Misplaced Pages

Antegonial notch: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 07:57, 30 December 2024 editOAbot (talk | contribs)Bots441,761 editsm Open access bot: doi updated in citation with #oabot.← Previous edit Latest revision as of 19:46, 3 January 2025 edit undoCitation bot (talk | contribs)Bots5,431,274 edits Add: date, pmid, authors 1-1. Removed URL that duplicated identifier. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Articles needing additional categories from December 2024 | #UCB_Category 49/358 
Line 20: Line 20:


==Anatomy== ==Anatomy==
The prominence of the antegonial notch varies considerably among individuals based on factors like age, sex, and ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Porwolik |first=M. |last2=Porwolik |first2=K. |last3=Domagała |first3=Z. A. |last4=Woźniak |first4=S. |last5=Dąbrowski |first5=P. |last6=Kacała |first6=R. |last7=Kordecki |first7=H. |last8=Chmielewski |first8=P. |last9=Faraj |first9=S. Abu |last10=Gworys |first10=B. |date=2015 |title=Typology of the antegonial notch in the human mandible |url=https://journals.viamedica.pl/folia_morphologica/article/view/38776 |journal=Folia Morphologica |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=365–371 |doi=10.5603/FM.2015.0055 |issn=1644-3284|doi-access=free }}</ref> It typically presents as a shallow concavity but can occasionally be more pronounced. In adults, the depth of the notch varies with an average of 2.0±1.1 mm.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kolodziej |first=Ronald P. |last2=Southard |first2=Thomas E. |last3=Southard |first3=Karin A. |last4=Casko |first4=John S. |last5=Jakobsen |first5=Jane R. |date=2002-04-01 |title=Evaluation of antegonial notch depth for growth prediction |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0889540602830049 |journal=American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics |volume=121 |issue=4 |pages=357–363 |doi=10.1067/mod.2002.121561 |issn=0889-5406}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schütz |first=Christian |last2=Denes |first2=Balazs J. |last3=Kiliaridis |first3=Stavros |last4=Antonarakis |first4=Gregory S. |date=2022 |title=Mandibular antegonial notch depth in postpubertal individuals: A longitudinal cohort study |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cre2.577 |journal=Clinical and Experimental Dental Research |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=923–930 |doi=10.1002/cre2.577 |issn=2057-4347 |pmc=9382058 |pmid=35488722}}</ref> Its clinical importance stems primarily from its close relationship with the ], a major vessel supplying blood to the face. The prominence of the antegonial notch varies considerably among individuals based on factors like age, sex, and ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Porwolik |first1=M. |last2=Porwolik |first2=K. |last3=Domagała |first3=Z. A. |last4=Woźniak |first4=S. |last5=Dąbrowski |first5=P. |last6=Kacała |first6=R. |last7=Kordecki |first7=H. |last8=Chmielewski |first8=P. |last9=Faraj |first9=S. Abu |last10=Gworys |first10=B. |date=2015 |title=Typology of the antegonial notch in the human mandible |url=https://journals.viamedica.pl/folia_morphologica/article/view/38776 |journal=Folia Morphologica |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=365–371 |doi=10.5603/FM.2015.0055 |issn=1644-3284|doi-access=free |pmid=26339819 }}</ref> It typically presents as a shallow concavity but can occasionally be more pronounced. In adults, the depth of the notch varies with an average of 2.0±1.1 mm.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kolodziej |first1=Ronald P. |last2=Southard |first2=Thomas E. |last3=Southard |first3=Karin A. |last4=Casko |first4=John S. |last5=Jakobsen |first5=Jane R. |date=2002-04-01 |title=Evaluation of antegonial notch depth for growth prediction |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0889540602830049 |journal=American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics |volume=121 |issue=4 |pages=357–363 |doi=10.1067/mod.2002.121561 |pmid=11997759 |issn=0889-5406}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schütz |first1=Christian |last2=Denes |first2=Balazs J. |last3=Kiliaridis |first3=Stavros |last4=Antonarakis |first4=Gregory S. |date=2022 |title=Mandibular antegonial notch depth in postpubertal individuals: A longitudinal cohort study |journal=Clinical and Experimental Dental Research |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=923–930 |doi=10.1002/cre2.577 |issn=2057-4347 |pmc=9382058 |pmid=35488722}}</ref> Its clinical importance stems primarily from its close relationship with the ], a major vessel supplying blood to the face.


