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==Anatomy== ==Anatomy==
The prominence of the antegonial notch varies considerably among individuals based on factors like age, sex, and ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Porwolik |first=M. |last2=Porwolik |first2=K. |last3=Domagała |first3=Z. A. |last4=Woźniak |first4=S. |last5=Dąbrowski |first5=P. |last6=Kacała |first6=R. |last7=Kordecki |first7=H. |last8=Chmielewski |first8=P. |last9=Faraj |first9=S. Abu |last10=Gworys |first10=B. |date=2015 |title=Typology of the antegonial notch in the human mandible |url=https://journals.viamedica.pl/folia_morphologica/article/view/38776 |journal=Folia Morphologica |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=365–371 |doi=10.5603/FM.2015.0055 |issn=1644-3284}}</ref> It typically presents as a shallow concavity but can occasionally be more pronounced. In adults, the depth of the notch varies with an average of 2.0±1.1 mm.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kolodziej |first=Ronald P. |last2=Southard |first2=Thomas E. |last3=Southard |first3=Karin A. |last4=Casko |first4=John S. |last5=Jakobsen |first5=Jane R. |date=2002-04-01 |title=Evaluation of antegonial notch depth for growth prediction |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0889540602830049 |journal=American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics |volume=121 |issue=4 |pages=357–363 |doi=10.1067/mod.2002.121561 |issn=0889-5406}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schütz |first=Christian |last2=Denes |first2=Balazs J. |last3=Kiliaridis |first3=Stavros |last4=Antonarakis |first4=Gregory S. |date=2022 |title=Mandibular antegonial notch depth in postpubertal individuals: A longitudinal cohort study |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cre2.577 |journal=Clinical and Experimental Dental Research |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=923–930 |doi=10.1002/cre2.577 |issn=2057-4347 |pmc=PMC9382058 |pmid=35488722}}</ref> Its clinical importance stems primarily from its close relationship with the ], a major vessel supplying blood to the face. The prominence of the antegonial notch varies considerably among individuals based on factors like age, sex, and ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Porwolik |first=M. |last2=Porwolik |first2=K. |last3=Domagała |first3=Z. A. |last4=Woźniak |first4=S. |last5=Dąbrowski |first5=P. |last6=Kacała |first6=R. |last7=Kordecki |first7=H. |last8=Chmielewski |first8=P. |last9=Faraj |first9=S. Abu |last10=Gworys |first10=B. |date=2015 |title=Typology of the antegonial notch in the human mandible |url=https://journals.viamedica.pl/folia_morphologica/article/view/38776 |journal=Folia Morphologica |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=365–371 |doi=10.5603/FM.2015.0055 |issn=1644-3284}}</ref> It typically presents as a shallow concavity but can occasionally be more pronounced. In adults, the depth of the notch varies with an average of 2.0±1.1 mm.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kolodziej |first=Ronald P. |last2=Southard |first2=Thomas E. |last3=Southard |first3=Karin A. |last4=Casko |first4=John S. |last5=Jakobsen |first5=Jane R. |date=2002-04-01 |title=Evaluation of antegonial notch depth for growth prediction |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0889540602830049 |journal=American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics |volume=121 |issue=4 |pages=357–363 |doi=10.1067/mod.2002.121561 |issn=0889-5406}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schütz |first=Christian |last2=Denes |first2=Balazs J. |last3=Kiliaridis |first3=Stavros |last4=Antonarakis |first4=Gregory S. |date=2022 |title=Mandibular antegonial notch depth in postpubertal individuals: A longitudinal cohort study |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cre2.577 |journal=Clinical and Experimental Dental Research |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=923–930 |doi=10.1002/cre2.577 |issn=2057-4347 |pmc=9382058 |pmid=35488722}}</ref> Its clinical importance stems primarily from its close relationship with the ], a major vessel supplying blood to the face.


The facial artery typically crosses the inferior border of the mandible just anterior to the ] insertion. In most instances, this crossing occurs at or in close proximity to the antegonial notch. This anatomical association has clinical relevance in various surgical procedures involving the face and mandible. The ] can be ] against the mandible at this location. The facial artery typically crosses the inferior border of the mandible just anterior to the ] insertion. In most instances, this crossing occurs at or in close proximity to the antegonial notch. This anatomical association has clinical relevance in various surgical procedures involving the face and mandible. The ] can be ] against the mandible at this location.


Certain ], such as ], can result in asymmetry or underdevelopment of the mandible, which may affect the appearance and prominence of the antegonial notch on the affected side.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Ming |last2=Zhao |first2=Qing |last3=Chen |first3=Yang-Xi |date=2006-04-01 |title= |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16704093/ |journal=Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi = Huaxi Kouqiang Yixue Zazhi = West China Journal of Stomatology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=142–145 |issn=1000-1182 |pmid=16704093}}</ref> Its morphology can also be affected by ], ] and other ] processes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gorlin |first=Robert J. |title=Syndromes of the Head and Neck |last2=Cohen Jr. |first2=M. Michael |last3=Hennekam |first3=Raoul C.M. |date=2001-09-27 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974772-6 |page=}}</ref> Certain ], such as ], can result in asymmetry or underdevelopment of the mandible, which may affect the appearance and prominence of the antegonial notch on the affected side.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Ming |last2=Zhao |first2=Qing |last3=Chen |first3=Yang-Xi |date=2006-04-01 |title= |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16704093/ |journal=Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi = Huaxi Kouqiang Yixue Zazhi = West China Journal of Stomatology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=142–145 |issn=1000-1182 |pmid=16704093}}</ref> Its morphology can also be affected by ], ] and other ] processes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gorlin |first=Robert J. |title=Syndromes of the Head and Neck |last2=Cohen Jr. |first2=M. Michael |last3=Hennekam |first3=Raoul C.M. |date=2001-09-27 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974772-6 |page=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=M. H. |last2=Coccaro |first2=P. J. |last3=Converse |first3=J. M. |date=1976-10-01 |title=Antegonial notching of the mandible: an often overlooked mandibular deformity in congenital and acquired disorders |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/959529/ |journal=Radiology |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=149–151 |doi=10.1148/121.1.149 |issn=0033-8419 |pmid=959529}}</ref>


==Clinical Significance== ==Clinical Significance==

Revision as of 06:18, 20 December 2024

Antegonial Notch
Lateral view of the mandible showing antegonial notch, labelled as 17.
Details
PrecursorMandibular arch (first pharyngeal arch)
SystemSkeletal system
ArteryFacial artery
VeinFacial vein
NerveMarginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve (proximity)
LymphSubmandibular lymph nodes (proximity)
Anatomical terminology[edit on Wikidata]

The antegonial notch is a subtle indentation located on the inferior border of the mandible, immediately anterior to the angle of the mandible. It marks the transition between the inferior border of the mandibular body and the anterior border of the mandibular ramus.

Anatomy

The prominence of the antegonial notch varies considerably among individuals based on factors like age, sex, and ethnicity. It typically presents as a shallow concavity but can occasionally be more pronounced. In adults, the depth of the notch varies with an average of 2.0±1.1 mm. Its clinical importance stems primarily from its close relationship with the facial artery, a major vessel supplying blood to the face.

The facial artery typically crosses the inferior border of the mandible just anterior to the masseter muscle's insertion. In most instances, this crossing occurs at or in close proximity to the antegonial notch. This anatomical association has clinical relevance in various surgical procedures involving the face and mandible. The facial artery's pulse can be palpated against the mandible at this location.

Certain craniofacial syndromes, such as hemifacial microsomia, can result in asymmetry or underdevelopment of the mandible, which may affect the appearance and prominence of the antegonial notch on the affected side. Its morphology can also be affected by fractures, tumors and other pathological processes.

Clinical Significance

  • Surgery: Surgeons performing procedures such as rhytidectomy (facelift surgery), orthognathic surgery (corrective jaw surgery), or managing mandibular trauma must be aware of the facial artery's position relative to the antegonial notch to prevent inadvertent injury.
  • Radiology: The antegonial notch serves as a useful anatomical landmark when interpreting radiographs (X-rays) and computed tomography (CT) scans of the mandible.
  • Forensic Science: In certain cases, the antegonial notch may be employed as a reference point in forensic facial reconstruction.
  • The depth of antegonial notch is an indicator of mandibular growth potential.

References

  1. Porwolik, M.; Porwolik, K.; Domagała, Z. A.; Woźniak, S.; Dąbrowski, P.; Kacała, R.; Kordecki, H.; Chmielewski, P.; Faraj, S. Abu; Gworys, B. (2015). "Typology of the antegonial notch in the human mandible". Folia Morphologica. 74 (3): 365–371. doi:10.5603/FM.2015.0055. ISSN 1644-3284.
  2. Kolodziej, Ronald P.; Southard, Thomas E.; Southard, Karin A.; Casko, John S.; Jakobsen, Jane R. (2002-04-01). "Evaluation of antegonial notch depth for growth prediction". American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 121 (4): 357–363. doi:10.1067/mod.2002.121561. ISSN 0889-5406.
  3. Schütz, Christian; Denes, Balazs J.; Kiliaridis, Stavros; Antonarakis, Gregory S. (2022). "Mandibular antegonial notch depth in postpubertal individuals: A longitudinal cohort study". Clinical and Experimental Dental Research. 8 (4): 923–930. doi:10.1002/cre2.577. ISSN 2057-4347. PMC 9382058. PMID 35488722.
  4. Zhang, Ming; Zhao, Qing; Chen, Yang-Xi (2006-04-01). "[Dimensional differences in craniofacial morphologies of prepubescence Class II patients with deep and shallow mandibular antegonial notching]". Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi = Huaxi Kouqiang Yixue Zazhi = West China Journal of Stomatology. 24 (2): 142–145. ISSN 1000-1182. PMID 16704093.
  5. Gorlin, Robert J.; Cohen Jr., M. Michael; Hennekam, Raoul C.M. (2001-09-27). Syndromes of the Head and Neck. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-974772-6.
  6. Becker, M. H.; Coccaro, P. J.; Converse, J. M. (1976-10-01). "Antegonial notching of the mandible: an often overlooked mandibular deformity in congenital and acquired disorders". Radiology. 121 (1): 149–151. doi:10.1148/121.1.149. ISSN 0033-8419. PMID 959529.
  7. Iwanaga, Joe; Shiromoto, Koshi; Tubbs, R. Shane (2020-01-01). "Releasing incisions of the buccal periosteum adjacent to the lower molar teeth can injure the facial artery: an anatomical study". Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy. 42 (1): 31–34. doi:10.1007/s00276-019-02319-3. ISSN 1279-8517.
  8. Proffit, William R.; White, Raymond P.; Sarver, David M. (2003). Contemporary treatment of dentofacial deformity. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978-0-323-01697-1.
  9. Peterson's principles of oral and maxillofacial surgery (3rd ed.). Shelton: People's medical publ. house. 2012. ISBN 978-1-60795-111-7.
  10. Kolodziej, Ronald P.; Southard, Thomas E.; Southard, Karin A.; Casko, John S.; Jakobsen, Jane R. (2002-04-01). "Evaluation of antegonial notch depth for growth prediction". American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics: Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 121 (4): 357–363. doi:10.1067/mod.2002.121561. ISSN 0889-5406. PMID 11997759.
  11. Singer, C. P.; Mamandras, A. H.; Hunter, W. S. (1987-02-01). "The depth of the mandibular antegonial notch as an indicator of mandibular growth potential". American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics: Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 91 (2): 117–124. doi:10.1016/0889-5406(87)90468-9. ISSN 0889-5406. PMID 3468794.