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| Serious damage was distributed over a {{cvt|2,800|km2}} area while the shock was felt for {{cvt|180,000|km2}}. Damage was greatest in the northeast than southwest due to the direction that seismic energy radiated. At least 1,130 people died, 900 were injured, and 15,000 became homeless—at least 20,000 animals also died. Twenty additional deaths and more livestock were lost due to the cold weather including a 21 December ]. The mainshock and its aftershocks heavily damaged 5,000 of the 9,000 homes in the area.<ref name="AMBRASEYS" /> A total of 211 villages were destroyed.<ref name=NGDC/> Most of these homes were characterised by their single-storey adobe or masonry materials held together by mud. These homes also had heavy roofs made from ]. Government properties in the area were double-storey adobe and single-storey brick construction with jack arches or iron sheets as the roofing.<ref name="AMBRASEYS" /> | Serious damage was distributed over a {{cvt|2,800|km2}} area while the shock was felt for {{cvt|180,000|km2}}. Damage was greatest in the northeast than southwest due to the direction that seismic energy radiated. At least 1,130 people died, 900 were injured, and 15,000 became homeless—at least 20,000 animals also died. Twenty additional deaths and more livestock were lost due to the cold weather including a 21 December ]. The mainshock and its aftershocks heavily damaged 5,000 of the 9,000 homes in the area.<ref name="AMBRASEYS" /> A total of 211 villages were destroyed.<ref name=NGDC/> Most of these homes were characterised by their single-storey adobe or masonry materials held together by mud. These homes also had heavy roofs made from ]. Government properties in the area were double-storey adobe and single-storey brick construction with jack arches or iron sheets as the roofing.<ref name="AMBRASEYS" /> | ||
| In the epicenter area, the seismic intensity was assigned VII (''Very strong'') on the ]. The area of maximum damage was between ] and Farsinaj, and the most affected areas were north of ]. The severity of damage became inconsistent and rapidly fell to the south. At Farsinaj, |
In the epicenter area, the seismic intensity was assigned VII (''Very strong'') on the ]. The area of maximum damage was between ] and Farsinaj, and the most affected areas were north of ]. The severity of damage became inconsistent and rapidly fell to the south. At Farsinaj, 702 people, or about half the population, perished, and only 30 homes were left intact. The village was reconstructed {{cvt|1|km}} away from the ruins. At ], 34 people died and 23 were injured—the village was razed and reconstructed several hundred meters away. Six people died, 20 were injured and two-thirds of homes in Sollantaher were destroyed. In two villages north of Farsinaj, the death toll totaled 63.<ref name="AMBRASEYS" /> No serious damage occurred outside a {{cvt|15|km}} radius around Farsinaj, and at ], only cracks appeared in buildings. At ], 53 residents died, whereas at Sahneh, Gakul and Bisitun, damage was moderate. Northwest of ] the mainshock produced cracks in the ground. Rockfalls and disruption of a natural spring was also recorded.<ref name="AMBRASEYS" /> | ||
| ===Aftershocks=== | ===Aftershocks=== | ||
Revision as of 04:45, 20 September 2024
Natural disaster in Iran   Tehran | |
| UTC time | 1957-12-13 01:45:04 |
|---|---|
| ISC event | 887684 |
| USGS-ANSS | ComCat |
| Local date | December 13, 1957 (1957-12-13) |
| Magnitude | 6.5 Mw |
| Depth | 15 km (9 mi) |
| Epicenter | 34°23′17″N 47°44′53″E / 34.388°N 47.748°E / 34.388; 47.748 |
| Areas affected | Iran |
| Max. intensity | MMI VII (Very strong) |
| Casualties | 1,130 killed |
The 1957 Farsinaj earthquake struck Hamadan, Iran on 13 December at 05:15 local time. The moment magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck at a depth of 15 km (9.3 mi). At least 1,130 people died, including over 700 in the village of Farsinaj. Additional deaths also occurred in Dehasiyab, Sarab, and other villages. The earthquake left an estimated 15,000 homeless; poor weather conditions including a winter storm on 21 December killed another 20 people. Several deadly and damaging aftershocks in that month killed a total of 38 people.
The epicenter of the earthquake was located in the seismically active Zagros Mountains. The mountain range was also the location for several historic earthquakes. The earthquake occurred near two segments of the active strike-slip Main Recent Fault.
Tectonic setting
Main article: Zagros fold and thrust belt
The Zagros Mountains stretching from Turkey to the Gulf of Oman, through Iran and Iraq for 1,500 km (930 mi) formed from continental collision involving the Arabian Plate and Central Iran. Its formation occurred during the late-Triassic, late-Jurassic, late-Cretaceous, Oligocene and Pliocene. During its early formation, some extensional tectonics may have occurred. The mountain range is still accommodating deformation, evident from present-day seismicity. Deformation is accommodated by thrust and strike-slip faulting within the range. Parallel to major thrust faults of the mountains is the Main Recent Fault, an active right-lateral strike-slip fault. Convergence between the Arabian Plate and Iran occurs obliquely along the Zagros Mountains, and approximately 30–50 percent of the ~25 cm (9.8 in) per year convergence between the two plates is accommodated along the range.
Earthquake
Historic seismicity
Three historical earthquakes were documented near the Main Recent Fault. Two earthquakes in May 912 and April 1008 occurred near the former settlement of Dinavar while a third occurred to the southeast of Dorud before 1889. The first two earthquakes brought heavy damage and casualties in Dinawar. During an earthquake in 912, a "mountain split open" and water gushed out, sinking many settlements. Ground cracks, possibly associated with tectonic origins was documented during a 1008 earthquake. The Main Recent Fault was also associated with a Ms 7.4 earthquake in 1909 that produced over 40 km (25 mi) of surface rupture. Seismicity along the Main Recent Fault was nearly absent since 1909. In December 1955, an earthquake near Razan caused rockfalls and three deaths.
Mainshock
One foreshock was felt 26 hours before the mainshock. The mainshock was followed by 32 aftershocks within a month of its occurrence. Its epicenters were instrumentally recorded and located, revealing a northeast—southwest trend intersecting the Main Recent Fault. Ground deformations including rockfalls and fractures occurred. There were six reports of ground fractures all trending northeast. Some of these fractures were due to landslides and rockfalls and others extended for kilometers. Villagers reported a vertical rupture located along the Main Recent Fault resulting in the northeastern side subsiding by 1 m (3 ft 3 in).
The meizoseismal area had a generally northwest–southeast trend along the Main Recent Fault though in an uneven pattern with larger damage extending northeast of the fault, in an area where aftershocks were also distributed. There was a dramatic decrease in damage towards the southwest of the meizoseismal trend. Most of the villages southwest of the fault were situated on bedrock and sustained minimal to no damage. Northeast of the fault, devastation extended up to 55 km (34 mi) away, impacting towns such as Farsinaj and Gerareh. Along this section of the Main Recent Fault, called the Sahneh and Dinevar segments, the structure dips towards the northeast. Greater damage to the northeast with respect to the meizoseismal trend may indicate the earthquake ruptured along faults buried beneath the region at greater depth.
Impact
Serious damage was distributed over a 2,800 km (1,100 sq mi) area while the shock was felt for 180,000 km (69,000 sq mi). Damage was greatest in the northeast than southwest due to the direction that seismic energy radiated. At least 1,130 people died, 900 were injured, and 15,000 became homeless—at least 20,000 animals also died. Twenty additional deaths and more livestock were lost due to the cold weather including a 21 December winter storm. The mainshock and its aftershocks heavily damaged 5,000 of the 9,000 homes in the area. A total of 211 villages were destroyed. Most of these homes were characterised by their single-storey adobe or masonry materials held together by mud. These homes also had heavy roofs made from tampered earth. Government properties in the area were double-storey adobe and single-storey brick construction with jack arches or iron sheets as the roofing.
In the epicenter area, the seismic intensity was assigned VII (Very strong) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. The area of maximum damage was between Kangavar and Farsinaj, and the most affected areas were north of Sahneh. The severity of damage became inconsistent and rapidly fell to the south. At Farsinaj, 702 people, or about half the population, perished, and only 30 homes were left intact. The village was reconstructed 1 km (0.62 mi) away from the ruins. At Dehasiyab, 34 people died and 23 were injured—the village was razed and reconstructed several hundred meters away. Six people died, 20 were injured and two-thirds of homes in Sollantaher were destroyed. In two villages north of Farsinaj, the death toll totaled 63. No serious damage occurred outside a 15 km (9.3 mi) radius around Farsinaj, and at Sonqor, only cracks appeared in buildings. At Sarab, 53 residents died, whereas at Sahneh, Gakul and Bisitun, damage was moderate. Northwest of Sahneh the mainshock produced cracks in the ground. Rockfalls and disruption of a natural spring was also recorded.
Aftershocks
Aftershocks on 13 and 18 December near Kangavar and Firuzabad on 28 December caused further damage. The aftershock on 14 December caused more than 20 deaths and left 50 injured. Another aftershock on the same day at Najafabad killed one and injured four, and destroyed more buildings. Fourteen people died in an aftershock on 18 December at Fash. On 31 December, another aftershock killed three at Kangavar.
See also
References
- ^ ISC (27 June 2022), ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009), Version 9.1, International Seismological Centre
- ^ Yamini-Fard, F.; Hatzfeld, D.; Tatar, M.; Mokhtari, M. (2006). "Microearthquake seismicity at the intersection between the Kazerun fault and the Main Recent Fault (Zagros, Iran)". Geophysical Journal International. 166 (1): 186–196. Bibcode:2006GeoJI.166..186Y. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02891.x. S2CID 130787307.
- ^ Tchalenko, J. S.; Braud, J. (1974). "Seismicity and structure of the Zagros (Iran): the Main Recent Fault between 33 and 35° N". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 277 (1262): 1–25. doi:10.1098/rsta.1974.0044. S2CID 122302270.
- ^ Ambraseys, N. N.; Moinfar, A. A.; Peronaci, P. (1973). "The Seismieity of Iran the Farsinaj (Kermanshah) earthquake of 13 December 1957". Annals of Geophysics. 26 (4). doi:10.4401/ag-5030.
- ^ {Berberian, Manuel (2014). "12: 1900–1963 Coseismic Surface Faulting". Developments in Earth Surface Processes] Earthquakes and Coseismic Surface Faulting on the Iranian Plateau - A Historical, Social and Physical Approach Volume=17. pp. 278–280. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-63292-0.00012-0.
- National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Significant Earthquake Database (Data Set), National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
| Earthquakes in the 1950s | |
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| 1952 |
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| 1953 |
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| 1954 |
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| 1956 |
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| 1957 |
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| 1958 |
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| 1959 |
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| † indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths ‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year | |