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| ==Origin== | ==Origin== | ||
| According to the tradition, the Kaplon genus was one of the ancient Hungarian kindreds, which arrived to the ] during the ] in the late 9th century. The 13th-century chronicler ] in his work '']'' says that one of the chieftains of the conquest was ] (or Künd), who settled in the Nyírség region. His sons were named Küsid and Kaplon (''Cupian'', or Kaplony). Based on the '']'', several historians identified Küsid with ] (or Kusal) initially, but later several doubts arose about this. The Kaplon kindred considered Kaplon, the younger son as their progenitor. His name probably comes from Turkic "kaplan", meaning "tiger". Sometime after the ] (11th century), the kindred erected their clan monastery dedicated to St. ] at their namesake centre ] in ] (present-day Căpleni, ]). The kindred spread in the area between the rivers ] and ]. | According to the tradition, the Kaplon genus was one of the ancient Hungarian kindreds, which arrived to the ] during the ] in the late 9th century. The 13th-century chronicler ] in his work '']'' says that one of the chieftains of the conquest was ] (or Künd), who settled in the Nyírség region. His sons were named Küsid and Kaplon (''Cupian'', or Kaplony). Based on the '']'', several historians identified Küsid with ] (or Kusal) initially, but later several doubts arose about this. The Kaplon kindred considered Kaplon, the younger son as their progenitor. His name probably comes from Turkic "kaplan", meaning "tiger". Sometime after the ] (11th century), the kindred erected their clan monastery dedicated to St. ] at their namesake centre ] in ] (present-day Căpleni, ]). The kindred spread in the area between the rivers ] and ]. | ||
| Historian Péter Németh considered the person of Kaplon as a 13th-century fabrication by 13th-century chroniclers, since several scholars – e.g. János Karácsonyi, ], ] – considered that Szatmár County was established after the death of ].{{sfn|Németh|2005|pp=xxvii–xxviii}} Németh argued that the Hungarians initially conquered the region from east until the left bank of river Szamos. It is possible that ancestors of the Kaplon kindred took part in this process, but not only them exclusively.{{sfn|Németh|2005|pp=xxxii}} Péter Németh emphasized the uncertainty that the Kaplons was really the original and ancient occupying kindred at the time of the Hungarian conquest over the region. According to the contemporary records, he argued, the Kaplon clan acquired the surrounding lands over their ancient estate Kaplony only in the second half of the 13th century, for instance, ] (Vetiș), ] (Carei) and Bagos (Boghiș), the namesakes of noble families breaking out of the genus. By the end of the 12th century, the Kaplons possessed overwhelming portions in the ] (today Oaș Mountains). Németh argued the Kaplons arrived to the region at the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries, when the castle district of Szatmár was established.{{sfn|Németh|2005|pp=xxxvi}} | |||
| Former historiography assumed a ]n branch of the kindred, involving ], the ] as the most illustrious member of it.{{sfn|Karácsonyi|1901|p=290}} In fact, however, that kinship belonged to the ].{{sfn|Rácz|2000|pp=25–26}} | Former historiography assumed a ]n branch of the kindred, involving ], the ] as the most illustrious member of it.{{sfn|Karácsonyi|1901|p=290}} In fact, however, that kinship belonged to the ].{{sfn|Rácz|2000|pp=25–26}} | ||
Revision as of 14:50, 8 February 2024
| Genus (gens) Kaplon | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Country | Principality of Hungary Kingdom of Hungary |
| Founded | 10th century |
| Founder | Kaplon (Cupan) |
| Cadet branches | a, Károlyi branch House of Bagossy |
Kaplon, also Kaplony or Kaplyon (Caplon, Coplyon, Caplan, Coplyan, Kaplyon, Kaplyn, Koplon, Koplen, Kopplyan), was the name of a gens (Latin for "clan"; nemzetség in Hungarian) in the Kingdom of Hungary. The founder and ancestor of the genus was Kaplon (or Cupan), the second son of Kond, who was one of the seven chieftains of the Magyars according to Anonymus, author of the Gesta Hungarorum. The clan's original tribal area was the Nyírség, northeastern part of the Great Hungarian Plain.
The distinguished and influential Károlyi family originates from the Genus Kaplon. The Sztáray, Bagossy, Csomaközy, Vadai and Vetési families were also from that clan and had spread northward, eastward and southward.
Origin
According to the tradition, the Kaplon genus was one of the ancient Hungarian kindreds, which arrived to the Carpathian Basin during the Hungarian conquest in the late 9th century. The 13th-century chronicler Simon of Kéza in his work Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum says that one of the chieftains of the conquest was Kond (or Künd), who settled in the Nyírség region. His sons were named Küsid and Kaplon (Cupian, or Kaplony). Based on the Gesta Hungarorum, several historians identified Küsid with Kurszán (or Kusal) initially, but later several doubts arose about this. The Kaplon kindred considered Kaplon, the younger son as their progenitor. His name probably comes from Turkic "kaplan", meaning "tiger". Sometime after the Christianization of Hungary (11th century), the kindred erected their clan monastery dedicated to St. Martin of Tours at their namesake centre Kaplony in Szatmár County (present-day Căpleni, Romania). The kindred spread in the area between the rivers Szamos (Someș) and Kraszna (Crasna).
Historian Péter Németh considered the person of Kaplon as a 13th-century fabrication by 13th-century chroniclers, since several scholars – e.g. János Karácsonyi, Bálint Hóman, Gyula Kristó – considered that Szatmár County was established after the death of Stephen I. Németh argued that the Hungarians initially conquered the region from east until the left bank of river Szamos. It is possible that ancestors of the Kaplon kindred took part in this process, but not only them exclusively. Péter Németh emphasized the uncertainty that the Kaplons was really the original and ancient occupying kindred at the time of the Hungarian conquest over the region. According to the contemporary records, he argued, the Kaplon clan acquired the surrounding lands over their ancient estate Kaplony only in the second half of the 13th century, for instance, Vetés (Vetiș), Károly (Carei) and Bagos (Boghiș), the namesakes of noble families breaking out of the genus. By the end of the 12th century, the Kaplons possessed overwhelming portions in the Avas forest (today Oaș Mountains). Németh argued the Kaplons arrived to the region at the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries, when the castle district of Szatmár was established.
Former historiography assumed a Transdanubian branch of the kindred, involving Zlaudus, the Bishop of Veszprém as the most illustrious member of it. In fact, however, that kinship belonged to the gens (clan) Ják.
Branches
Károlyi branch
- Family tree
- Joshua
- Andrew I (d. before 1219)
- Simon I ("Devil"; fl. 1219–1264)
- Peter I (fl. 1277–1298) ∞ Anne Turul
- John I (fl. 1306)
- Simon III ("Great"; fl. 1325–1357)
- Bagosi (Bagossy) family
- John II ("Waisted"; fl. 1325–1342)
- Simon III ("Great"; fl. 1325–1357)
- Peter II ("Zonga"; fl. 1306–1342)
- Vetési family
- Philip (fl. 1306)
- Martin (fl. 1306–1355) ∞ Anne Vásári
- Csomaközi family
- Simon II (fl. 1306)
- John I (fl. 1306)
- Endes (fl. 1288–1298)
- Vadai family
- Andrew II ("Devil"; fl. 1291–1325)
- Károlyi family
- Peter I (fl. 1277–1298) ∞ Anne Turul
- Michael (fl. 1219)
- Mike (fl. 1291)
- Andrew III (d. before 1312)
- Mike (fl. 1291)
- Simon I ("Devil"; fl. 1219–1264)
- Andrew I (d. before 1219)
Nagymihályi branch
The first known member of this branch was Jakó (I), who was plausibly ispán of Zólyom County from 1243 to 1245, and in 1263. He married Catherine, a great-granddaughter of Apa, who was a ban of Slavonia in the mid-12th century. Through this marriage, Jakó's branch acquired several landholdings in Ung and Zemplén counties, since Peter, Catherine's father had no male descendants. In 1244, Peter bequeathed his estate Reviscse (present-day Blatné Revištia, Slovakia) to Jakó's wife. In 1248, Peter handed over the dower to his wife Agnes, which contained the estates Mihály and Tapolya (present-day Michalovce, Slovakia) with their accessories along the river Laborec (Laborc) and the forests near Zalacska (today Zalužice, Slovakia). In the next year, Agnes donated these estates to their daughters and grandsons, establishing the Nagymihály lordship, an important fortune of the Kaplon clan. Peter and Agnes donated another villages – Vinna (Vinné), Zalacska and Tarna (Trnava pri Laborci) – surrounding the aforementioned estates to their daughters still in that year. Béla IV confirmed the donations. Peter's another daughter, Petronilla compiled her last will and testament in 1258, in which she bequeathed the right of patronage over the Benedictine monastery of Kána to the sons of Jakó, Andrew (I) and Jakó (II). Due to these donations, both of them became prominent lords by the 1270s, Jakó (II) even served as Master of the cupbearers from 1279 to 1280.
Andrew (I) and Jakó (II) functioned as ispán of Ung and Zemplén counties in 1273, respectively. In that year, the brothers were granted the estates Sztára (today Staré) and Perecse (today a borough of Michalovce, Slovakia) in Ung County for their loyalty by Ladislaus IV. Jakó and Andrew began to establish Nagymihály lordship, an important centre of their estates, which laid in the borderland of Zemplén and Ung counties in the area between the rivers Laborec (Laborc) and Szeretva (or Cserna). Sometime in the last third of the 13th century, they built the castle of Nagymihály, a fortified stronghold in the region (present-day ruins, belongs to Vinné). It is possible that they also erected the nearby Barkó Castle (today ruins above Brekov, Slovakia) in the same period. In 1279, Ladislaus IV donated them the fort of Jeszenő (today Jasenov, Slovakia) with the surrounding forest as a "lost heritage". The Kaplons' centre, Nagymihály was granted right to hold fair. They swore loyalty to the new monarch Andrew III in 1290. They bought the land Tiba (today Tibava, Slovakia) in Ung County. The brothers erected a small castle there ("Tibavára", today ruins near Podhoroď, Slovakia) around 1300.
Following the extinction of the Árpád dynasty and the era of Interregnum (1301–1310), Amadeus Aba, as a powerful oligarch, ruled de facto independently the north-eastern region of the Kingdom of Hungary, including Ung County. However, the Kaplons and their province, the Nagymihály lordship were able to maintain their independence. During the Abas' rebellion against Charles I, their troops commanded by Dominic Csicseri pillaged and occupied the castle of Tiba from the Kaplons. Following his victory, the monarch returned the demolished fort to the kinship. The lordship was one of the most important strongholds in Northeastern Hungary in the early 14th century. Excluding the Drugeths, only the Nagymihályis possessed a castle in Ung County, while they were also considered influential landowners in Zemplén County too. By the end of the 14th century, the Nagymihály lordship spread over a total of 650 km2 in the two counties, containing a market town (Nagymihály itself), 43 (later 56) villages and ca. 930 servant families. In the northeastern region, only the magnate families of Drugeths, Cudars, Bebeks and Perényis possessed more extensive territories.
However, the branch proved to be quite numerous in the 14th century, which led to the fragmentation of the unified Nagymihály property: Andrew (I) and Jakó (II) had altogether five sons, ten grandsons and fourteen great-grandsons who also begot offspring. Jakó's sub-branch became extinct in 1449. During that time, Andrew's sub-branch had altogether 27 male members. Various noble families descended from the latter (see family tree). Under such circumstances, various land division contracts occurred in the 14–15th centuries. As a result of the first divisions (1335–1337), seven separate lordships were formed by 1350, which became the basis of the emerging noble families (Tibai, Ördög, Lucskai, Ödönfi, Bánfi, Pongrácz and Jakó's Nagymihályi kinship). Among these families, only the Tibai family retained its importance at the county level due to their loyal services.
The Nagymihályis (Jakó's descendants) became more wealthy than the other families, because only two of Jakó's sons – Andrew (II) and Ladislaus (I) – had known offspring. Already them began to use the Nagymihályi surname by the mid-14th century, after their permanent residence. The Nagymihályis possessed significant portions throughout in Ung County, for instance, in Szobránc (Sobrance), Jeszenő, Alsóribnice (Nižná Rybnica), Felsőreviscse (Veľké Revištia), Felsőtiba and Baskóc (Baškovce). Ladislaus' branch died out in 1421, thus Andrew's branch inherited their all property, thus, half of the former Nagymihály lordship once again rested in one hand. The last member of the Nagymihályis was Ladislaus (V), a prominent local partisan of John Hunyadi's league. He died in 1449.
- Family tree
- Jakó I (fl. 1243–1263) ∞ Catherine, daughter of Peter (fl. 1244–1258)
- Andrew I (fl. 1249–1302)
- Lawrence (fl. 1307–1350, d. before 1353) ∞ daughter of magister Kakas (fl. 1353)
- Tibai, Sztáray (Sztárai) and Lucskai families
- Jakó IV (fl. 1320–1337) ∞ Anne N (fl. 1345–1353)
- John II (fl. 1335–1376, d. before 1378) --> Gézsény sub-branch
- Gregory (fl. 1358–1376, d. before 1380)
- Ladislaus III (fl. 1380–1386) ∞ Elizabeth Olcsvári (fl. 1398)
- George (fl. 1380)
- Albert ("Ungi"; fl. 1380–1433, d. before 1434)
- Bánfi (Bánffy) de Nagymihály (or Priorfi) family
- Andrew IV (fl. 1373–1396)
- Denis II (fl. 1374)
- Gregory (fl. 1358–1376, d. before 1380)
- Andrew III (fl. 1335–1342)
- James I (fl. 1335–1342)
- Ernye (fl. 1335–1349, d. before 1353)
- Edmund (fl. 1353–1393) ∞ Elizabeth Butkai
- Ödönfi de Nagymihály family
- Edmund (fl. 1353–1393) ∞ Elizabeth Butkai
- Clara (d. before 1345) ∞ Stephen Szeretvai
- John II (fl. 1335–1376, d. before 1378) --> Gézsény sub-branch
- Michael (fl. 1328–1373)
- Pongrácz de Nagymihály family
- Catherine (fl. 1331) ∞ Nicholas Pok
- Anne (fl. 1364) ∞ Peter Lipóci
- Lawrence (fl. 1307–1350, d. before 1353) ∞ daughter of magister Kakas (fl. 1353)
- Jakó II (fl. 1249–1311) --> Nagymihályi family
- Andrew II (fl. 1307–1342)
- Emeric (fl. 1335–1379) ∞ Catherine Butkai (1376†)
- Petronilla (fl. 1389)
- Stephen I (fl. 1335–1384) ∞ Helena Szeretvai (fl. 1398)
- Andrew V (fl. 1382–1394)
- Ladislaus IV (fl. 1384–1396)
- John V (fl. 1411–1428) ∞ Ursula N (fl. 1444–1449)
- Ladislaus V (fl. 1416–1449†), last male member ∞ Helena Keresztúri (fl. 1449–1472)
- Andrew VII (fl. 1411–1422, d. before 1428) ∞ Dorothea Várdai (fl. 1428–1454)
- John V (fl. 1411–1428) ∞ Ursula N (fl. 1444–1449)
- Stephen II (fl. 1388–1396†, Battle of Nicopolis)
- Andrew VI (fl. 1398, d. before 1416) ∞ Anne N (fl. 1416)
- Nicholas I (fl. 1335–1358)
- Emeric (fl. 1335–1379) ∞ Catherine Butkai (1376†)
- John I (d. before 1311)
- Ladislaus I (fl. 1307–1360) ∞ unidentified, then Clara Ráskai (fl. 1356–1373)
- (1) John III (fl. 1335–1352) ∞ Helena Mezőlaki (fl. 1356)
- Euphrosyne (1358)
- (1) Jakó V (fl. 1335–1346)
- (1) Thomas (fl. 1337–1346)
- (1) Ladislaus II (fl. 1346)
- (1) Denis I (fl. 1346)
- (2) James II (fl. 1346–1412)
- John IV (fl. 1393–1419, d. before 1421) ∞ unidentified (fl. 1421–1427)
- (2) Peter (fl. 1356–1357)
- (2) Nicholas II (fl. 1356–1423, d. before 1428) ∞ Elizabeth Sós de Sóvár (fl. 1423–1428)
- Clara (fl. 1416) ∞ John Csetneki
- (2) Anne (fl. 1356–1373) ∞ Peter Somosi
- (1) John III (fl. 1335–1352) ∞ Helena Mezőlaki (fl. 1356)
- Jakó III (or Stephen; fl. 1307–1328)
- Elizabeth (fl. 1311–1335) ∞ Thomas Szeretvai (fl. 1311), then Nicholas Csicseri (fl. 1335)
- a daughter (d. before 1345) ∞ Thomas Kendi
- Andrew II (fl. 1307–1342)
- Andrew I (fl. 1249–1302)
References
- Németh 2005, pp. xxvii–xxviii. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNémeth2005 (help)
- Németh 2005, pp. xxxii. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNémeth2005 (help)
- Németh 2005, pp. xxxvi. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNémeth2005 (help)
- Karácsonyi 1901, p. 290.
- Rácz 2000, pp. 25–26.
- Zsoldos 2011, p. 236.
- ^ Engel 1998, pp. 30–31.
- Zsoldos 2011, p. 61.
- Zsoldos 2011, pp. 219, 235.
- Karácsonyi 1901, p. 298.
- Engel 1996, p. 372.
- Engel 1996, p. 273.
- ^ Engel 1998, p. 31.
- ^ Engel 1998, p. 32.
- ^ Engel 1996, p. 443.
- Engel 1998, p. 33.
- Engel 1998, p. 35.
- Engel 1998, p. 34.
- Engel: Genealógia (Genus Kaplon 7., Nagymihály branch)
- Engel: Genealógia (Genus Kaplon 8., Tibai branch)
- Engel: Genealógia (Genus Kaplon 9., Lucskai branch)
- Engel: Genealógia (Genus Kaplon 10., Bánfi (Priorfi) branch)
- Engel: Genealógia (Genus Kaplon 11., Ödönfi branch)
- Engel: Genealógia (Genus Kaplon 12., Pongrácz (Nagymihályi) branch)
- Engel: Genealógia (Genus Kaplon 13., Nagymihály (Jákó) branch)
Sources
- Engel, Pál (1998). A nemesi társadalom a középkori Ung megyében (in Hungarian). Társadalom- és művelődéstörténeti tanulmányok 25., MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 963-8312-59-9.
- Engel, Pál (1996). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1301–1457, I. (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 963-8312-44-0.
- Karácsonyi, János (1901). A magyar nemzetségek a XIV. század közepéig. II. kötet (in Hungarian). Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
- Németh, Péter (2008). A középkori Szatmár megye települései a 15. század elejéig (in Hungarian). Jósa András Múzeum Kiadványai 60. ISBN 978-963-7220-63-0.
- Rácz, György (2000). "A Ják nemzetség és monostoralapításai I. rész ". Vasi Szemle (in Hungarian). 54 (1): 7–26. ISSN 0505-0332.
- Sebők, Ferenc (1994). "Kaplony nem ". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc (eds.). Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9-14. század) (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 324–325. ISBN 963-05-6722-9.
- Zsoldos, Attila (2011). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 978-963-9627-38-3.
| Noble kindreds in the Kingdom of Hungary (9–14th century) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Kindreds (genera) |
| .svg) |