The facial artery typically crosses the inferior border of the mandible just anterior to the ] insertion. In most instances, this crossing occurs at or in close proximity to the antegonial notch. This anatomical association has clinical relevance in various surgical procedures involving the face and mandible. The ] can be ] against the mandible at this location.<ref>{{Citation |last=Barral |first=Jean-Pierre |title=16 - The facial artery |date=2011-01-01 |work=Visceral Vascular Manipulations |pages=143–146 |editor-last=Barral |editor-first=Jean-Pierre |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780702043512000168 |access-date=2024-12-20 |place=Oxford |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |doi=10.1016/b978-0-7020-4351-2.00016-8 |isbn=978-0-7020-4351-2 |last2=Croibier |first2=Alain |editor2-last=Croibier |editor2-first=Alain}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sykes |first=Jonathan M. |last2=Riedler |first2=Kiersten L. |last3=Cotofana |first3=Sebastian |last4=Palhazi |first4=Peter |date=2020-08-01 |title=Superficial and Deep Facial Anatomy and Its Implications for Rhytidectomy |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1064740620300316 |journal=Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America |series=Facelift Surgical Techniques |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=243–251 |doi=10.1016/j.fsc.2020.03.005 |issn=1064-7406}}</ref> The facial artery typically crosses the inferior border of the mandible just anterior to the ] insertion. In most instances, this crossing occurs at or in close proximity to the antegonial notch. This anatomical association has clinical relevance in various surgical procedures involving the face and mandible. The ] can be ] against the mandible at this location.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Barral |first1=Jean-Pierre |title=16 - The facial artery |date=2011-01-01 |work=Visceral Vascular Manipulations |pages=143–146 |editor-last=Barral |editor-first=Jean-Pierre |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780702043512000168 |access-date=2024-12-20 |place=Oxford |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |doi=10.1016/b978-0-7020-4351-2.00016-8 |isbn=978-0-7020-4351-2 |last2=Croibier |first2=Alain |editor2-last=Croibier |editor2-first=Alain}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sykes |first1=Jonathan M. |last2=Riedler |first2=Kiersten L. |last3=Cotofana |first3=Sebastian |last4=Palhazi |first4=Peter |date=2020-08-01 |title=Superficial and Deep Facial Anatomy and Its Implications for Rhytidectomy |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1064740620300316 |journal=Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America |series=Facelift Surgical Techniques |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=243–251 |doi=10.1016/j.fsc.2020.03.005 |pmid=32503712 |issn=1064-7406}}</ref>


Certain ], such as ], can result in asymmetry or underdevelopment of the mandible, which may affect the appearance and prominence of the antegonial notch on the affected side.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Ming |last2=Zhao |first2=Qing |last3=Chen |first3=Yang-Xi |date=2006-04-01 |title= |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16704093/ |journal=Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi = Huaxi Kouqiang Yixue Zazhi = West China Journal of Stomatology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=142–145 |issn=1000-1182 |pmid=16704093}}</ref> Its morphology can also be affected by ], ] and other ] processes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gorlin |first=Robert J. |title=Syndromes of the Head and Neck |last2=Cohen Jr. |first2=M. Michael |last3=Hennekam |first3=Raoul C.M. |date=2001-09-27 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974772-6 |page=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=M. H. |last2=Coccaro |first2=P. J. |last3=Converse |first3=J. M. |date=1976-10-01 |title=Antegonial notching of the mandible: an often overlooked mandibular deformity in congenital and acquired disorders |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/959529/ |journal=Radiology |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=149–151 |doi=10.1148/121.1.149 |issn=0033-8419 |pmid=959529}}</ref> Certain ], such as ], can result in asymmetry or underdevelopment of the mandible, which may affect the appearance and prominence of the antegonial notch on the affected side.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Ming |last2=Zhao |first2=Qing |last3=Chen |first3=Yang-Xi |date=2006-04-01 |title= |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16704093/ |journal=Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi = Huaxi Kouqiang Yixue Zazhi = West China Journal of Stomatology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=142–145 |issn=1000-1182 |pmid=16704093}}</ref> Its morphology can also be affected by ], ] and other ] processes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gorlin |first1=Robert J. |title=Syndromes of the Head and Neck |last2=Cohen Jr. |first2=M. Michael |last3=Hennekam |first3=Raoul C.M. |date=2001-09-27 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974772-6 |page=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=M. H. |last2=Coccaro |first2=P. J. |last3=Converse |first3=J. M. |date=1976-10-01 |title=Antegonial notching of the mandible: an often overlooked mandibular deformity in congenital and acquired disorders |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/959529/ |journal=Radiology |volume=121 |issue=1 |pages=149–151 |doi=10.1148/121.1.149 |issn=0033-8419 |pmid=959529}}</ref>


