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The '''Âu Việt''' or '''Ouyue''' ({{zh|t=]]}}) were an ancient conglomeration of ] tribes living in what is today the mountainous regions of northernmost ], western ], and northern ], China, since at least the third century BCE. They were believed to have belonged to the ] language group. In the legends of the ], the western part of Âu Việt's land became the Nam Cương Kingdom,<ref>{{cite web|title=Cao Bằng và bí ẩn nơi thành cổ Bản Phủ|url=http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/doi-song/101365/cao-bang-va-bi-an-noi-thanh-co-ban-phu.html|accessdate=2012-12-17}}</ref> whose capital was located in what is today the ] of ].<ref name="Chapius">{{cite book|title=A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc|last=Chapuis|first=Oscar|year=1995|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-313-29622-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jskyi00bspcC&pg=PA13&dq=%22au+viet%22+%22xi+ou%22|pages=13–14}}</ref><ref>Vinh Phúc Nguyêñ ''Historical and cultural sites around Hanoi'' Thé̂ Giới Publishers, 2000 p24, 25 "became the king both of the Âu Việt and Âu Lạc"</ref><ref>Anh Tuấn Hoàng ''Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese Relations, 1637-1700'' Page 12 2007 "people of ]."</ref> In eastern China, the Ouyue established the ] or Eastern Ou kingdom. The Western Ou (]]; {{zh|p=Xī Ōu|links=no}}; ''Tây'' meaning "western") were other ] tribes, with short hair and ]s, who ]<ref name="Chapius"/> and are the ancestors of the modern upland ]-speaking ] in Vietnam such as the ] and ],<ref>{{cite book|title=Vietnam: a natural history|last1=Sterling|first1=Eleanor J.|first2=Martha Maud |last2=Hurley |first3=Le Duc |last3=Minh |first4=Minh Duc |last4=Le |first5=Joyce A. |last5=Powzyk|year=2006|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-10608-4|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4YyosYY9WIC&pg=PA28}} |
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The '''Âu Việt''' or '''Ouyue''' ({{zh|t=]]}}) were an ancient conglomeration of ] tribes living in what is today the mountainous regions of northernmost ], western ], and northern ], China, since at least the third century BCE. They were believed to have belonged to the ] language group. In eastern China, the Ouyue established the ] or Eastern Ou kingdom. The Western Ou (]]; {{zh|p=Xī Ōu|links=no}}; ''Tây'' meaning "western") were other ] tribes, with short hair and ]s, who ]<ref name="Chapius"/> and are the ancestors of the modern upland ]-speaking ] in Vietnam such as the ] and ],<ref>{{cite book|title=Vietnam: a natural history|last1=Sterling|first1=Eleanor J.|first2=Martha Maud |last2=Hurley |first3=Le Duc |last3=Minh |first4=Minh Duc |last4=Le |first5=Joyce A. |last5=Powzyk|year=2006|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-10608-4|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4YyosYY9WIC&pg=PA28}} |
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</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Vietnamese ceramics: a separate tradition|last1=Stevenson|first1=John|first2=John |last2=Guy |first3=Louise Allison |last3=Cort|year=1997|publisher=Art Media Resources with Avery Press|page=109}}</ref> as well as the closely related ] of ]. |
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</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Vietnamese ceramics: a separate tradition|last1=Stevenson|first1=John|first2=John |last2=Guy |first3=Louise Allison |last3=Cort|year=1997|publisher=Art Media Resources with Avery Press|page=109}}</ref> as well as the closely related ] of ]. |
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The Âu Việt traded with the ] (Austroasiatic-speaking people), the inhabitants of the state of ], located in the lowland plains to Âu Việt's south, in what is today the ] of northern Vietnam, until 258 BC or 257 BC, when Thục Phán, the leader of an alliance of Âu Việt tribes, invaded Văn Lang and defeated the last ]. He named the new nation "]", proclaiming himself "]" (literally "Peaceful ] King").<ref name="Chapius"/> |
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The Âu Việt traded with the ] (Austroasiatic-speaking people), the inhabitants of the state of ], located in the lowland plains to Âu Việt's south, in what is today the ] of northern Vietnam, until 258 BC or 257 BC, when Thục Phán, the leader of an alliance of Âu Việt tribes, invaded Văn Lang and defeated the last ]. He named the new nation "]", proclaiming himself "]" (literally "Peaceful ] King").<ref name="Chapius"/> The origins of Thục Phán are uncertain. According to traditional Vietnamese historiography, he was the prince or king of ] (in modern ]). However the kingdom of Shu was conquered by the ] in 316 BCE, making it chronologically improbable that Thục Phán was Shu royalty a hundred years later. There may be some merit to the story due to archaeological evidence of cultural ties between ] and the Proto-Vietnamese, but possibly as a result of the gap in time between the origin of the story and when it was recorded, the location could have been changed to Shu or simply mistaken due to erroneous geographical knowledge.{{sfn|O'Harrow|1979|p=148}} According to a translated oral account of a ] legend, the western part of Âu Việt's land became the Nam Cương Kingdom,<ref>{{cite web|title=Cao Bằng và bí ẩn nơi thành cổ Bản Phủ|url=http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/doi-song/101365/cao-bang-va-bi-an-noi-thanh-co-ban-phu.html|accessdate=2012-12-17}}</ref> whose capital was located in what is today the ] of ]. It was that Thục Phán hailed from.<ref name="Chapius">{{cite book|title=A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc|last=Chapuis|first=Oscar|year=1995|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-313-29622-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jskyi00bspcC&pg=PA13&dq=%22au+viet%22+%22xi+ou%22|pages=13–14}}</ref><ref>Vinh Phúc Nguyêñ ''Historical and cultural sites around Hanoi'' Thé̂ Giới Publishers, 2000 p24, 25 "became the king both of the Âu Việt and Âu Lạc"</ref><ref>Anh Tuấn Hoàng ''Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese Relations, 1637-1700'' Page 12 2007 "people of ]."</ref> The authenticity of this account is considered suspect by some historians. It was published in 1963 as a translation while no extant copy of the original Tày text exists. The title of the story contains many Vietnamese words with slight tonal and spelling differences rather than ]. It is uncertain what text the translation originated from.{{sfn|Kelley|2013|p=67-68}} |
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According to Chinese historians: |
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According to Chinese historians: |
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According to Vietnamese historians: |
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According to Vietnamese historians: |
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* 257 BC, An Dương Vương 安陽王 unified the Lạc Việt tribe (Austroasiatic) (chiefdom) of Hung Kings 雄王 (Hưng Vương) with his Âuviệt tribe (Tai-Kadai) (chiefdom) into a single tribe (The Âulạc chiefdom). |
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* 257 BC, An Dương Vương 安陽王 unified the Lạc Việt tribe (Austroasiatic) (chiefdom) of Hung Kings 雄王 (Hưng Vương) with his Âuviệt tribe (Tai-Kadai) (chiefdom) into a single tribe (The Âulạc chiefdom).{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=14-16}} |
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* 208 BC, Zhao Tuo captured Âulạc and incorporated it into his Han kingdom of Nanyue, which was ruled by the Han dynasty. |
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* 208 BC, Zhao Tuo captured Âulạc and incorporated it into his Han kingdom of Nanyue, which was ruled by the Han dynasty.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=14-16}} |
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* In 938, Ngô Quyền 吳權 defeated the Southern Han army, opening a long period of independent Vietnam under the full monarchy. |
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The Âu Việt tribe is thought to have been one of the most important progenitors of the Vietnamese people, along with the Lạc Việt people and some of ancient Han Chinese customs and traditions that was imparted onto Vietnamese culture during ]. |
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==References== |
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==References== |
