| Revision as of 23:25, 7 January 2025 editSurtsicna (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users130,758 editsNo edit summary← Previous edit | Revision as of 00:09, 8 January 2025 edit undoSurtsicna (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users130,758 editsNo edit summaryNext edit → | ||
| Line 36: | Line 36: | ||
| '''''Poecilia sphenops''''', called the '''Mexican molly''' or simply the '''molly''', is a species of ] fish native to Central America. | '''''Poecilia sphenops''''', called the '''Mexican molly''' or simply the '''molly''', is a species of ] fish native to Central America. | ||
| ==Taxonomy== | |||
| ''P. sphenops'' is placed in the ] '']'' (mollies) according to the prevailing taxonomic classification of species within the ] '']'', and more precisely within the shortfin molly ], so named because they have a shorter ] than the ].<ref name="Alda"/> | |||
| All shortfin mollies were once considered local variants of a highly ] ''P. sphenops'' species distributed from the ] basin in north-eastern Mexico to the coast of ], but currently prevailing view is that the shortfin mollies constitute the ''P. sphenops'' ] of around 13 distinct species. The ''P. sphenops'' complex is sometimes further divided into a ''P. sphenops'' complex comprising species from the Atlantic slope and a '']'' complex from the Pacific slope.<ref name="Alda">{{cite journal | last=Alda | first=Fernando | last2=Reina | first2=Ruth G. | last3=Doadrio | first3=Ignacio | last4=Bermingham | first4=Eldredge | title=Phylogeny and biogeography of the Poecilia sphenops species complex (Actinopterygii, Poeciliidae) in Central America | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=66 | issue=3 | date=2013 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.12.012 | pages=1011–1026}}</ref> ''P. sphenops'' is frequently confused with ''P. mexicana'';<ref name="Gomez">{{cite journal | last=Gómez-Márquez | first=José L. | last2=Peña-Mendoza | first2=Bertha | last3=Guzmán-Santiago | first3=José L. | title=Reproductive biology of Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes, 1846 (Cyprinidontiformes: Poeciliidae) at the Emiliano Zapata Reservoir in Morelos, Mexico | journal=Neotropical Ichthyology | volume=14 | issue=2 | date=2016 | issn=1679-6225 | doi=10.1590/1982-0224-20140127 | doi-access=free | url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ni/v14n2/1982-0224-ni-14-02-e140127.pdf | access-date=7 January 2025 | page=}}</ref> the two species, as well as the respective complexes, differ in the shape of their inner jaw teeth, which are tricuspid in ''P. sphenops'' and unicuspid in ''P. mexicana''.<ref name="Alda"/> | |||
| ==Description== | |||
| ⚫ | ''P. sphenops'' can grow to {{convert|84|mm|abbr=on}} ]<ref name="Miller"/> or {{convert|100|mm|abbr=on}} ], but is usually smaller.<ref name="Nico">{{cite web | title=Mexican Molly (Poecilia sphenops) | website=USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database | date=24 October 2016 | url=https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=864 | access-date=7 January 2025|first1=Leo|last1=Nico|first2=Pamela J.|last2=Schofield|first3=Matt|last3=Neilson|first4=Bill|last4=Loftus}}</ref> | ||
| ==Distribution and habitat== | |||
| ''P. sphenops'' occurs in both the ] and ] slope of ] and the northern parts of ].<ref name="Palacios">{{cite journal | last=Palacios | first=Maura | last2=Voelker | first2=Gary | last3=Arias Rodriguez | first3=Lenin | last4=Mateos | first4=Mariana | last5=Tobler | first5=Michael | title=Phylogenetic analyses of the subgenus Mollienesia (Poecilia, Poeciliidae, Teleostei) reveal taxonomic inconsistencies, cryptic biodiversity, and spatio-temporal aspects of diversification in Middle America | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=103 | date=2016 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.025 | doi-access=free | pages=230–244 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S1055790316301816 | access-date=2025-01-07}}</ref> On the Atlantic side it ranges from the ] in the north to the ] of the ] and the headwaters of the ] in the south. On the Pacific slope it is distributed from the middle of the ] basin in the state of ] to western ] and northern ].<ref name="k375">{{cite journal | last=Bagley | first=Justin C. | last2=Alda | first2=Fernando | last3=Breitman | first3=M. Florencia | last4=Bermingham | first4=Eldredge | last5=van den Berghe | first5=Eric P. | last6=Johnson | first6=Jerald B. | title=Assessing Species Boundaries Using Multilocus Species Delimitation in a Morphologically Conserved Group of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes, the Poecilia sphenops Species Complex (Poeciliidae) | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=10 | issue=4 | date=2015-04-07 | issn=1932-6203 | pmid=25849959 | pmc=4388586 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0121139 | doi-access=free | page=e0121139}}</ref><ref name="Miller">{{cite book | last=Miller | first=R.R. | last2=Minckley | first2=W.L. | last3=Norris | first3=S.M. | title=Freshwater Fishes of México | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-226-52604-1 | url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=MZXG-9jKygQC | access-date=2025-01-07 | pages=238-239}}</ref> ''P. sphenops'' frequently ] with '']'', but in short coastal streams the former tends to occupy upstream and the latter downstream habitats.<ref name="Miller"/> | ''P. sphenops'' occurs in both the ] and ] slope of ] and the northern parts of ].<ref name="Palacios">{{cite journal | last=Palacios | first=Maura | last2=Voelker | first2=Gary | last3=Arias Rodriguez | first3=Lenin | last4=Mateos | first4=Mariana | last5=Tobler | first5=Michael | title=Phylogenetic analyses of the subgenus Mollienesia (Poecilia, Poeciliidae, Teleostei) reveal taxonomic inconsistencies, cryptic biodiversity, and spatio-temporal aspects of diversification in Middle America | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=103 | date=2016 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.025 | doi-access=free | pages=230–244 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S1055790316301816 | access-date=2025-01-07}}</ref> On the Atlantic side it ranges from the ] in the north to the ] of the ] and the headwaters of the ] in the south. On the Pacific slope it is distributed from the middle of the ] basin in the state of ] to western ] and northern ].<ref name="k375">{{cite journal | last=Bagley | first=Justin C. | last2=Alda | first2=Fernando | last3=Breitman | first3=M. Florencia | last4=Bermingham | first4=Eldredge | last5=van den Berghe | first5=Eric P. | last6=Johnson | first6=Jerald B. | title=Assessing Species Boundaries Using Multilocus Species Delimitation in a Morphologically Conserved Group of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes, the Poecilia sphenops Species Complex (Poeciliidae) | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=10 | issue=4 | date=2015-04-07 | issn=1932-6203 | pmid=25849959 | pmc=4388586 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0121139 | doi-access=free | page=e0121139}}</ref><ref name="Miller">{{cite book | last=Miller | first=R.R. | last2=Minckley | first2=W.L. | last3=Norris | first3=S.M. | title=Freshwater Fishes of México | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-226-52604-1 | url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=MZXG-9jKygQC | access-date=2025-01-07 | pages=238-239}}</ref> ''P. sphenops'' frequently ] with '']'', but in short coastal streams the former tends to occupy upstream and the latter downstream habitats.<ref name="Miller"/> | ||
| Line 44: | Line 48: | ||
| <ref name="Dill">{{cite journal| title=History and status of introduced fishes in California, 1871-1996|publisher=California Department of Fish and Game|journal=Fish Bulletin| website=| date=1997| url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt5rm0h8qg/qt5rm0h8qg_noSplash_fc76b4df6659a1450d4e1a2062cc67c7.pdf| access-date=7 January 2025|first1=W.A.|last1=Dill|first2= A.J.|last2=Cordone}}</ref><ref name=Atlas>{{cite book |title=Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofnorthamer00unse_0 |first1=David S. |last1=Lee |first2=Carter R. |last2=Gilbert |first3=Charles H. |last3=Hocutt |first4=Robert E. |last4=Jenkins |first5=Don E. |last5=McAllister |first6=Jay R. |last6=Stauffer Jr.|publisher=North Carolina State Museum of Natural History |year=1980 |isbn=0917134036 |page=651}}</ref> It is considered ] in the ]s of ] and ] as well as in ] and reported from ] and ], but some or all of these populations may turn out to represent another species of the ''P. sphenops'' complex.<ref name="Nico"/> Conversely, introductions attributed to ''P. mexicana'' may represent ''P. sphenops''.<ref name="Gomez"/> | <ref name="Dill">{{cite journal| title=History and status of introduced fishes in California, 1871-1996|publisher=California Department of Fish and Game|journal=Fish Bulletin| website=| date=1997| url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt5rm0h8qg/qt5rm0h8qg_noSplash_fc76b4df6659a1450d4e1a2062cc67c7.pdf| access-date=7 January 2025|first1=W.A.|last1=Dill|first2= A.J.|last2=Cordone}}</ref><ref name=Atlas>{{cite book |title=Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes |url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofnorthamer00unse_0 |first1=David S. |last1=Lee |first2=Carter R. |last2=Gilbert |first3=Charles H. |last3=Hocutt |first4=Robert E. |last4=Jenkins |first5=Don E. |last5=McAllister |first6=Jay R. |last6=Stauffer Jr.|publisher=North Carolina State Museum of Natural History |year=1980 |isbn=0917134036 |page=651}}</ref> It is considered ] in the ]s of ] and ] as well as in ] and reported from ] and ], but some or all of these populations may turn out to represent another species of the ''P. sphenops'' complex.<ref name="Nico"/> Conversely, introductions attributed to ''P. mexicana'' may represent ''P. sphenops''.<ref name="Gomez"/> | ||
| ''P. sphenops'' inhabits freshwater and ] habitats,<ref name="Palacios"/> with typical ]s including rivers, ponds, ]s, roadside ditches, and creeks. |
''P. sphenops'' inhabits freshwater and ] habitats,<ref name="Palacios"/> with typical ]s including rivers, ponds, ]s, roadside ditches, and creeks.<ref name="Miller"/> It is particularly widespread in creeks, and may be found in both lowlands and uplands. It occurs in stagnant water as well as in waters with slight and moderate flow. Such waters may be clear, ], or muddy, and are typically not deeper than {{cvt|1|m}}. The habitats may feature substrates of ], ], ], mud (which is often deep), rock or ]. Some of the habitats are devoid of vegetation, while in others ] (e.g. '']'') and plants such as '']'', '']'', fine-leaved '']'', '']'', and '']'' species are abundant.<ref name="Miller"/> ''P. sphenops'' survives in temperatures ranging from 10.8–11.8°C to 38.8–39.5°C when acclimated in a range of 20–35°C.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Hernández-Rodríguez |first1=Mónica |last2=Bückle-Ramirez |first2=L. Fernando |date=2010 |title=Preference, tolerance and resistance responses of ''Poecilia sphenops'' Valenciennes, 1846 (Pisces: Poeciliidae) to thermal fluctuations|url=https://lajar.cl/index.php/rlajar/article/view/vol38-issue3-fulltext-7 |journal=Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research |language=en |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=427–437 |doi=10.3856/vol38-issue3-fulltext-7 |issn=0718-560X}}</ref> | ||
| ==Diet== | |||
| ''P. sphenops'' is ] in terms of diet, utlizing a variety of food sources in different habitats.<ref name="Patricia">{{cite journal | last=Trujillo-Jiménez | first=Patricia | last2=Beto | first2=Héctor Toledo | title=(PDF) Diet of the tropical freshwater fish Heterandria bimaculata (Haeckel) and Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes (Cyprinidontiformes: Poeciliidae) | journal=Revista de Biologia Tropical | publisher=Universidad de Costa Rica | volume=55 | issue=2 | date=1 July 2007 | issn=0034-7744 | pmid=19069770 | pages=603–15 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23650676_Diet_of_the_tropical_freshwater_fish_Heterandria_bimaculata_Haeckel_and_Poecilia_sphenops_Valenciennes_Cyprinidontiformes_Poeciliidae | access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref> Algae and ] form a significant part of the diet.<ref name="Miller"/> Different populations of the species have been recorded ] on ], ] ], ], and ], preying on ] and ], or ] on ].<ref name="Patricia"/> | ''P. sphenops'' is ] in terms of diet, utlizing a variety of food sources in different habitats.<ref name="Patricia">{{cite journal | last=Trujillo-Jiménez | first=Patricia | last2=Beto | first2=Héctor Toledo | title=(PDF) Diet of the tropical freshwater fish Heterandria bimaculata (Haeckel) and Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes (Cyprinidontiformes: Poeciliidae) | journal=Revista de Biologia Tropical | publisher=Universidad de Costa Rica | volume=55 | issue=2 | date=1 July 2007 | issn=0034-7744 | pmid=19069770 | pages=603–15 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23650676_Diet_of_the_tropical_freshwater_fish_Heterandria_bimaculata_Haeckel_and_Poecilia_sphenops_Valenciennes_Cyprinidontiformes_Poeciliidae | access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref> Algae and ] form a significant part of the diet.<ref name="Miller"/> Different populations of the species have been recorded ] on ], ] ], ], and ], preying on ] and ], or ] on ].<ref name="Patricia"/> | ||
| ==Reproduction== | |||
| ''P. sphenops'' |
''P. sphenops'' is a ], producing up to 150 young after a month-long ].<ref name=Wischnath>{{cite book|title=Atlas of livebearers of the world|publisher=T.F.H. Publications, Inc.|last=Wischnath|first=L.|year=1993|page=336}}</ref> Young fish have been captured from January to August, indicating that the species reproduces throughout much of the year.<ref name="Miller"/> In rivers the adults congregate close to the banks, while the fry stay in very shallow water.<ref name="Miller"/> | ||
| ==Commercial value== | |||
| ⚫ | ''P. sphenops'' can grow to {{convert|84|mm|abbr=on}} ]<ref name="Miller"/> or {{convert|100|mm|abbr=on}} ], but is usually smaller.<ref name="Nico">{{cite web | title=Mexican Molly (Poecilia sphenops) | website=USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database | date=24 October 2016 | url=https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=864 | access-date=7 January 2025|first1=Leo|last1=Nico|first2=Pamela J.|last2=Schofield|first3=Matt|last3=Neilson|first4=Bill|last4=Loftus}}</ref> | ||
| ''P. sphenops'' is a ], producing up to 150 young after a month-long ].<ref name=Wischnath>{{cite book|title=Atlas of livebearers of the world|publisher=T.F.H. Publications, Inc.|last=Wischnath|first=L.|year=1993|page=336}}</ref> | |||
| Although the commercial value of the species in Mexico is very low, fish marketed as ''Poecilia sphenops'' are among the most popular subjects in ] worldwide.<ref name="Gomez"/> In the aquarium the species browses on ] and readily accepts ].<ref name=atlas>{{cite book | title=Aquarien Atlas|volume=1 | publisher=Mergus, Verlag für Natur-und Heimtierkunde |last1=Riehl|first1= R. |first2=H.A.|last2=Baensch | year=1991 | location=Melle |language=de| page=992}}</ref> ] were produced through the ] of ''P. sphenops'' with other molly species. The popular black molly derives from the crossing of ''P. sphenops'' and the sailfin '']''. More species were later added to the cross to produce further ornamental strains.<ref name="Balon">{{cite journal | last=Balon | first=Eugene K. | title=The oldest domesticated fishes, and the consequences of an epigenetic dichotomy in fish culture. | journal=Aqua: Journal of Ichthyology &amp; Aquatic Biology | publisher=Aquapress Publisher | volume=11 | issue=2 | date=1 April 2006 | issn=09459871 | pages=47–87 | url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA155569282&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=09459871&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon~38dc755b&aty=open-web-entry | access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref> | Although the commercial value of the species in Mexico is very low, fish marketed as ''Poecilia sphenops'' are among the most popular subjects in ] worldwide.<ref name="Gomez"/> In the aquarium the species browses on ] and readily accepts ].<ref name=atlas>{{cite book | title=Aquarien Atlas|volume=1 | publisher=Mergus, Verlag für Natur-und Heimtierkunde |last1=Riehl|first1= R. |first2=H.A.|last2=Baensch | year=1991 | location=Melle |language=de| page=992}}</ref> ] were produced through the ] of ''P. sphenops'' with other molly species. The popular black molly derives from the crossing of ''P. sphenops'' and the sailfin '']''. More species were later added to the cross to produce further ornamental strains.<ref name="Balon">{{cite journal | last=Balon | first=Eugene K. | title=The oldest domesticated fishes, and the consequences of an epigenetic dichotomy in fish culture. | journal=Aqua: Journal of Ichthyology &amp; Aquatic Biology | publisher=Aquapress Publisher | volume=11 | issue=2 | date=1 April 2006 | issn=09459871 | pages=47–87 | url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA155569282&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=09459871&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon~38dc755b&aty=open-web-entry | access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 00:09, 8 January 2025
Species of livebearer fish
| Molly | |
|---|---|
| |
| Male molly | |
| Conservation status | |
 Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cyprinodontiformes |
| Family: | Poeciliidae |
| Genus: | Poecilia |
| Species: | P. sphenops |
| Binomial name | |
| Poecilia sphenops (Valenciennes, 1846) | |
| Synonyms | |
Synonymy
| |
Poecilia sphenops, called the Mexican molly or simply the molly, is a species of poeciliid fish native to Central America.
