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| The '''Koli''' is an agriculturist caste of ]. Koli is an Agriculturist caste mostly found in ]. In the beginning of ], the Koli caste was recognised as a Criminal Tribe under ] by ] because of their anti-social activities but during the ], Kolis were recognised as a Martial caste by ]. Kolis of Gujarat were well known ] of ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat news : गुजरात चुनाव से पहले अब कोली-ठाकोर ने मांगा आरक्षण, क्या पाटीदार आंदोलन की तरह बनेगा मुद्दा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/gujarat/ahmedabad/koli-thakor-seek-reservation-before-gujarat-assembly-election-2022-just-like-patidar-agitation/articleshow/90366946.cms |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> | |||
| {{Infobox ethnic group | |||
| | group = Koli | |||
| | native_name = कोली | |||
| | native_name_lang = Hi | |||
| | flag = Jawhar flag.svg | |||
| | flag_caption = Royal flag of the Koli kingdom of ] | |||
| | image = A Coolie Chieftain.jpg | |||
| | image_caption = A ] of the Koli ] of ] by ], 1813. | |||
| | regions = *] | |||
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| | languages = *] | |||
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| | religions = *] | |||
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| }} | |||
| == History == | |||
| The Patidars of ] and North Gujarat were agricultural labour on the lands of Koli ] or Koli ] but after ], Patidars enchraoched the lands of Kolis through land ceiling act of Independent ] and reduced the Kolis in social status.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Franco |first=Fernando |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ueRtAAAAMAAJ |title=Pain and Awakening: The Dynamics of Dalit Identity in Bihar, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh |date=2002 |publisher=Indian Social Institute |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-87218-46-3 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=252 |language=en}}</ref> after that, Kolis thought that they ruled the area but have no rights, so Kolis often plunders the Patidar villages in midnight in gangs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzWFAAAAIAAJ |title=Peasant Nationalists of Gujarat: Kheda District, 1917-1934 |date=1981 |publisher=] |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-19-561255-4 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref> The ] of Gujarat strongly allied with Kolis because Rajputs also were against Patidars because of their land rights.<ref>{{Cite book |last=DA COSTA |first=DIA |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/j.ctt1ws7wgk |title=Politicizing Creative Economy: Activism and a Hunger Called Theater |date=2016 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-04060-3 |jstor=10.5406/j.ctt1ws7wgk }}</ref> In central and north Gujarat, the Kolis had several battles with the Patidars on the issue of land tenancy, land rights and use of common village resources. It may be mentioned here that in order to win the elections in 1962 and 1967 the ], dominated by the Patidars, won over some of the Koli leaders of the '''Gujarat Kshatriya Sabha''' and Sabha was dominated by Kolis of North Gujarat . The Party evolved a strategy referred to by the acronym PKASH; that is the 'party of Patidars and Koli Kshatriyas.' Party nominated a large number of the Kolis as party candidates and also gave them positions within the party organization. But that alliance did not last. The party and the Kshatriya Sabha's Koli leaders could not resolve ground-level conflicts between the Koli peasants and well Patidar peasants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=John R. |date=2008 |title=Review of India's 2004 Elections: Grass-Roots and National Perspectives |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40377511 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=138–140 |jstor=40377511 |issn=0030-851X}}</ref> The grievances of Patidar were resolved by '''Gujarat Kshatriya Sabha''' by several time meetings but it was not enough because Kolis were double in number of population if Gujarat and Patidars often targeted by influenced Kolis.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bardhan |first1=Pranab |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7zv3bg |title=India's Democracy: An Analysis of Changing State-Society Relations |last2=Brass |first2=Paul R. |last3=Cohen |first3=Stephen P. |last4=Gupta |first4=Jyotirindra Das |last5=Frankel |first5=Francine R. |last6=Hart |first6=Henry C. |last7=Manor |first7=James |last8=Shah |first8=Ghanshyam |last9=Lewis |first9=John P. |date=1988 |publisher=Princeton University Press|jstor=j.ctt7zv3bg }}</ref> most of the Patidar's children were engaged in collage study but Kolis not and it was a big beneficial point of Patidars.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/351633 |title=Education and the disprivileged: nineteenth and twentieth century India |date=2002 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-250-2192-6 |editor-last=Bhattacharya |editor-first=Sabyasachi |location=Hyderabad, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Haroobhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJE6AAAAMAAJ |title=Dynamics of Reservation Policy |last2=Patel |first2=Hasmukh |date=1985 |publisher=Patriot Publishers |isbn=978-0-8364-1818-7 |pages=119 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| Some of the Bhil chief's of early ] ] claim the status of Kolis in the medieval period. The Kolis of ] being a part of the ] population, the Kolis might have included some other social groups claiming agriculturist status. The Kolis were not good cultivators in the medieval period and are not described as an economically homogeneous caste at the end of the nineteenth century. The character of the Kolis, as agriculturists, varies much in