorial courts: AJK supreme court, AJK High court, Gilgit-Baltistan supreme court, Gilgit-Baltistan High Court Special courts: Anti Terrorism Courts, Accountability Courts District Courts
Elections Election Commission of Pakistan Chief Election Commissioner: Sikandar Sultan Raja Electoral College Territorial election commission AJK Election Commission Chief Election Commissioner of AJK: Abdul Rashid Sulehria Gilgit-Baltistan Election Commission Chief Election Commissioner of Gilgit-Baltistan: Raja Shah Baz Khan Elections Presidential: 2008 2013 2018 2024 General: 1970 1977 1985 1988 1990 1993 1997 2002 2008 2013 2018 2024 Provincial elections Punjab: 2002 2008 2013 2018 2024 Sindh: 2002 2008 2013 2018 2024 KPK: 2002 2008 2013 2018 2024 Balochistan: 2002 2008 2013 2018 2024 Territorial elections Azad Kashmir: 1970 1975 1985 1990 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 Gilgit-Baltistan: 2009 2015 2020 Political parties Pakistan Muslim League (N) Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf Pakistan Peoples Party Complete list
Administrative unitsCapital territory Islamabad Provinces Balochistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh Autonomous region Azad Kashmir Gilgit-Baltistan
Foreign relationsDiplomacy Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister of Foreign Affairs Foreign Secretary Diplomatic missions of / in Pakistan Customs Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Regional topics Kashmir conflict India China United States
Pakistan portal
v t e

Politics of Pakistan

Federalism

Federal government

- Provincial governments: Punjab
- Sindh
- KPK
- Balochistan

Azad Kashmir government

Government of Gilgit-Baltistan

Local government

Parliament legislature

Senate (Upper House)

National Assembly (Lower House)

Leader of the House: Shehbaz Sharif (PML(N))
Speaker: Ayaz Sadiq (PML(N))
Deputy speaker: Syed Ghulam Mustafa Shah (PPP)
Leader of the Opposition: Omar Ayub Khan

Constitution of Pakistan

- Previous constitutions:1956
- 1962
- 1973
Annex (written 1949, incorporated 1985)
Amendments
Law
Pakistan Penal Code
Human rights

Executive

Judiciary

Supreme Court of Pakistan
Chief Justice: Yahya Afridi
List of justices
Judges appointment body: Supreme Judicial Council and Judicial Commission

High courts: Islamabad, Punjab, Sindh, KPK, Balochistan, Shariat Court

Territorial courts: AJK supreme court, AJK High court, Gilgit-Baltistan supreme court, Gilgit-Baltistan High Court

Special courts: Anti Terrorism Courts, Accountability Courts

- District Courts

Elections

Territorial election commission

AJK Election Commission
Chief Election Commissioner of AJK: Abdul Rashid Sulehria
Gilgit-Baltistan Election Commission
Chief Election Commissioner of Gilgit-Baltistan: Raja Shah Baz Khan

Elections

- Presidential: 2008
- 2013
- 2018
- 2024
- General: 1970
- 1977
- 1985
- 1988
- 1990
- 1993
- 1997
- 2002
- 2008
- 2013
- 2018
- 2024

Provincial elections

- Punjab: 2002
- 2008
- 2013
- 2018
- 2024
- Sindh: 2002
- 2008
- 2013
- 2018
- 2024
- KPK: 2002
- 2008
- 2013
- 2018
- 2024
- Balochistan: 2002
- 2008
- 2013
- 2018
- 2024

Territorial elections

- Azad Kashmir: 1970
- 1975
- 1985
- 1990
- 1991
- 1996
- 2001
- 2006
- 2011
- 2016
- 2021
- Gilgit-Baltistan: 2009
- 2015
- 2020

Political parties

Administrative unitsCapital territory

Islamabad

Provinces

Autonomous region

Foreign relationsDiplomacy

Customs

Regional topics

Pakistan portal

The President of Pakistan is the head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

The complete list of Presidents of Pakistan includes the persons sworn into the office as President of Pakistan following the proclamation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1956.

There have been a total of 13 presidents. The first president was Iskander Ali Mirza who entered office on 23 March 1956. The current office holder is Arif Alvi, who took charge on 9 September 2018, following his victory in the 2018 elections.

Line of succession and removal

Main article: Line of succession to the President of Pakistan

The Constitution discusses the possibility of an acting president. in Chapter 1: The President, Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan. Certain office-holders, however, are permitted to stand as presidential candidates in case of vacancy as the constitution does not include a position of vice president:

The Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan
The Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan. in Chapter 1: The President, Part III: The Federation of Pakistan in the Constitution of Pakistan.

Key

Key for presidents list
	Party name
	Republican Party
	Muslim League (C)
	Armed Forces
	Independent
	Muslim League (Q)
	Peoples Party
	Muslim League (N)
	Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf

President of Pakistan

No.	Portrait	Name (birth–death)	Term of office			Political party		Elected	Ref.
No.	Portrait	Name (birth–death)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Political party		Elected	Ref.
1		Iskander Mirza (1899–1969)	23 March 1956	27 October 1958	2 years, 218 days		Republican Party	–
2		Ayub Khan (1907–1974)	27 October 1958	8 June 1962	3 years, 224 days		Military	–
2		Ayub Khan (1907–1974)	8 June 1962	25 March 1969	6 years, 290 days		Pakistan Muslim League PML (C)	1965
3	File:General Yahya Khan in 1966.jpg	Yahya Khan (1917–1980)	25 March 1969	20 December 1971	2 years, 270 days		Military	–
4		Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (1928– 1979)	20 December 1971	14 August 1973	1 year, 237 days		Pakistan Peoples Party	–
5		Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry (1904–1982)	14 August 1973	16 September 1978	4 years, 245 days		Pakistan Peoples Party	1973
6		Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (1924–1988)	16 September 1978	17 August 1988 †	10 years, 123 days		Military	—
7		Ghulam Ishaq Khan (1915–2006)	17 August 1988	18 July 1993	4 years, 325 days		Independent	1988
—		Wasim Sajjad (1941–) acting	18 July 1993	14 November 1993	119 days		Pakistan Muslim League (N)	–
8		Farooq Leghari (1940–2010)	14 November 1993	2 December 1997	4 years, 18 days		Pakistan Peoples Party	1993
—		Wasim Sajjad (1941–) acting	2 December 1997	1 January 1998	27 days		Pakistan Muslim League (N)	–
9		Muhammad Rafiq Tarar (1929–2022)	1 January 1998	20 June 2001	3 years, 170 days		Pakistan Muslim League (N)	–
10		Pervez Musharraf (1943–2023)	20 June 2001	15 October 2007	6 years, 117 days		Military	2004
10		Pervez Musharraf (1943–2023)	19 November 2007	18 August 2008	263 days		Pakistan Muslim League (Q)	2007
—		Muhammad Mian Soomro (1950–) acting	18 August 2008	9 September 2008	22 days		Pakistan Muslim League (N)	–
11		Asif Ali Zardari (1955–)	9 September 2008	9 September 2013	5 years, 0 days		Pakistan Peoples Party	2008
12		Mamnoon Hussain (1941– 2021)	9 September 2013	9 September 2018	5 years, 0 days		Pakistan Muslim League (N)	2013
13		Arif Alvi (1949–)	9 September 2018	Incumbent	6 years, 123 days		Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf	2018

Timeline

Notes

References

"Ministry of Maritime Affairs". Moma.gov.pk. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
^ "Presidents". National Assembly of Pakistan. 2023-08-11. Archived from the original on 2023-08-11. Retrieved 2023-10-22.
Burki, Shahid Javed; Baxter, Craig (1991). Pakistan Under The Military: Eleven Years Of Zia Ul-haq. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0813379852.
Waldman, Amy (2 January 2004). "Pakistan gives Musharraf confidence vote as president". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 January 2013.

External links

"Presidents". WorldStatesman.org.

v t e Presidents of Pakistan
	Mirza Ayub Khan Yahya Khan Bhutto Ilahi Zia-ul-Haq Ghulam Ishaq Khan Sajjad Leghari Sajjad Tarar Musharraf Soomro Zardari Mamnoon Alvi Zardari
Italics indicate acting Presidents

Categories: