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| The '''Greater Antilles |
The '''Greater Antilles + Aves Ridge''',<ref name="Ali1">{{cite journal|first=Jason R.|last=Ali|title=Colonizing the Caribbean: is the GAARlandialand-bridge hypothesis gaining a foothold?|journal=Journal of Biogeography|volume=39|issue=|doi=|year=2012|pages=431–433|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230451240_Colonizing_the_Caribbean_Is_the_GAARlandia_land-bridge_hypothesis_gaining_a_foothold}}</ref> commonly known as '''GAARlandia''', is a hypothesized ] which is thought to have connected the ] to ] around 33 million years ago (mya). Species are proposed to have ] the ] through ] and ], and the most prominent vicariance hypothesis involves colonization via GAARlandia. The hypothesis has been supported by studies of individual ], but simultaneous colonization by multiple lineages is yet to be proven.<ref name="Tong">{{cite journal|first1=Yanfeng|last1=Tong|first2=Greta|last2=Binford|first3=Cristina A.|last3=Rheims|first4=Matjaž|last4=Kuntner|first5=Jie|last5=Liu|first6=Ingi|last6=Agnarsson|title=Huntsmen of the Caribbean: Multiple tests of the GAARlandia hypothesis|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=130|number=|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.09.017|date=January 2019|pages=259-268|doi-access=free}}</ref> | ||
| The hypothesis was introduced by ] and ] in 1994. It states that the ] and ]s compressed the ] for 2 million years during the ], |
The hypothesis was introduced by ] and ] in 1994. It states that the ] and ]s compressed the ] for 2 million years during the ], which led the presently-submerged ] in the eastern ] to rise and connect South America with ] via an unbroken land bridge; Puerto Rico is posited to have been further connected via dry land to ], ] and eastern ]. During this period the ] expanded on ], causing the global ] to drop.<ref name="Ali"/> MacPhee and Iturralde-Vinent proposed that the ancestors of the non-flying land ] that inhabit, or used to inhabit, the Greater Antilles arrived from South America by walking along this bridge rather than through ].<ref name="Ali1"/><ref name="Ali">{{cite journal|first1=Jason R.|last1=Ali|first2=S. Blair|last2=Hedges|title=Colonizing the Caribbean: New geological data and an updated land-vertebrate colonization record challenge the GAARlandia land-bridge hypothesis|journal=Journal of Biogeography|volume=48|issue=11|doi=10.1111/jbi.14234|date= 17 August 2021|pages=2699-2707|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.14234}}</ref> | ||
| The GAARlandia hypothesis is hotly debated.<ref name="Ali1"/> Alonso et al. (2011) argued in favor of the hypothesis: they found in their ] research that the ] of the ] of the genus '']'', which do not tolerate saltwater, arrived on the Greater Antilles 33 million years ago–exactly when GAARlandia is supposed to have connected the present-day islands to South America.<ref name="Ali1"/> Ali & Hedges (2021) have found "weak and non-existent" support for GAARlandia, respectively, in the colonization record of land vertebrates and the ] and ] data. They conclude that oceanic dispersal is "the best available explanation" for the origin of all Greater Antillean species, including plants and ]s.<ref name="Ali"/> Weaver et al. posit that GAARlandia might have enabled '']'', ] fish endemic to the islands, to reach the Antilles through a combination of dispersal, vicariance, and ]. Weaver et al. note, however, limias and all other native Antillean species are tolerant of saltwater, and conclude that intolerant species would have colonized the islands as well if a land bridge had been sifficient.<ref name="Weaver">{{Cite journal|title=Colonizing the Caribbean: Biogeography and evolution of livebearing fishes of the genus Limia (Poeciliidae)|access-date=10 April 2023|first1=Pablo |last1=Weaver|first2=Alexander|last2=Cruz|first3=Steven Euston |last3=Johnson|first4=Julia|last4=Dupin|first5=Kathleen|last5=Weaver|journal=Journal of Biogeography|doi=10.1111/jbi.12798|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304536347|volume=43|issue=9|date=June 2016|pages=1808–1819 |bibcode=2016JBiog..43.1808W |s2cid=89184942 |archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410114724/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304536347_Colonizing_the_Caribbean_Biogeography_and_evolution_of_livebearing_fishes_of_the_genus_Limia_Poeciliidae|url-status=live}}</ref> Weaver et al. believe that ''Limia'' ancestors are unlikely to have arrived exclusively over land, however, because ''Limia'' and all other native Antillean species are tolerant of saltwater; if a land bridge had been sufficient, intolerant species would have also colonized the islands.<ref name ="Weaver"/> | |||
| <!--- https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/82939 | |||
| http://www.redciencia.cu/geobiblio/paper/2012_ALI_Colonizing%20GAARlandia.pdf ---> | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 21:47, 17 December 2024
The Greater Antilles + Aves Ridge, commonly known as GAARlandia, is a hypothesized land bridge which is thought to have connected the Greater Antilles to South America around 33 million years ago (mya). Species are proposed to have colonized the Caribbean Islands through dispersal and vicariance, and the most prominent vicariance hypothesis involves colonization via GAARlandia. The hypothesis has been supported by studies of individual lineages, but simultaneous colonization by multiple lineages is yet to be proven.
The hypothesis was introduced by Ross MacPhee and Manuel Iturralde-Vinent in 1994. It states that the North American and South American plates compressed the Caribbean plate for 2 million years during the Eocene–Oligocene boundary, which led the presently-submerged Aves Ridge in the eastern Caribbean Sea to rise and connect South America with Puerto Rica via an unbroken land bridge; Puerto Rico is posited to have been further connected via dry land to Hispaniola, Cuba and eastern Jamaica. During this period the ice sheet expanded on Antarctica, causing the global sea level to drop. MacPhee and Iturralde-Vinent proposed that the ancestors of the non-flying land vertebrates that inhabit, or used to inhabit, the Greater Antilles arrived from South America by walking along this bridge rather than through oceanic dispersal.
The GAARlandia hypothesis is hotly debated. Alonso et al. (2011) argued in favor of the hypothesis: they found in their phylogenetic research that the common ancestor of the toads of the genus Peltophryne, which do not tolerate saltwater, arrived on the Greater Antilles 33 million years ago–exactly when GAARlandia is supposed to have connected the present-day islands to South America. Ali & Hedges (2021) have found "weak and non-existent" support for GAARlandia, respectively, in the colonization record of land vertebrates and the geological and seismic data. They conclude that oceanic dispersal is "the best available explanation" for the origin of all Greater Antillean species, including plants and invertebrates. Weaver et al. posit that GAARlandia might have enabled Limia, livebearing fish endemic to the islands, to reach the Antilles through a combination of dispersal, vicariance, and island hopping. Weaver et al. note, however, limias and all other native Antillean species are tolerant of saltwater, and conclude that intolerant species would have colonized the islands as well if a land bridge had been sifficient. Weaver et al. believe that Limia ancestors are unlikely to have arrived exclusively over land, however, because Limia and all other native Antillean species are tolerant of saltwater; if a land bridge had been sufficient, intolerant species would have also colonized the islands.
References
- ^ Ali, Jason R. (2012). "Colonizing the Caribbean: is the GAARlandialand-bridge hypothesis gaining a foothold?". Journal of Biogeography. 39: 431–433.
- Tong, Yanfeng; Binford, Greta; Rheims, Cristina A.; Kuntner, Matjaž; Liu, Jie; Agnarsson, Ingi (January 2019). "Huntsmen of the Caribbean: Multiple tests of the GAARlandia hypothesis". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 130: 259–268. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.09.017.
- ^ Ali, Jason R.; Hedges, S. Blair (17 August 2021). "Colonizing the Caribbean: New geological data and an updated land-vertebrate colonization record challenge the GAARlandia land-bridge hypothesis". Journal of Biogeography. 48 (11): 2699–2707. doi:10.1111/jbi.14234.
- ^ Weaver, Pablo; Cruz, Alexander; Johnson, Steven Euston; Dupin, Julia; Weaver, Kathleen (June 2016). "Colonizing the Caribbean: Biogeography and evolution of livebearing fishes of the genus Limia (Poeciliidae)". Journal of Biogeography. 43 (9): 1808–1819. Bibcode:2016JBiog..43.1808W. doi:10.1111/jbi.12798. S2CID 89184942. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.