different parts of the Gujarat. Crimes of violence are occasionally committed among Kolis they were known as outlaw. but, as a ] caste, they have settled down in the position of peaceful husbandmen marked contrast to their lawless practices fifty years ago. The Kolis of medieval Gujarat too figure in medieval source more as lawless elements than as peaceful producers. ] Vikramajit, ]'s governor of Gujarat, had to conduct an expedition in 1622 against ] Kolis in north of Ahmedabad who had been for generations a terror to travellers. Between 1662 and 1668, a ] adventurer impersonating the late Dara Shikoh successfully gathered around himself a large number of the Kolis of Viramgam and Chunwal. The ] commander Mohabat Khan had to march out to drive him away and take control of the Kolis. Records of the ] mention that the Ahmedabad route to ] was particularly dangerous because of the constant irruption of brigands, robbers, piracy and ] Kolis. In fact, in 1644, some Kolis attacked a ] between Ahmedabad and Broach, Kolis armed with bows and arrows and muskets attacked Fidauddin Khan's forces in the mid-eighteenth century; the Kolis also launched ] attacks on Gaikwad forces. But it is significant that the eighteenth-century Kolis of Gujarat refused to accept the Bhils as a Koli, Alexander K. Forbes, writing on the Kolis and the Bhils of Mahikantha in the period of the Gaikwads, mentions that tribal bhils were trying to be in Koli status. The above point indicates that the status of "Koli' had become a respectable one for those tribal groups in Gujarat who sought to distinguish themselves from the larger mass of their kinsmen. The Kolis seem to have attained an important socio political status by the fourteenth century, at least on Konkan coast in ]. A Koli kingdom is known to have been founded by Jayba Popera in North Konkan in 1342. The chief of the celebrated Janjira fort was a Koli named Ram Patil in the time of ], Kolis had served the Maratha army under their Koli commanders Yesaji Kank and Tanaji Malusare since the time of Shivaji and exercised considerable control over the ]. The Bahmanis conferred the rank of ] on Koli chiefs who held charge of hill tracts. In contrast, we have noted that the Kolis of Gujarat were mostly perceived as a ''predatory tribe''. From the way they are described in the literature of the medieval period and in travellers accounts, we suspect that some descendants of medieval Bhil chiefs, particularly those of Ahmedabad, could have claimed the status of Koli.<ref>{{Cite book |last=] |first=Maguni Charan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVS9DwAAQBAJ&q=Patil+Koli |title=Tribal Studies in India: Perspectives of History, Archaeology and Culture |date=2019-11-09 |publisher=] |year=2019 |isbn=978-981-329-026-6 |location=], ] |pages=46 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| == Koli pirates == | |||
| A largest number of Kolis lives in ] and Kathiawar of Gujarat has always been famous for its Koli ]. In times of unsettled ] government, the coasts of Kathiawar have swarmed with Koli pirates, who, from the shelter of every creek and ], took toll on all merchandise Ships that was carried on the ]. Along the southern coast the leading pirates were Shial Koli, Baria Kolis, while, in the ] and near ] and Porbandar, from an early date, Other Kolis made their names a terror to ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tambs-Lyche |first=Harald |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5ntuAAAAMAAJ |title=Power, Profit, and Poetry: Traditional Society in Kathiawar, Western India |date=1996-12-31 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-7304-176-1 |location=], ] |pages=134 – 136 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Barendse |first=Rene J. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=inClDAAAQBAJ&dq=Kathiawar+Koli+Pirate&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=The Arabian Seas: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century: The Indian Ocean World of the Seventeenth Century |date=2016-07-08 |publisher=] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-45836-4 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=355 – 357 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| === Ghogha and Piram Islands === | |||
| In 1326, Ghogha and Piram Islands of ] was stronghold of Koli pirates and they often lavied or attacked the ships of traders passed by nearby sea. But Koli pirates were defeated by the Mokhadaji. Later in 1340, Mokhadaji was defeated by Sultan Mohammad Bin Tughluq of Delhi Sultanate and Koli pirates raised again and captured a English ship named ”’Morning Star”’ of big cost and loaded with cargo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singhji |first=Virbhadra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=NYK7ZSpPzkUC&dq=Ghogha+Koli&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=The Rajputs of Saurashtra |date=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1994 |isbn=978-81-7154-546-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=39 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pfeffer |first=Georg |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=NEBLAAAAYAAJ |title=Contemporary Society: Concept of tribal society |last2=Behera |first2=Deepak Kumar |date=1997 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1997 |isbn=978-81-7022-640-6 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=199 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| === Shial bet Island === | |||
| In 1531, Koli ] of Shial island of South coast of Kathiawar in ] captured the Shial ] from Portuguese India and defeated the Portuguese Indian Navy. After that Chanch also became the ] of Koli pirates.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=James M. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FAXGpcEdbfUC |title=Hindu Castes and Tribes of Gujurat |date=1988 |publisher=] |year=1988 |location=], ] |pages=245 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilberforce-Bell |first=Harold |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=JmZDAAAAYAAJ |title=The History of Kathiawad from the Earliest Times |date=1980 |publisher=Ajay Book Service |year=1980 |location=], ] |pages=48 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| === Sultanpur === | |||
| In 1734, The Kolis infested the Coastle of ]. from their stronghold at Sultanpur, on the river Kurla in Kathiawar, they gave much trouble ] ships. They were egged on to continue their infamous activities owing to the patronage extended to them by some wealthy Kolis who shared their plunder. The British government despatched British Indian Navy under captain Radford Nunn and captain Daniel Inchbird and he captured 5 of their armed vessels and burnt 14 more. To save others from a similar fate, Nunn burnt nearly 50 small ships of Koli pirates. About six months later, 10 more of their boats were set on fire and these measures silenced them for some time. A letter from the Bombay Castle diary, dated Sunday, the 21st January, 1739, reveals that the Kolis had captured several vessels among which was the ”’Tiger Gallivet”’ (returning from ]) in whose seizure the Kolis were chief pirates. A few years later in 1749, their renewed activities came to light once more, when they captured a ”’Bengal Ship”’ carrying rupees 60,000 cash and a ] worth an equivalent amount. To combat against Koli pirates, the Dutch India, joining hands with the ] in ]. in December, 1750, both navy forced illegal activites of Koli pirates on the Kurla river. In this campaign, 23 of vessels were captured and this attack again compelled the Kolis to be inactive for a longer period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saletore |first=Rajaram Narayan |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1PVMMoChwY4C&dq=koli+Pirate&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=Indian Pirates |date=1978 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1978 |location=], ] |pages=80 – 88 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sorabshah |first=Manekshah |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=KURuAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of Gujarat: Including a Survey of Its Chief Architectural Monuments and Inscriptions |date=1980 |publisher=], Green & Company Limited |year=1980 |location=], ] |pages=685 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| === Talaja === | |||
| The Talaja coast In Bhavnagar State was infested by the Koli pirates of Kathiawad of Gujarat. They captured the trading ships of ] and Bhavnagar State. The British Navy with the help of Bhavnagar ruler Akherajji attacked and defeated the Koli pirates in 1771. But after death of Akherajji, Kolis again started collecting the tax from ships and captured two British and one Bhavnagar ship. In 1807, Wakhatsinji Akherajji Gohil join hands with ] government to suppress the Koli ] under ”’Walker Settlement”’ treaty for peace in Saurashtra ocean and again defeated the Koli pirates and congrats by ] for his dare against Kolis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=India) |first=Oriental Institute (Vadodara |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=NookXlAb2koC |title=Journal of the Oriental Institute, M.S. University of Barida, Baroda |date=1987 |publisher=], Maharajah Sayajirao Gaekwad University |year=1987 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhadani |first=B. L. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=JExuAAAAMAAJ |title=Facets of a Marwar Historian: Aspects of India’s Social and Economic History : a Volume in Honour of Shri Govind Agrwal |last2=Tripathi |first2=Dwijendra |date=1996 |publisher=Publication Scheme |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-86782-18-7 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=294 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| == Distribution == | |||
| * ], The Kolis are distributed all over. The Kolis are mostly found in the ] of ], ] and ]. In Gujarat, Kolis are 24% of the total population of state<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Ghanshyam |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Aou17T8KaEEC&q=koli+thakor&pg=PA297&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Caste and Democratic Politics in India |date=2004 |publisher=] |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7824-095-4 |location=], ] |pages=297: The Kolis constitute the largest caste-cluster comprising 24 per cent of the population of Gujarat. They are spread throughout the state. Major jatis of the Kolis are: Chunavaliya, Khant, Patanvadiya, Bareeya, Thakarada or Thakor, Talabda, Dharala, Matia, Gulam. Some of them use the term Koli as a suffix such as Matia Koli or Gulam Koli, whereas others do not use the term Koli at all. |language=en}}</ref> and In Himachal Pradesh are 30% of state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Minhas |first=Poonam |url= |title=Traditional Trade & Trading Centres in Himachal Pradesh: With Trade-routes and Trading Communities |date=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-7387-080-4 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=59: In Himachal, Kolis formed nearby 30 per cent of population. |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| * ], The Kolis are found in the ] ] of Pakistan. Most of them are in relationship with Kolis of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Donnan |first=Hastings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SwluAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Family and Gender in Pakistan: Domestic Organization in a Muslim Society |last2=Selier |first2=Frits |date=1997 |publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation |year=1997 |isbn=978-81-7075-036-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| * ], The Kolis also found in the Penang Island (Prince of Wales Island). They were sent by ] because of their rebellious activities against british ] during ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaturvedi |first=Vinayak |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MzPlZSOjCpsC&pg=PA32&dq=Penang+Kolis&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiMtPDAhd36AhXdZWwGHZuqDZoQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Peasant Pasts: History and Memory in Western India |date=2007 |publisher=] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-520-25076-5 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=32 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| * ], Kolis are found in Fiji and they are agriculturist by profession and using the surname of Patel and migrated from ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Edmond |first=Jacob |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=B_V5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67&dq=Fiji+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4ls3uhd36AhWpZ2wGHTcWAqUQ6AF6BAgDEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Recentring Asia: Histories, Encounters, Identities |last2=Johnson |first2=Henry |last3=Leckie |first3=Jacqueline |date=2011-07-27 |publisher=] |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-04-21261-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=67 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| * ], Kolis of ] are agriculturist and using Patel surname.{{sfn|Edmond|2011|pp=67: Most Koli in New Zealand and Fiji were Talabdas Koli, while Kanbi there descend from Leva, Kadva and Matia jati. In India and elsewhere many Koli and Kanbi use the surname Patel.}} | |||
| * ], Kolis of Nepal ruled over Ramgram, Devdaha and Panditpur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Whelpton |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoNT6tjk9mQC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=A History of Nepal |date=2005-02-17 |publisher=] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-80470-7 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=19 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| * ], Kolis of Gujarat migrated to East Africa and living there. In East Africa, Kolis called themselves as '''Mandhata Patel''', '''Mandhata Koli Patel''' and '''Koli Patel''' and many of them are ], teachers and doctors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hahlo |first=Ken |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UKybDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT113&dq=Africa+Koli+migrated&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjspLzv6N76AhWp3jgGHYSxBpcQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Communities, Networks and Ethnic Politics |date=2018-08-10 |publisher=] |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-429-86435-3 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| == Military == | |||
| === Maratha Empire === | |||
| The Kolis of Maharashtra,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Gautam |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=SV02DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT688&dq=Shivaji+Kolis&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwitrYDQ5NL6AhVD7jgGHYWaC9IQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=300 Brave Men - Shivaji Trilogy Book I |date=2017-09-07 |publisher=One Point Six Technology Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5201-973-1 |language=en}}</ref> joined the Maratha Army during the reign of Chhatrapati ] of ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT69&dq=Sultanate+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj134-G4dL6AhVcoGMGHRtkCZUQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |date=2015-10-06 |publisher=] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-32127-9 |location=New Delhi, India |language=en}}</ref> the Kolis also served in the Maratha navy of Shivaji<ref>{{Cite book |last=Satchidanandan |first=K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=woU_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT58&dq=Shivaji+Kolis&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjaheer6dL6AhVoTGwGHb37DqI4KBDoAXoECAoQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Words Matter: Writings against Silence |date=2016-06-10 |publisher=] |year=2016 |isbn=978-93-86057-32-7 |location=New Delhi, India |language=en}}</ref> and grand admiral of Maratha Navy was manned by Koli chieftain Kanhoji Angre who was knowns as ''Shivaji of Sea''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakshi |first=Shiri Ram |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=iP433CnEW_gC&pg=PA41&dq=Maratha+Empire+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjO_JS-4tL6AhVPwTgGHdofB9E4ChDoAXoECAgQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Sharad Pawar, the Maratha Legacy |last2=Sharma |first2=Sita Ram |last3=Gajrani |first3=S. |date=1998 |publisher=APH Publishing |year=1998 |isbn=978-81-7648-007-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref> and the army warriors were manned by Koli commander Tanaji Malusare.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Shibani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4RJAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Koli Culture: A Profile of the Culture of Talpad Vistar |date=1983 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=1983 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=25: The chief warrior or ' senapati ' of Shivaji , Taraji Malusare belonged to the Kolis of Mawli and all his followers were Koli who had fought several battles against the ... |language=en}}</ref> the Kolis formed the important Mavala army of Shivaji at Shivneri Fort in Junnar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burman |first=J. J. Roy |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=yDZkX0PUEKQC&pg=PA242&dq=Shivaji+Kolis&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiWmqCb6NL6AhV5S2wGHRIyAu04HhDoAXoECAIQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Hindu-Muslim Syncretic Shrines and Communities |date=2002 |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-7099-839-6 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=242 |language=en}}</ref> A Koli chief named Laya Patil who was fleet chief in Maratha navy was honoured by Shivaji with the title of '''Sarpatil''' for his courageous attack at Janjira.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Punekar |first=Vinaja B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOU9AAAAIAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=The Son Kolis of Bombay |date=1959 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |year=1959 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=23 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| In 1665, under Shivaji, The Koli soldiers played an important role on the fort of Purandar fort during the siege of Diler Khan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamble |first=B. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HdQgAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Studies in Shivaji and His Times |date=1982 |publisher=] |year=1982 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=135 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| When Shivaji began his revolt against ] sultanates, the Kolis were amongst the first to join him under the leadership of the Khemirao Sarnaik and they played a leading role in Swarajya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EsfAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Feeding the Baniya: Peasants and Usurers in Western India |last2=Hardiman |first2=Professor of History David |date=1996 |publisher=] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-563956-8 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| === Deccan Sultanate === | |||
| The Kolis of Maharashtra, served in the ], the Kolis served in Bahmani ] as fortkeepers and the Sultans of Bahamani sultanate respected the Koli officers with tye title of ]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Behera |first=Maguni Charan |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rVS9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46&dq=Shivaji+Kolis&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwitrYDQ5NL6AhVD7jgGHYWaC9IQ6AF6BAgDEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Tribal Studies in India: Perspectives of History, Archaeology and Culture |date=2019-11-09 |publisher=] |year=2019 |isbn=978-981-329-026-6 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=46 |language=en}}</ref> and the Ahmednagar sultanate conferred the good positions for Kolis such as Sardar and Mansabdar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassan |first=Syed Siraj ul |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&q=Dalvi+Koli&pg=PA335&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions |date=1989 |publisher=] |year=1989 |isbn=978-81-206-0488-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=332 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| === Gujarat Sultanate === | |||
| The Kolis of ] served in the royal army of Gujarat Sultanate during the reign of Bahadur Shah<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=q5JECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53&dq=Bahadur+Shah+Gujarat+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiT7vSG39L6AhUyT2wGHfciB1MQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia |date=2015-10-06 |publisher=] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-32128-6 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=53 |language=en}}</ref> and Kolis attacked the Mughal ] ] in the defence of ] sultan Bahadur Shah and looted the Mughal army of Humayun at the Gulf of Khambhat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Behera |first=Maguni Charan |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rVS9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45&dq=Bahadur+Shah+Gujarat+Koli&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiT7vSG39L6AhUyT2wGHfciB1MQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Tribal Studies in India: Perspectives of History, Archaeology and Culture |date=2019-11-09 |publisher=] |year=2019 |isbn=978-981-329-026-6 |location=], ], ] |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Heredia |first=Rudolf C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYKAAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Mobile, and Marginalized Peoples: Perspectives from the Past |last2=Ratnagar |first2=Shereen |date=2003 |publisher=Manohar Publications |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7304-497-7 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=158: A sixteenth - century Arabic text , the Zafar - ulWalih - bi - Muzaffar - Waalihi , mentions Bhils and Kolis helping the amirs of Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat in their attacks on Humayun at the Gulf of Khambat ( Sandesara 1970 : 208 ) ... |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| === British Indian Empire === | |||
| During the ], The '''Deccan Koli Corps''' was formed under ] Nuttall and Kolis proved very useful and serviceable.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=PEZCY_iK3GIC&pg=PA92&dq=Koli+corps&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiSs-zY5tz6AhWjUGwGHWNeAeg4MhDoAXoECAQQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Criminal Classes in India |date=1985 |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1985 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=92 |language=en}}</ref> Every time they met an enemy, they showed the same dashing and persevering courage. When the ] were withdrawn in 1860, their places were taken by detachments of Koli corps. The Koli corps continued to perform this duty till 1861. when they were disbanded and some of them entered in police service.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassan |first=Syed Siraj ul |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA334&dq=Koli+corps&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiu2db739z6AhXe-HMBHe4eCo8Q6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions |date=1989 |publisher=] |year=1989 |isbn=978-81-206-0488-9 |location=], ], ] |pages=334 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UAdAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=The Mahadev Kolis |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |year=1957 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| Like the '''Deccan Koli Corps''' of Maharashtra, '''Gujarat Koli Corps'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cumming |first=Gordon |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1JKCDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA147&dq=Koli+corps&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjN5qvf4tz6AhV7ZWwGHTcNBQY4ChDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Wild men and wild beasts |date=2016-11-16 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |year=2016 |isbn=978-9925-0-3736-0 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=147 |language=en}}</ref> ('''Ahmedabad Koli Corps''') was formed in Gujarat to subdue the rebellions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McIntyre |first=W. David |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=EYevCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192&dq=Koli+corps&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjN5qvf4tz6AhV7ZWwGHTcNBQY4ChDoAXoECAIQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Imperial Frontier in the Tropics |date=1967-06-18 |publisher=] |year=1967 |isbn=978-1-349-00349-5 |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=192 |language=en}}</ref> The Gujerat Koli Corps was honoured with the '''Mutiny Medal''' for exploiting courage of Koli soldiers by Governor of Bombay Lord Elphinstone.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pippet |first=G. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TLr7LqbnQQoC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=A History of the Ceylon Police |date=1969 |publisher=Times of Ceylon Company |pages=4 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| During the ], Kolis of ] were recruited in the ]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parry |first=Jonathan P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MabdAAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Caste and Kinship in Kangra |date=2013-09-13 |publisher=] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-54585-6 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=119 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=chVyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP55&dq=army+Kolis&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiX-byM6tz6AhW-TmwGHbkPDtI4HhDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Indian Armed Forces in the World War |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-93-5409-556-6 |language=en}}</ref> and Kolis of ] were enlisted in British ] troops.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=oYPWpxyunwkC&pg=PA128&dq=army+Kolis&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRgPKo6tz6AhVcSWwGHY6cDPY4KBDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Army in British India: From Colonial Warfare to Total War 1857 - 1947 |date=2012-11-22 |publisher=A&C Black |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4411-6845-0 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=128 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| The British Indian Navy, or '''Bombay Navy''' was manned or controlled by the Kolis of ] during the ] in ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barendse |first=Rene |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=fCywCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA98&dq=navy+Kolis&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj3mJXp79z6AhWdTGwGHb4OBjcQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Arabian Seas 1700 - 1763 |date=2009-10-26 |publisher=] |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-474-3002-5 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=98 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| === Portuguese India === | |||
| The Kolis of ] served manned the Portuguese Indian navy. Kolis were most important for Portuguese Indian king because in wartime, Kolis often fought with their own boat and gallivats. Portuguese Indian king was not in good condition but he built two ] specially for Kolis to fight against ] and other Marine power.{{sfn|Barendse|2009|pp=99}} | |||
| === Princely States === | |||
| The Princely State of Baroda enlisted eight to ten thousands of Koli soldiers in his army.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzkKAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=The Indian Historical Quarterly |date=1985 |publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan |year=1985 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=146 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| The Kotwals of the royal palace of Bhavnagar, Morvi and Rajkot princely states were Talpada Kolis of Radhavanaj village of Kheda ].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_htAAAAMAAJ|title=Vanyajāti|date=1989|publisher=Bharatiya Adimjati Sevak Sangh.|year=1989|location=], ]|pages=26|language=en}}</ref> | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
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Revision as of 12:06, 12 July 2024
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