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	], a personification of ], wearing a swimsuit, an example of typical "fan service"]]		], a personification of ], wearing a swimsuit, an example of typical "fan service"]]
	Fan service, a term commonly encountered in discussions regarding various forms of entertainment media, encompasses the deliberate inclusion of elements within a work intended to cater to the desires and preferences of the existing fanbase. This phenomenon often manifests as gratuitous or indulgent scenes, references, or actions that are designed to please the audience rather than advancing the narrative or contributing to the artistic integrity of the work.

			{{Nihongo\|'''Fan service'''\|ファンサービス\|fan sābisu}}, '''fanservice''' or {{Nihongo\|'''service cut'''\|サービスカット\|sābisu katto}}<ref name="honey-servicecut">Example: {{Anchor\|encyclopediach\|CITEREF吉田陽一1999}}{{cite book\|title={{Nihongo\|Encyclopedia Cutie Honey: Go Nagai World\|エンサイクロペディアキューティーハニー : 永井豪ワールド}}\|editor={{Nihongo2\|吉田陽一}}\|location=]\|publisher=Keibunsha\|date=June 25, 1999\|isbn=978-4-7669-3236-2\|page=028}} A frame (numbered "25") from the English opening sequence of '']'', in which character Danbei Hayami fires a ] as main character Honey Kisaragi lies topless and ] in the background, is shown and captioned "{{Nihongo2\|サービスカット! 団兵衛がジャマ……}}"</ref><ref name=barrett2006p112>{{cite book \|first=Grant \|last=Barrett \|author-link=Grant Barrett \|chapter=fan service \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fn-Sh1nv7pQC&pg=PA112 \|title=The official dictionary of unofficial English: a crunk omnibus for thrillionaires and bampots for the Ecozoic Age \|publisher=] \|location=] \|year=2006 \|page=112 \|isbn=978-0-07-145804-7 \|oclc=62172930 \|access-date=June 15, 2009}}</ref> is material in a work of fiction or in a fictional series that is intentionally added to please the audience,<ref name=PCDC>{{cite book\|title=Play, creativity and digital cultures\|year=2009\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-0-415-96311-4\|pages=45–47\|editor1=Willett, Rebekah \|editor2=Robinson, Muriel \|editor3=Marsh, Jackie \|chapter=Achieving a Global Reach on Children’s Cultural Markets: Managing the Stakes of Inter-Textuality in Digital Cultures\|author1=de la Ville, Valérie-Inés \|author2=Durup, Laurent }}</ref> often sexual in nature, such as nudity.<ref name="animecritic" /><ref name="animetion" /> The term ]<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://dic.nicovideo.jp/a/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%82%B9\|title=ファンサービスとは (ファンサービスとは) - ニコニコ大百科\|newspaper=ニコニコ大百科\|language=ja-JP\|access-date=2016-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.japanesewithanime.com/2016/10/fanservice-meaning.html\|title=Fan Service and Fanservice - Meaning in Japanese\|website=Japanese with Anime\|language=en-GB\|access-date=2016-10-17}}</ref> in the ], but has been used in other languages and media. It is about "servicing" the fan<ref>{{cite book\|author=Carrie Tucker\|title=I Love Geeks: The Official Handbook\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugw3bVuqBoEC&pg=PA75\|access-date=9 April 2011\|date=17 January 2009\|publisher=Adams Media\|isbn=978-1-60550-023-2\|pages=75–76}}{{Dead link\|date=November 2023 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{--}}giving the fans "exactly what they want".<ref>{{cite book\|last=Wolk\|first=Douglas\|title=Reading comics : and what they mean\|year=2007\|publisher=Da Capo\|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts\|isbn=978-0-306-81509-6\|url=https://archive.org/details/readingcomicshow00wolk\|url-access=registration\|quote=fan service.\|author-link=Douglas Wolk\|page=\|access-date=22 April 2011}}</ref> Fan service can also refer (by means of ], symbol, image, sound) to other stories<ref name=PCDC/><ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/lexicon.php?id=54\|title=Encyclopedia: Fan service\|work=]\|access-date=November 28, 2013}}</ref> that contain visual elements.
	In the realm of Japanese media, particularly in anime, manga, and related genres, fan service is a prevalent and frequently debated topic. It can take numerous forms, including but not limited to, scenes featuring characters in revealing or sexually suggestive attire, instances of intimate physical contact, or the inclusion of specific scenarios or scenarios that cater to particular fan fantasies or fetishes. The primary aim of such fan service is to engender a sense of excitement, satisfaction, or emotional connection among the audience, thereby fostering a more dedicated and enthusiastic fanbase.

			When anime and manga were translated into English by US companies, the original work was often edited to remove some of the fan service, making it more appropriate for U.S. audiences. ] explained this change as a result of a difference between the cultural values of Japan and the US. <ref name="Gardiner">{{Cite news \|last=Gardiner \|first=Debbi \|date=January 2003 \|title=Anime in America \|url=http://www.japaninc.com/article.php?articleID=972 \|access-date=May 1, 2009 \|magazine=J@pan Inc Magazine \|publisher=Japan Inc Communications}}</ref>
	Despite its popularity among certain segments of the audience, fan service has also attracted criticism from various quarters. Detractors argue that the excessive focus on fan service can detract from the overall quality of a work, reducing complex characters and intricate storylines to mere vehicles for pandering to the audience's desires. They contend that this can lead to a shallower and less meaningful viewing experience, diminishing the impact and cultural value of the work in question.

			Today, especially outside anime and manga, the term has expanded to hold a wider meaning. This includes any elements, be it visual nods, referencing older or forgotten media related to material, plot detours or otherwise, that are not needed by the actual plot or character development, but are included as nods to, or pandering to the long-term fans of the material, especially in context of sequels or prequels, or later ] of series.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Fan Service - What does fan service mean? \|url=https://slang.net/meaning/fan_service \|access-date=2022-08-26 \|website=slang.net}}</ref> ] has been referred to as a "ringmaster of fan service" for her use of cryptic clues in her lyrics and accompanying media.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Kheraj \|first1=Alim \|title=The curate's Easter egg: how Taylor Swift turned pop into a multiplayer puzzle \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/nov/09/how-taylor-swift-turned-pop-into-a-multiplayer-puzzle \|work=The Guardian \|date=9 November 2022}}</ref>
	On the other hand, proponents of fan service argue that when employed judiciously, it can enhance the viewing experience for fans and contribute positively to the overall enjoyment of a work. They suggest that well-executed fan service can deepen the audience's emotional investment in the characters and narrative, fostering a more immersive and rewarding experience. Additionally, they point out that fan service can serve as a form of fan appreciation, acknowledging and celebrating the passionate support of the audience.

			==History==
	In conclusion, fan service remains a contentious and polarizing aspect of media production, with its impact and implications subject to debate and interpretation. Its presence in a work can elicit strong reactions from audiences and critics alike, highlighting the complex and multifaceted nature of audience engagement and creative expression in the realm of entertainment media.
			The 1952 French film '']'' (Manina, the Girl Without Sails) was not imported into the United States until 1958 after the success of the film's star, ], in that country. In the US, the film was renamed "Manina, the Girl in the Bikini" to highlight the appeal of the star and her revealing outfit (then a matter of controversy), despite her not appearing in the first 40 minutes of the 76 minute film.<ref>{{cite web\|title=MOVIE REVIEW Manina la Fille Sans Voile 1952 Girl in the Bikini\|author=Richard W. Nason\|website=]\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D01E5DE1F31E73BBC4D51DFB6678383649EDE\|date= October 25, 1958\|access-date=January 4, 2016}}</ref>

			Keith Russell regards the beginning of modern fan service as taking place in a permissive context, when "kids were just doing kids' stuff", which he believes allowed authors some latitude in regards to their subject matter.<ref name=Russell/> Beginning in the 1970s with '']'' and continuing later with other ] shows, fan service in manga became more ''risqué''. By the 1980s, full frontal nudity and ]s became standard content for anime and manga fan service.<ref name="animetion"/><ref name="Otaku 69-70">{{cite book\|title=]\|author=Galbraith, Patrick W.\|year=2009\|publisher=]\|location=United States\|pages=69–70\|isbn=978-4-7700-3101-3}}</ref> In ], obscenity laws and rating systems (such as the ] in the United States or the ], which replaced the Hays Code for film ratings) prevent or limit unnecessary displays of nudity in films and comic books. Bikini shots and ] were still popular forms of audience arousal. In the 1983 film '']'', ] portrayed the character of ] wearing a ] and chains while enslaved to the gangster ]. This was an attempt to feminize the character and appeal to boys' fantasies.<ref>{{cite news\|title=The 'slave Leia' controversy is about more than objectification\|author=Noah Berlatsky\|newspaper=The Guardian\|date=November 5, 2015\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/nov/05/slave-leia-controversy-star-wars-objectification\|access-date=January 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Carrie Fisher's Sound Thoughts on Princess Leia in 1983\|author=Emmet Asher-Perrin\|publisher=Tor.com\|date=October 25, 2013\|url=http://www.tor.com/2013/10/25/carrie-fishers-sound-thoughts-on-princess-leia-in-1983/\|access-date=January 4, 2016}}</ref> Some critics say that by portraying Leia as the object of desire to a crude monster, the film is reflecting the crude fantasies of its audience.<ref>{{cite news\|title=The fraught history of Princess Leia's infamous bikini\|author=Alyssa Rosenberg\|date=October 23, 2015\|newspaper=The Washington Post\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2015/10/23/the-fraught-history-of-princess-leias-infamous-bikini/\|access-date=January 4, 2016}}</ref>

			==Types==
			Long shots of robots in ] shows, sexual elements, violent episode-long ] and emphasis on ] can all be considered fan service as they are specifically aimed at pleasing the fans of any given show.<ref name="animetion">{{cite web \|url=http://www.animetion.co.uk/glossary.htm \|title=Fan Service \|work=Animetion's Glossary \|access-date=June 15, 2009 \|publisher=Animetion}}</ref>{{Self-published inline\|date=June 2009}}<ref name="animecritic">{{cite web \|first=Pete \|last=Harcoff \|url=http://www.animecritic.com/resources/glossary.html \|title=Fan Service \|work=Anime Glossary \|access-date=June 15, 2009 \|date=May 23, 2003 \|publisher=The Anime Critic \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219224338/http://animecritic.com/resources/glossary.html \|archive-date=February 19, 2009 }}</ref>{{Self-published inline\|date=June 2009}} Christian McCrea feels that ] is particularly good at addressing ] through fan service by adding many "]-references" and by showing "violence and ] activity".<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = McCrea \| first1 = C. \| doi = 10.1177/1746847708088732 \| title = Explosive, Expulsive, Extraordinary: The Dimensional Excess of Animated Bodies \| journal = Animation \| volume = 3 \| pages = 9–24 \| year = 2008 \| s2cid = 192025106 }}</ref> Baseball teams provide events that are described in ] as fan service, such as dance shows, singing the ] or a performance by the team mascot.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://asbbs.org/files/2010/ASBBS_%20Proceedings_13th_Intl_Meeting.pdf \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=2011-04-22 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220050928/http://asbbs.org/files/2010/ASBBS_%20Proceedings_13th_Intl_Meeting.pdf \|archive-date=2011-02-20 }}</ref>

			The typical, but not only, variety of fan service in anime or manga is racy, ] or ] content, which may or may not include ] or fetish content<ref name="animetion"/><ref name="animecritic"/>{{Better source needed\|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable (]).\|date=March 2023}} (for example, ]). Fan service is especially common in ] (aimed at boys). In shounen manga, ] style images are common "in varying states of undress", often using an "accidental exposure" excuse to show a favourite female character<ref name="Brenner" /> or an ] "glimpse of a character's panties".<ref name="Drazen">Drazen, Patrick (October 2002). "" in '']'' Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge Press p.329 {{ISBN\|1-880656-72-8}}.</ref> Series aimed at an older audience include more explicit fan service.<ref name="Brenner" /> Jiggling breasts, known as the "Gainax bounce", are an example of fan service,<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/Entry/top_o_nerae\|title=Media : Top o Nerae : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia\|website=www.sf-encyclopedia.com\|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref> originating{{Citation needed\|date=March 2023}} from the opening scene of '']''. The "bounce" was taken up by other animators, including the creators of the ] series '']''.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.mit.edu/people/rei/manga-okada.html \|title=Toshio Okada on the Otaku and Anime \|website=www.mit.edu \|access-date=11 January 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504115212/http://www.mit.edu/people/rei/manga-okada.html \|archive-date=4 May 2008 \|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shower scenes<ref name="animecritic"/> are very common in ] and in anime of the 1980s and 1990s,{{Example needed\|date=March 2023}} whereas many more recent ] use trips to ] (]ese ]s) or trips to ] locales (or in some cases a swimming pool) in order to showcase the characters in ]s. Series aimed at males can also include fan service for women, as an attempt to court a wider audience.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://mangabookshelf.com/blog/2010/11/05/fanservice-friday-a-girls-gfantasy/\|title=Fanservice Friday: A Girl's (G)Fantasy - Manga Bookshelf\|website=mangabookshelf.com\|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref>

			Keith Russell defines fan service as "the random and gratuitous display of a series of anticipated gestures common in Manga and Anime. These gestures include such things as ], leg spreads and glimpses of breast". Russell regards fan service as being an ] of the transient "glimpse", which he contrasts with the ], as it takes the mind unaware and open to "libidinous possibility" without mediation. He considers the fan service ] to be reassuring in its unrealistic nature and to be confirming the "freedom of desire".<ref name=Russell>{{Cite journal \|first=Keith \|last=Russell \|year=2008 \|title=The Glimpse and Fan Service: New Media, New Aesthetics \|journal=The International Journal of the Humanities \|volume=6 \|issue=5 \|pages=105–110 \|doi=10.18848/1447-9508/CGP/v06i05/42444 \|url=http://ijh.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.26/prod.1400 \|access-date=June 15, 2009 \|issn=1447-9508 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831100135/http://ijh.cgpublisher.com/product/pub.26/prod.1400 \|archive-date=August 31, 2010 \|url-status=dead \|hdl=1959.13/38651 \|hdl-access=free }}</ref>

			], aimed at female readers, also includes fan service, such as showing male characters "half-naked and in enticing poses". Robin Brenner notes that in the US comics culture, fan service aimed at women is rare, and also that in Japan, series can be famous for their fan service content.<ref name="Brenner">{{Cite book \|first=Robin E. \|last=Brenner \|chapter=Fan Service \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uY8700WJy_gC&pg=PA88 \|title=Understanding Manga and Anime \|publisher=Libraries Unlimited \|location=] \|year=2007 \|pages=88–92 \|isbn=978-1-59158-332-5 \|oclc=85898238 \|access-date=June 15, 2009}}</ref> Chris Beveridge explains this mindset with '']'': "There's some sort of plot in there, but that's not the reason you're watching it. ... we're watching this for the sheer amount of fanservice."<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.mania.com/agent-aika-vol-1-naked-missions_article_73306.html \|title=Agent Aika Vol. #1: Naked Missions - Mania.com \|access-date=2011-10-26 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006115141/http://www.mania.com/agent-aika-vol-1-naked-missions_article_73306.html \|archive-date=2012-10-06 }}</ref> ], such as accidental kisses, is a common feature of fan service for women and has been described as "easier to get away with" in terms of censorship than fan service for males.<ref>] (July 31, 2006) livejournal.com </ref> In the ] genre, fan service is "artwork or scenes" in products that "depict canonical characters in a ] / ] context".<ref>{{Cite book \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9vn7hjM2v4QC&q=fan+service+boys+love+manga&pg=PA259 \| title = Boys' Love Manga: Essays on the Sexual Ambiguity and Cross-Cultural Fandom of the Genre \| isbn = 978-0-7864-4195-2 \| last1 = Levi \| first1 = Antonia \| last2 = McHarry \| first2 = Mark \| last3 = Pagliassotti \| first3 = Dru \| date = 2010-04-30\| publisher = McFarland }}</ref> Shoujo manga series may eroticise its female leads as well for crossover appeal, as fan service aimed at a potential male audience.<ref>{{Cite journal \|first=Thomas \|last=Lamarre \|year=2006 \|title=Platonic Sex: Perversion and Shôjo Anime (Part One) \|journal=Animation \|volume=1 \|issue=1 \|pages=45–59 \|doi=10.1177/1746847706065841\|s2cid=193228688 \|url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/27e9/4b610b78fd70151473c7af6512ce72a33ed7.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410235336/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/27e9/4b610b78fd70151473c7af6512ce72a33ed7.pdf \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2020-04-10 }}</ref>


	Volcarona @ Lum Berry
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	Timid Nature
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	Brenner notes that fan service can be offputting to teen readers, as in a male reading shoujo manga or a female reading shounen manga and that in general fan service is more criticised when it features a female character. She cites '']'' as an example of a fan service–laden series. When the series was ], a large amount of this fan service was removed, leading to outcry from fans.<ref name="Brenner" />		Brenner notes that fan service can be offputting to teen readers, as in a male reading shoujo manga or a female reading shounen manga and that in general fan service is more criticised when it features a female character. She cites '']'' as an example of a fan service–laden series. When the series was ], a large amount of this fan service was removed, leading to outcry from fans.<ref name="Brenner" />

Revision as of 01:39, 20 March 2024

Parts of a fictional work intended to please the audience Not to be confused with Fan labor.

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Fan service (ファンサービス, fan sābisu), fanservice or service cut (サービスカット, sābisu katto) is material in a work of fiction or in a fictional series that is intentionally added to please the audience, often sexual in nature, such as nudity. The term originated in Japanese in the anime and manga fandom, but has been used in other languages and media. It is about "servicing" the fan—giving the fans "exactly what they want". Fan service can also refer (by means of text, symbol, image, sound) to other stories that contain visual elements.

When anime and manga were translated into English by US companies, the original work was often edited to remove some of the fan service, making it more appropriate for U.S. audiences. Mike Tatsugawa explained this change as a result of a difference between the cultural values of Japan and the US.

Today, especially outside anime and manga, the term has expanded to hold a wider meaning. This includes any elements, be it visual nods, referencing older or forgotten media related to material, plot detours or otherwise, that are not needed by the actual plot or character development, but are included as nods to, or pandering to the long-term fans of the material, especially in context of sequels or prequels, or later seasons of series. Taylor Swift has been referred to as a "ringmaster of fan service" for her use of cryptic clues in her lyrics and accompanying media.

History

The 1952 French film Manina, la fille sans voiles (Manina, the Girl Without Sails) was not imported into the United States until 1958 after the success of the film's star, Brigitte Bardot, in that country. In the US, the film was renamed "Manina, the Girl in the Bikini" to highlight the appeal of the star and her revealing outfit (then a matter of controversy), despite her not appearing in the first 40 minutes of the 76 minute film.

Keith Russell regards the beginning of modern fan service as taking place in a permissive context, when "kids were just doing kids' stuff", which he believes allowed authors some latitude in regards to their subject matter. Beginning in the 1970s with Cutey Honey and continuing later with other magical girl shows, fan service in manga became more risqué. By the 1980s, full frontal nudity and shower scenes became standard content for anime and manga fan service. In the West, obscenity laws and rating systems (such as the Comics Code Authority in the United States or the MPAA rating system, which replaced the Hays Code for film ratings) prevent or limit unnecessary displays of nudity in films and comic books. Bikini shots and topless scenes were still popular forms of audience arousal. In the 1983 film Return of the Jedi, Carrie Fisher portrayed the character of Princess Leia wearing a metal bikini and chains while enslaved to the gangster Jabba the Hutt. This was an attempt to feminize the character and appeal to boys' fantasies. Some critics say that by portraying Leia as the object of desire to a crude monster, the film is reflecting the crude fantasies of its audience.

Types

Long shots of robots in mecha shows, sexual elements, violent episode-long fight scenes and emphasis on shipping can all be considered fan service as they are specifically aimed at pleasing the fans of any given show. Christian McCrea feels that Gainax is particularly good at addressing otaku through fan service by adding many "meta-references" and by showing "violence and hyperphysical activity". Baseball teams provide events that are described in Japan as fan service, such as dance shows, singing the team song or a performance by the team mascot.