==Clinical Significance== ==Clinical Significance==
*''']''': Surgeons performing procedures such as ] (facelift surgery), ] (corrective jaw surgery), or managing mandibular trauma must be aware of the facial artery's position relative to the antegonial notch to prevent inadvertent injury.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iwanaga |first=Joe |last2=Shiromoto |first2=Koshi |last3=Tubbs |first3=R. Shane |date=2020-01-01 |title=Releasing incisions of the buccal periosteum adjacent to the lower molar teeth can injure the facial artery: an anatomical study |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00276-019-02319-3 |journal=Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=31–34 |doi=10.1007/s00276-019-02319-3 |issn=1279-8517}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Proffit |first=William R. |title=Contemporary treatment of dentofacial deformity |last2=White |first2=Raymond P. |last3=Sarver |first3=David M. |date=2003 |publisher=Mosby |isbn=978-0-323-01697-1 |location=St. Louis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Peterson's principles of oral and maxillofacial surgery |date=2012 |publisher=People's medical publ. house |isbn=978-1-60795-111-7 |edition=3rd |location=Shelton}}</ref> *''']''': Surgeons performing procedures such as ] (facelift surgery), ] (corrective jaw surgery), or managing mandibular trauma must be aware of the facial artery's position relative to the antegonial notch to prevent inadvertent injury.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Iwanaga |first1=Joe |last2=Shiromoto |first2=Koshi |last3=Tubbs |first3=R. Shane |date=2020-01-01 |title=Releasing incisions of the buccal periosteum adjacent to the lower molar teeth can injure the facial artery: an anatomical study |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00276-019-02319-3 |journal=Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=31–34 |doi=10.1007/s00276-019-02319-3 |pmid=31538246 |issn=1279-8517}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Proffit |first1=William R. |title=Contemporary treatment of dentofacial deformity |last2=White |first2=Raymond P. |last3=Sarver |first3=David M. |date=2003 |publisher=Mosby |isbn=978-0-323-01697-1 |location=St. Louis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Peterson's principles of oral and maxillofacial surgery |date=2012 |publisher=People's medical publ. house |isbn=978-1-60795-111-7 |edition=3rd |location=Shelton}}</ref>
*''']''': The antegonial notch serves as a useful anatomical landmark when interpreting ] (]) and ] of the mandible. *''']''': The antegonial notch serves as a useful anatomical landmark when interpreting ] (]) and ] of the mandible.
*''']''': In certain cases, the antegonial notch may be employed as a reference point in forensic facial reconstruction. *''']''': In certain cases, the antegonial notch may be employed as a reference point in forensic facial reconstruction.
*The depth of antegonial notch is an indicator of mandibular growth potential.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kolodziej |first=Ronald P. |last2=Southard |first2=Thomas E. |last3=Southard |first3=Karin A. |last4=Casko |first4=John S. |last5=Jakobsen |first5=Jane R. |date=2002-04-01 |title=Evaluation of antegonial notch depth for growth prediction |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11997759/ |journal=American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics: Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics |volume=121 |issue=4 |pages=357–363 |doi=10.1067/mod.2002.121561 |issn=0889-5406 |pmid=11997759}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singer |first=C. P. |last2=Mamandras |first2=A. H. |last3=Hunter |first3=W. S. |date=1987-02-01 |title=The depth of the mandibular antegonial notch as an indicator of mandibular growth potential |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3468794/ |journal=American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics: Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics |volume=91 |issue=2 |pages=117–124 |doi=10.1016/0889-5406(87)90468-9 |issn=0889-5406 |pmid=3468794}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vasanthi |first=L. |last2=Reddy |first2=G. Manoj Kumar |last3=Charitha |first3=G. N. |last4=N |first4=Gowthami |last5=Induri |first5=Srinitya |title=Cranio-facial growth prediction based on mandibular rotation in groups with deep and shallow mandibular antegonial notching – A cephalogram study |url=https://www.ijcap.org/article-details/9145 |journal=Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology |language=en |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=162–166 |doi=10.18231/j.ijcap.2019.037 |issn=2394-2126|doi-access=free }}</ref> *The depth of antegonial notch is an indicator of mandibular growth potential.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kolodziej |first1=Ronald P. |last2=Southard |first2=Thomas E. |last3=Southard |first3=Karin A. |last4=Casko |first4=John S. |last5=Jakobsen |first5=Jane R. |date=2002-04-01 |title=Evaluation of antegonial notch depth for growth prediction |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11997759/ |journal=American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics: Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics |volume=121 |issue=4 |pages=357–363 |doi=10.1067/mod.2002.121561 |issn=0889-5406 |pmid=11997759}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singer |first1=C. P. |last2=Mamandras |first2=A. H. |last3=Hunter |first3=W. S. |date=1987-02-01 |title=The depth of the mandibular antegonial notch as an indicator of mandibular growth potential |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3468794/ |journal=American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics: Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics |volume=91 |issue=2 |pages=117–124 |doi=10.1016/0889-5406(87)90468-9 |issn=0889-5406 |pmid=3468794}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vasanthi |first1=L. |last2=Reddy |first2=G. Manoj Kumar |last3=Charitha |first3=G. N. |last4=N |first4=Gowthami |last5=Induri |first5=Srinitya |title=Cranio-facial growth prediction based on mandibular rotation in groups with deep and shallow mandibular antegonial notching – A cephalogram study |url=https://www.ijcap.org/article-details/9145 |journal=Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology |date=2019 |language=en |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=162–166 |doi=10.18231/j.ijcap.2019.037 |issn=2394-2126|doi-access=free }}</ref>


==References== ==References==

Latest revision as of 19:46, 3 January 2025

Indentation on the lower jawbone
Antegonial Notch
Lateral view of the mandible showing antegonial notch, labelled as 17.
Details
PrecursorMandibular arch (first pharyngeal arch)
SystemSkeletal system
ArteryFacial artery
VeinFacial vein
NerveMarginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve (proximity)
LymphSubmandibular lymph nodes (proximity)
Anatomical terminology[edit on Wikidata]

The antegonial notch is a subtle indentation located on the inferior border of the mandible, immediately anterior to the angle of the mandible. It marks the transition between the inferior border of the mandibular body and the anterior border of the mandibular ramus.

Anatomy

The prominence of the antegonial notch varies considerably among individuals based on factors like age, sex, and ethnicity. It typically presents as a shallow concavity but can occasionally be more pronounced. In adults, the depth of the notch varies with an average of 2.0±1.1 mm. Its clinical importance stems primarily from its close relationship with the facial artery, a major vessel supplying blood to the face.

The facial artery typically crosses the inferior border of the mandible just anterior to the masseter muscle's insertion. In most instances, this crossing occurs at or in close proximity to the antegonial notch. This anatomical association has clinical relevance in various surgical procedures involving the face and mandible. The facial artery's pulse can be palpated against the mandible at this location.

Certain craniofacial syndromes, such as hemifacial microsomia, can result in asymmetry or underdevelopment of the mandible, which may affect the appearance and prominence of the antegonial notch on the affected side. Its morphology can also be affected by fractures, tumors and other pathological processes.

Clinical Significance

  • Surgery: Surgeons performing procedures such as rhytidectomy (facelift surgery), orthognathic surgery (corrective jaw surgery), or managing mandibular trauma must be aware of the facial artery's position relative to the antegonial notch to prevent inadvertent injury.
  • Radiology: The antegonial notch serves as a useful anatomical landmark when interpreting radiographs (X-rays) and computed tomography (CT) scans of the mandible.
  • Forensic Science: In certain cases, the antegonial notch may be employed as a reference point in forensic facial reconstruction.
  • The depth of antegonial notch is an indicator of mandibular growth potential.

References

  1. Porwolik, M.; Porwolik, K.; Domagała, Z. A.; Woźniak, S.; Dąbrowski, P.; Kacała, R.; Kordecki, H.; Chmielewski, P.; Faraj, S. Abu; Gworys, B. (2015). "Typology of the antegonial notch in the human mandible". Folia Morphologica. 74 (3): 365–371. doi:10.5603/FM.2015.0055. ISSN 1644-3284. PMID 26339819.
  2. Kolodziej, Ronald P.; Southard, Thomas E.; Southard, Karin A.; Casko, John S.; Jakobsen, Jane R. (2002-04-01). "Evaluation of antegonial notch depth for growth prediction". American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 121 (4): 357–363. doi:10.1067/mod.2002.121561. ISSN 0889-5406. PMID 11997759.
  3. Schütz, Christian; Denes, Balazs J.; Kiliaridis, Stavros; Antonarakis, Gregory S. (2022). "Mandibular antegonial notch depth in postpubertal individuals: A longitudinal cohort study". Clinical and Experimental Dental Research. 8 (4): 923–930. doi:10.1002/cre2.577. ISSN 2057-4347. PMC 9382058. PMID 35488722.
  4. Barral, Jean-Pierre; Croibier, Alain (2011-01-01), Barral, Jean-Pierre; Croibier, Alain (eds.), "16 - The facial artery", Visceral Vascular Manipulations, Oxford: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 143–146, doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-4351-2.00016-8, ISBN 978-0-7020-4351-2, retrieved 2024-12-20
  5. Sykes, Jonathan M.; Riedler, Kiersten L.; Cotofana, Sebastian; Palhazi, Peter (2020-08-01). "Superficial and Deep Facial Anatomy and Its Implications for Rhytidectomy". Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America. Facelift Surgical Techniques. 28 (3): 243–251. doi:10.1016/j.fsc.2020.03.005. ISSN 1064-7406. PMID 32503712.
  6. Zhang, Ming; Zhao, Qing; Chen, Yang-Xi (2006-04-01). "[Dimensional differences in craniofacial morphologies of prepubescence Class II patients with deep and shallow mandibular antegonial notching]". Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi = Huaxi Kouqiang Yixue Zazhi = West China Journal of Stomatology. 24 (2): 142–145. ISSN 1000-1182. PMID 16704093.
  7. Gorlin, Robert J.; Cohen Jr., M. Michael; Hennekam, Raoul C.M. (2001-09-27). Syndromes of the Head and Neck. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-974772-6.
  8. Becker, M. H.; Coccaro, P. J.; Converse, J. M. (1976-10-01). "Antegonial notching of the mandible: an often overlooked mandibular deformity in congenital and acquired disorders". Radiology. 121 (1): 149–151. doi:10.1148/121.1.149. ISSN 0033-8419. PMID 959529.
  9. Iwanaga, Joe; Shiromoto, Koshi; Tubbs, R. Shane (2020-01-01). "Releasing incisions of the buccal periosteum adjacent to the lower molar teeth can injure the facial artery: an anatomical study". Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy. 42 (1): 31–34. doi:10.1007/s00276-019-02319-3. ISSN 1279-8517. PMID 31538246.
  10. Proffit, William R.; White, Raymond P.; Sarver, David M. (2003). Contemporary treatment of dentofacial deformity. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978-0-323-01697-1.
  11. Peterson's principles of oral and maxillofacial surgery (3rd ed.). Shelton: People's medical publ. house. 2012. ISBN 978-1-60795-111-7.
  12. Kolodziej, Ronald P.; Southard, Thomas E.; Southard, Karin A.; Casko, John S.; Jakobsen, Jane R. (2002-04-01). "Evaluation of antegonial notch depth for growth prediction". American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics: Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 121 (4): 357–363. doi:10.1067/mod.2002.121561. ISSN 0889-5406. PMID 11997759.
  13. Singer, C. P.; Mamandras, A. H.; Hunter, W. S. (1987-02-01). "The depth of the mandibular antegonial notch as an indicator of mandibular growth potential". American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics: Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics. 91 (2): 117–124. doi:10.1016/0889-5406(87)90468-9. ISSN 0889-5406. PMID 3468794.
  14. Vasanthi, L.; Reddy, G. Manoj Kumar; Charitha, G. N.; N, Gowthami; Induri, Srinitya (2019). "Cranio-facial growth prediction based on mandibular rotation in groups with deep and shallow mandibular antegonial notching – A cephalogram study". Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology. 6 (2): 162–166. doi:10.18231/j.ijcap.2019.037. ISSN 2394-2126.
This article needs additional or more specific categories. Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. (December 2024)
Categories: