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'''Cord blood''' ('''umbilical cord blood''') is ] that remains in the ] and in the attached ] after ]. Cord blood is collected because it contains ], which can be used to treat ] and ]s such as ]. '''Cord blood''' ('''umbilical cord blood''') is ] that remains in the ] and in the attached ] after ]. Cord blood is collected because it contains ], which can be used to treat ] and ]s such as ]. Cord Blood can be used to treat over 80 different diseases.<ref>{{cite web|title=Standard Diseases Treated by Cord Blood Transplant|url=https://parentsguidecordblood.org/en/diseases|publisher=The Parent's Guide To Cord Blood|date=March 13, 2023}}</ref> "Over 8 million children around the world have their cord blood in private storage. Clinical trials around the world have used cord blood as therapy for cerebral palsy and other newborn brain disorders, autism, and for adults with stroke and other neurological conditions. At any time, over 100 clinical trials utilizing cord blood are recruiting participants." <ref>{{cite web|title=Cord Blood FAQs|url=https://parentsguidecordblood.org/en/faqs#q-25107|publisher=The Parent's Guide To Cord Blood|date=March 13, 2023}}</ref> There is growing interest from cell therapeutics companies in developing genetically modified allogenic ]s from umbilical cord blood as an alternative to ] therapies for rare diseases.

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that Private umbilical cord blood banking may be considered when there is knowledge of a family member with a medical condition (malignant or genetic) who could potentially benefit from cord blood transplantation.<ref>{{cite web|title=ACOG Committee Opinion Umbilical Cord Blood Banking|url=https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2019/03/umbilical-cord-blood-banking|publisher=The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists|date=March 12, 2023}}</ref>


== Constituents == == Constituents ==
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=== Private and public banks === === Private and public banks ===
A cord blood bank may be private (i.e. the blood is stored for and the costs paid by donor families) or public (i.e. stored and made available for use by unrelated donors). While public cord blood banking is widely supported. Umbilical cord blood is well-recognized to be useful for treating hematopoietic and genetic disorders.
A cord blood bank may be private (i.e. the blood is stored for and the costs paid by donor families) or public (i.e. stored and made available for use by unrelated donors). While public cord blood banking is widely supported, private cord banking is controversial in both the medical and parenting community. Although umbilical cord blood is well-recognized to be useful for treating hematopoietic and genetic disorders, some controversy surrounds the collection and storage of umbilical cord blood by private banks for the baby's use. Only a small percentage of babies (estimated at between 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 200,000) ever use the umbilical cord blood that is stored.<ref name=AAP2007 /> ] 2007 Policy Statement on Cord Blood Banking stated: "Physicians should be aware of the unsubstantiated claims of private cord blood banks made to future parents that promise to insure infants or family members against serious illnesses in the future by use of the stem cells contained in cord blood." and "private storage of cord blood as 'biological insurance' is unwise" unless there is a family member with a current or potential need to undergo a stem cell transplantation.<ref name=AAP2007 /><ref name=Thornley2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thornley I, Eapen M, Sung L, Lee SJ, Davies SM, Joffe S | title = Private cord blood banking: experiences and views of pediatric hematopoietic cell transplantation physicians | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 123 | issue = 3 | pages = 1011–1017 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19255033 | pmc = 3120215 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2008-0436 }}</ref> The American Academy of Pediatrics also notes that the odds of using a person's own cord blood is 1 in 200,000 while the ] says that only 14 such procedures have ever been performed.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Umbilical cord blood banking: Pros & cons, costs, banking basics|url = http://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/features/banking-your-babys-cord-blood?page=2|website = www.webmd.com|access-date = 2015-04-17}}</ref>

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that Private umbilical cord blood banking may be considered when there is knowledge of a family member with a medical condition (malignant or genetic) who could potentially benefit from cord blood transplantation.<ref>{{cite web|title=ACOG Committee Opinion Umbilical Cord Blood Banking|url=https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2019/03/umbilical-cord-blood-banking|publisher=The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists|date=March 12, 2023}}</ref>

The 2017 policy of the ], or AAP, states that "Cord blood is an excellent source of stem cells for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children with some fatal diseases. Cord blood transplantation offers another method of definitive therapy for infants, children, and adults with certain hematologic malignancies, hemoglobinopathies, severe forms of T-lymphocyte and other immunodeficiencies, and metabolic diseases." While private banking applications in the fields of Hematology/Oncology are more limited than those available for public cord blood banking, "new developments in early clinical trial research for regenerative purposes may affect cord blood banking in the future. Some examples of these trials of cord blood transplants are those for Alzheimer disease, autism spectrum disorder, diabetes, cerebral palsy, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis. Perhaps the most immediate challenge is that of educating medical personnel, parents, and the public about the increasing need and uses of cord blood banking."<ref>{{cite web|title=American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement, Cord Blood Banking for Potential Future Transplantation|url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/140/5/e20172695/37866/Cord-Blood-Banking-for-Potential-Future?autologincheck=redirected|publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics|date=March 12, 2023}}</ref>


The ] states "Transplants of umbilical cord blood have been recommended or performed to treat a variety of conditions. Cord blood is also a potential source of stem and progenitor cells with possible therapeutic applications. Physicians who provide obstetrical care should be prepared to inform pregnant women of the various options regarding cord blood donation or storage and the potential uses of donated samples. Physicians who participate in collecting umbilical cord blood for storage should Discuss the option of private banking of umbilical cord blood when there is a family predisposition to a condition for which umbilical cord stem cells are therapeutically indicated and encourage women who wish to donate umbilical cord blood to donate to a public bank if one is available when there is low risk of predisposition to a condition for which umbilical cord blood cells are therapeutically indicated."<ref>{{cite web|title=AMA Code of Medical Ethics, Umbilical Cord Blood Banking|url=https://code-medical-ethics.ama-assn.org/ethics-opinions/umbilical-cord-blood-banking#:~:text=Obtain%20informed%20consent%20for%20the,of%20the%20informed%20consent%20process|publisher=The American Medical Association|date=March 12, 2023}}</ref>.
Private storage of one's own cord blood is unlawful in Italy and France, and it is also discouraged in some other European countries. The ] states "Private banking should be considered in the unusual circumstance when there exists a family predisposition to a condition in which umbilical cord stem cells are therapeutically indicated. However, because of its cost, limited likelihood of use, and inaccessibility to others, private banking should not be recommended to low-risk families."<ref>{{Cite web|title = Opinion 2.165 – Umbilical Cord Blood Banking|url = http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-ethics/code-medical-ethics/opinion2165.page|website = www.ama-assn.org|access-date = 2015-04-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185110/http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-ethics/code-medical-ethics/opinion2165.page | archive-date=2016-02-20 }}</ref> The American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation and the ] also encourage public cord banking and discourage private cord blood banking. Nearly all cord blood transplantations come from public banks, rather than private banks, partly because most treatable conditions can't use a person's own cord blood.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Cord Blood: Marketing Before Medicine?|url = https://abcnews.go.com/WN/WorldNews/cord-blood-banking-marketing-medicine/story?id=10577020|website = ABC News|date = 2010-05-07|access-date = 2015-04-17| vauthors = Besser R, Schwartz S, Romo C }}</ref><ref name="AAP2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lubin BH, Shearer WT | title = Cord blood banking for potential future transplantation | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 119 | issue = 1 | pages = 165–170 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17200285 | pmc = 6091883 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2006-2901 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=Thornley2009 /><ref>{{Cite news|title = Inside the Private Umbilical Cord Blood Banking Business|url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303887804579501500366071342|newspaper = Wall Street Journal|date = April 25, 2014| vauthors = Searcey D, Stewart CS }}</ref> The World Marrow Donor Association and European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies states "The possibility of using one's own cord blood stem cells for regenerative medicine is currently purely hypothetical....It is therefore highly hypothetical that cord blood cells kept for autologous use will be of any value in the future" and "the legitimacy of commercial cord blood banks for autologous use should be questioned as they sell a service which has presently no real use regarding therapeutic options."<ref name=WMDA2011>{{cite web|title=WMDA Policy Statement on the Utility of Autologous or Family Cord Blood Unit Storage|url=http://bloodcell.transplant.hrsa.gov/cord/files/wmdapolicystatement.pdf|publisher=World Marrow Donation Association|date=April 2011|access-date=2015-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010155416/https://bloodcell.transplant.hrsa.gov/cord/files/wmdapolicystatement.pdf|archive-date=2017-10-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>


According to the Clinical Practice Guidelines of the ] (SOGC)
The American Academy of Pediatrics supports efforts to provide information about the potential benefits and limitations of cord blood banking and transplantation so that parents can make an informed decision. In addition, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that if a patient requests information on umbilical cord blood banking, balanced information should be given. Cord blood education is also supported by legislators at the federal and state levels. In 2005, the National Academy of Sciences published an Institute of Medicine (IoM) report titled "Establishing a National Cord Blood Stem Cell Bank Program".<ref>{{Cite web|title = Establishing a National Cord Blood Stem Cell Bank Program – Institute of Medicine|url = http://www.iom.edu/en/Activities/Research/CordBloodBank.aspx|website = www.iom.edu|access-date = 2015-04-17|url-status=dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091123092544/http://www.iom.edu/en/Activities/Research/CordBloodBank.aspx|archive-date = 2009-11-23}}</ref>
"patients with leukemia suggest that rates of GVHD following related cord blood transplants may be less than rates following unrelated cord blood transplantation. Similarly, in non-malignant diseases treated by related or unrelated cord blood transplants, Bizzetto found that the risk of acute GVHD was lower with related cord blood transplants compared to unrelated cord blood and the 3-year survival rate was better."<ref>{{cite web|title=SOGC Clinical Practice Guideline|url=https://www.jogc.com/article/S1701-2163(15)30157-2/pdf|publisher=Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada|date=March 12, 2023}}</ref>


In Europe, "Cerebral Palsy patients and families living in Europe now have expanded access to a program of therapy with cord blood stem cells. The new program is open to children that have a diagnosis of cerebral palsy and also have their own cord blood in storage. The first expanded access program (EAP) of cord blood stem cell therapy for cerebral palsy launched in the United States at Duke University in Oct. 2017, under FDA registration as clinical trial NCT03327467. At the Cord Blood Association annual meeting in Sept 2019, Dr. Joanne Kurtzberg of Duke and former Medical and Scientific Advisor to Americord, stated in her talk that to date over 320 children have received treatment through this program."<ref>{{cite web|title=Cerebral Palsy Expanded Access Program in Europe|url=https://parentsguidecordblood.org/en/news/cerebral-palsy-expanded-access-program-europe#:~:text=Cerebral%20Palsy%20patients%20and%20families,own%20cord%20blood%20in%20storage.|publisher=Parent's Guide to Cord Blood Foundation|date=March 12, 2023}}</ref>
In March 2004, the European Union Group on Ethics (EGE) has issued Opinion No.19 titled ''Ethical Aspects of Umbilical Cord Blood Banking''.<ref name="EGE">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/european_group_ethics/docs/avis19_en.pdf |title= Opinion No. 19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201142808/http://ec.europa.eu/european_group_ethics/docs/avis19_en.pdf |archive-date=2007-12-01 |url-status=dead }}, European Union Group on Ethics</ref> The EGE concluded that "he legitimacy of commercial cord blood banks for autologous use should be questioned as they sell a service, which has presently, no real use regarding therapeutic options. Thus they promise more than they can deliver. The activities of such banks raise serious ethical criticisms."<ref name="EGE" />


== Research == == Research ==

Revision as of 08:32, 22 March 2024

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Cord blood
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Cord blood (umbilical cord blood) is blood that remains in the placenta and in the attached umbilical cord after childbirth. Cord blood is collected because it contains stem cells, which can be used to treat hematopoietic and genetic disorders such as cancer. Cord Blood can be used to treat over 80 different diseases. "Over 8 million children around the world have their cord blood in private storage. Clinical trials around the world have used cord blood as therapy for cerebral palsy and other newborn brain disorders, autism, and for adults with stroke and other neurological conditions. At any time, over 100 clinical trials utilizing cord blood are recruiting participants." There is growing interest from cell therapeutics companies in developing genetically modified allogenic natural killer cells from umbilical cord blood as an alternative to CAR T cell therapies for rare diseases.

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that Private umbilical cord blood banking may be considered when there is knowledge of a family member with a medical condition (malignant or genetic) who could potentially benefit from cord blood transplantation.

Constituents

Cord blood is composed of all the elements found in whole blood – red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets. Compared to whole blood some differences in the blood composition exist, for example, cord blood contains higher numbers of natural killer cells, lower absolute number of T-cells and a higher proportion of immature T-cells. However, the interest in cord blood is mostly driven by the observation that cord blood also contains various types of stem and progenitor cells, mostly hematopoietic stem cells. Some non-hematopoietic stem cell types are also present in cord blood, for example, mesenchymal stem cells, however these are present in much lower numbers than what can be found in adult bone marrow. Endothelial progenitor cells and multipotent unrestricted adult stem cells can also be found in cord blood. Unlike embryonic stem cells which are pluripotent, cord blood stem cells are multipotent.

Medical uses

Cord blood is used the same way that hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is used to reconstitute bone marrow following radiation treatment for various blood cancers, and for various forms of anemia. Its efficacy is similar as well.

Adverse effects in transplantation

Adverse effects are similar to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, namely graft-versus-host disease if the cord blood is from a genetically different person, and the risk of severe infection while the immune system is reconstituted. To assure that the smallest amount of complications occur during transplantation, levels of engraftment must be present; specifically both neutrophils and platelets must be being produced. This process of neutrophil and platelet production after the transplant, however, takes much longer than that of stem cells. In many cases, the engraftment time depends on the cell dose, or the amount of stem cells obtained in the sample of blood. In Dr. Moise's article about umbilical cord blood, it was found that there is approximately 10% less stem cells in cord blood than there is in bone marrow. Therefore, a sufficient amount of cord blood must be obtained in order to collect an adequate cell dose, however this amount varies from infant to infant and is irreplaceable. Given that this idea is quite new, there is still a lot of research that needs to be completed. For example, it is still unknown how long cord blood can safely be frozen without losing its beneficial effects. There is a lower incidence with cord blood compared with traditional HSCT, despite less stringent HLA match requirements.

Collection and storage

Umbilical cord blood is the blood left over in the placenta and in the umbilical cord after the birth of the baby. There are several methods for collecting cord blood. The method most commonly used in clinical practice is the "closed technique", which is similar to standard blood collection techniques. With this method, the technician cannulates the vein of the severed umbilical cord using a needle that is connected to a blood bag, and cord blood flows through the needle into the bag. On average, the closed technique enables collection of about 75 ml of cord blood.

Collected cord blood is cryopreserved and then stored in a cord blood bank for future transplantation. Cord blood collection is typically depleted of red blood cells before cryopreservation to ensure high rates of stem cell recovery.

History

The first successful cord blood transplant (CBT) was done in 1988 in a child with Fanconi anemia. Early efforts to use CBT in adults led to mortality rates of about 50%, due somewhat to the procedure being done in very sick people, but perhaps also due to slow development of immune cells from the transplant. By 2013, 30,000 CBT procedures had been performed and banks held about 600,000 units of cord blood.

Society and culture

Regulation

The AABB has generated voluntary accreditation standards for cord blood banking facilities.

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration regulates any facility that stores cord blood; cord blood intended for use in the person from whom it came is not regulated, but cord blood for use in others is regulated as a drug and as a biologic. Several states also have regulations for cord blood banks.

In Europe, Canada, and Australia use of cord blood is regulated as well. In the United Kingdom the NHS Cord Blood Bank was set up in 1996 to collect, process, store and supply cord blood; it is a public cord blood bank and part of the NHS.

Private and public banks

A cord blood bank may be private (i.e. the blood is stored for and the costs paid by donor families) or public (i.e. stored and made available for use by unrelated donors). While public cord blood banking is widely supported. Umbilical cord blood is well-recognized to be useful for treating hematopoietic and genetic disorders.

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that Private umbilical cord blood banking may be considered when there is knowledge of a family member with a medical condition (malignant or genetic) who could potentially benefit from cord blood transplantation.

The 2017 policy of the American Academy of Pediatrics, or AAP, states that "Cord blood is an excellent source of stem cells for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children with some fatal diseases. Cord blood transplantation offers another method of definitive therapy for infants, children, and adults with certain hematologic malignancies, hemoglobinopathies, severe forms of T-lymphocyte and other immunodeficiencies, and metabolic diseases." While private banking applications in the fields of Hematology/Oncology are more limited than those available for public cord blood banking, "new developments in early clinical trial research for regenerative purposes may affect cord blood banking in the future. Some examples of these trials of cord blood transplants are those for Alzheimer disease, autism spectrum disorder, diabetes, cerebral palsy, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis. Perhaps the most immediate challenge is that of educating medical personnel, parents, and the public about the increasing need and uses of cord blood banking."

The American Medical Association states "Transplants of umbilical cord blood have been recommended or performed to treat a variety of conditions. Cord blood is also a potential source of stem and progenitor cells with possible therapeutic applications. Physicians who provide obstetrical care should be prepared to inform pregnant women of the various options regarding cord blood donation or storage and the potential uses of donated samples. Physicians who participate in collecting umbilical cord blood for storage should Discuss the option of private banking of umbilical cord blood when there is a family predisposition to a condition for which umbilical cord stem cells are therapeutically indicated and encourage women who wish to donate umbilical cord blood to donate to a public bank if one is available when there is low risk of predisposition to a condition for which umbilical cord blood cells are therapeutically indicated.".

According to the Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) "patients with leukemia suggest that rates of GVHD following related cord blood transplants may be less than rates following unrelated cord blood transplantation. Similarly, in non-malignant diseases treated by related or unrelated cord blood transplants, Bizzetto found that the risk of acute GVHD was lower with related cord blood transplants compared to unrelated cord blood and the 3-year survival rate was better."

In Europe, "Cerebral Palsy patients and families living in Europe now have expanded access to a program of therapy with cord blood stem cells. The new program is open to children that have a diagnosis of cerebral palsy and also have their own cord blood in storage. The first expanded access program (EAP) of cord blood stem cell therapy for cerebral palsy launched in the United States at Duke University in Oct. 2017, under FDA registration as clinical trial NCT03327467. At the Cord Blood Association annual meeting in Sept 2019, Dr. Joanne Kurtzberg of Duke and former Medical and Scientific Advisor to Americord, stated in her talk that to date over 320 children have received treatment through this program."

Research

Though uses of cord blood beyond blood and immunological disorders is speculative, some research has been done in other areas. Any such potential beyond blood and immunological uses is limited by the fact that cord cells are hematopoietic stem cells (which can differentiate only into blood cells), and not pluripotent stem cells (such as embryonic stem cells, which can differentiate into any type of tissue). Cord blood has been studied as a treatment for diabetes. However, apart from blood disorders, the use of cord blood for other diseases is not in routine clinical use and remains a major challenge for the stem cell community.

Along with cord blood, Wharton's jelly and the cord lining have been explored as sources for mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), and as of 2015 had been studied in vitro, in animal models, and in early stage clinical trials for cardiovascular diseases, as well as neurological deficits, liver diseases, immune system diseases, diabetes, lung injury, kidney injury, and leukemia.

Cord blood is being used to get stem cells with which to test in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The stem cells from umbilical cord blood are also being used in the treatment of a number of blood diseases including blood cancers.

Cord blood is also being studied as a substitute for normal blood transfusions in the developing world. More research is necessary prior to the generalized utilization of cord blood transfusion.

Cord blood stem cells are also being studied for treatment for COVID-19 cytokine storms since these and other perinatal (cord tissue and placental tissue derived) stem cells can secrete anti-inflammatory molecules. Dozens of clinical trials are under way to see if they can help patients with COVID-19.

Recent clinical studies show that 1 year after the transplant of UM171 (a haematopoietic stem cell self-renewal agonist), transplant-related mortality was 5% and relapse incidence was at 21%. Furthermore, only 3 of 22 patients (~14%) who received the UM171-expanded cord blood transplantation died.>

A woman was reported to have been cured of HIV, the third person ever to be cured of the disease, using a transplantation of cord blood. Some of the details of the case were presented February 15, 2022 at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Denver, CO.

References

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