The typical, but not only, variety of fan service in anime or manga is racy, sexual or erotic content, which may or may not include nudity or fetish content (for example, maid costumes). Fan service is especially common in shounen manga (aimed at boys). In shounen manga, pin-up girl style images are common "in varying states of undress", often using an "accidental exposure" excuse to show a favourite female character or an upskirt "glimpse of a character's panties". Series aimed at an older audience include more explicit fan service. Jiggling breasts, known as the "Gainax bounce", are an example of fan service, originating from the opening scene of Daicon IV. The "bounce" was taken up by other animators, including the creators of the hentai series Cream Lemon. Shower scenes are very common in movies and in anime of the 1980s and 1990s, whereas many more recent TV series use trips to onsen (Japanese hot springs) or trips to tropical locales (or in some cases a swimming pool) in order to showcase the characters in bathing suits. Series aimed at males can also include fan service for women, as an attempt to court a wider audience.

Keith Russell defines fan service as "the random and gratuitous display of a series of anticipated gestures common in Manga and Anime. These gestures include such things as panty shots, leg spreads and glimpses of breast". Russell regards fan service as being an aesthetic of the transient "glimpse", which he contrasts with the gaze, as it takes the mind unaware and open to "libidinous possibility" without mediation. He considers the fan service object to be reassuring in its unrealistic nature and to be confirming the "freedom of desire".

Shoujo manga, aimed at female readers, also includes fan service, such as showing male characters "half-naked and in enticing poses". Robin Brenner notes that in the US comics culture, fan service aimed at women is rare, and also that in Japan, series can be famous for their fan service content. Chris Beveridge explains this mindset with Agent Aika: "There's some sort of plot in there, but that's not the reason you're watching it. ... we're watching this for the sheer amount of fanservice." Male homoeroticism, such as accidental kisses, is a common feature of fan service for women and has been described as "easier to get away with" in terms of censorship than fan service for males. In the Boys' Love genre, fan service is "artwork or scenes" in products that "depict canonical characters in a homosocial / homoerotic context". Shoujo manga series may eroticise its female leads as well for crossover appeal, as fan service aimed at a potential male audience.

Brenner notes that fan service can be offputting to teen readers, as in a male reading shoujo manga or a female reading shounen manga and that in general fan service is more criticised when it features a female character. She cites Tenjo Tenge as an example of a fan service–laden series. When the series was localised, a large amount of this fan service was removed, leading to outcry from fans.

References

Example: 吉田陽一, ed. (25 June 1999). Encyclopedia Cutie Honey: Go Nagai World (エンサイクロペディアキューティーハニー : 永井豪ワールド). Nakano, Tokyo: Keibunsha. p. 028. ISBN 978-4-7669-3236-2. A frame (numbered "25") from the English opening sequence of New Cutie Honey, in which character Danbei Hayami fires a Rocket Punch as main character Honey Kisaragi lies topless and prone in the background, is shown and captioned "サービスカット! 団兵衛がジャマ……"
Barrett, Grant (2006). "fan service". The official dictionary of unofficial English: a crunk omnibus for thrillionaires and bampots for the Ecozoic Age. New York City: McGraw-Hill. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-07-145804-7. OCLC 62172930. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
^ de la Ville, Valérie-Inés; Durup, Laurent (2009). "Achieving a Global Reach on Children's Cultural Markets: Managing the Stakes of Inter-Textuality in Digital Cultures". In Willett, Rebekah; Robinson, Muriel; Marsh, Jackie (eds.). Play, creativity and digital cultures. Routledge. pp. 45–47. ISBN 978-0-415-96311-4.
^ Harcoff, Pete (23 May 2003). "Fan Service". Anime Glossary. The Anime Critic. Archived from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
^ "Fan Service". Animetion's Glossary. Animetion. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
"ファンサービスとは (ファンサービスとは) [単語記事] - ニコニコ大百科". ニコニコ大百科 (in Japanese). Retrieved 17 October 2016.
"Fan Service and Fanservice - Meaning in Japanese". Japanese with Anime. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
Carrie Tucker (17 January 2009). I Love Geeks: The Official Handbook. Adams Media. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-1-60550-023-2. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
Wolk, Douglas (2007). Reading comics : and what they mean. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-306-81509-6. Retrieved 22 April 2011. fan service.
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