Taxonomy
P. sphenops is placed in the subgenus Mollienesia (mollies) according to the prevailing taxonomic classification of species within the genus Poecilia, and more precisely within the shortfin molly clade, so named because they have a shorter dorsal fin than the sailfin mollies.
All shortfin mollies were once considered local variants of a highly polytypic P. sphenops species distributed from the Río Grande basin in north-eastern Mexico to the coast of Venezuela, but currently prevailing view is that the shortfin mollies constitute the P. sphenops species complex of around 13 distinct species. The P. sphenops complex is sometimes further divided into a P. sphenops complex comprising species from the Atlantic slope and a P. mexicana complex from the Pacific slope. P. sphenops is frequently confused with P. mexicana; the two species, as well as the respective complexes, differ in the shape of their inner jaw teeth, which are tricuspid in P. sphenops and unicuspid in P. mexicana.
Description
P. sphenops can grow to 84 mm (3.3 in) standard length or 100 mm (3.9 in) total length, but is usually smaller.
Distribution and habitat
P. sphenops occurs in both the Atlantic and Pacific slope of Mexico and the northern parts of Central America. On the Atlantic side it ranges from the Palma Sola River in the north to the basin of the Coatzacoalcos River and the headwaters of the Grijalva River in the south. On the Pacific slope it is distributed from the middle of the Río Verde basin in the state of Oaxaca to western Honduras and northern Guatemala. P. sphenops frequently occurs together with P. mexicana, but in short coastal streams the former tends to occupy upstream and the latter downstream habitats.
P. sphenops has been introduced outside of its native range through escapes and intentional releases by aquarists and fish farms. It is considered naturalized in the US states of Montana and Nevada as well as in Puerto Rico and reported from California and Arizona, but some or all of these populations may turn out to represent another species of the P. sphenops complex. Conversely, introductions attributed to P. mexicana may represent P. sphenops.
P. sphenops inhabits freshwater and brackish habitats, with typical habitats including rivers, ponds, lagoons, roadside ditches, and creeks. It is particularly widespread in creeks, and may be found in both lowlands and uplands. It occurs in stagnant water as well as in waters with slight and moderate flow. Such waters may be clear, turbid, or muddy, and are typically not deeper than 1 m (3 ft 3 in). The habitats may feature substrates of marl, clay, silt, mud (which is often deep), rock or bedrock. Some of the habitats are devoid of vegetation, while in others algae (e.g. Chara) and plants such as Lemna, Nasturtium, fine-leaved Potamogeton, Sagittaria, and Typha species are abundant. P. sphenops survives in temperatures ranging from 10.8–11.8°C to 38.8–39.5°C when acclimated in a range of 20–35°C.
Diet
P. sphenops is highly adaptable in terms of diet, utlizing a variety of food sources in different habitats. Algae and diatoms form a significant part of the diet. Different populations of the species have been recorded browsing on filamentous algae, filtering phytoplankton, rotifers, and crustaceans, preying on protozoa and insect larvae, or feeding chiefly on detritus.
Reproduction
P. sphenops is a livebearer, producing up to 150 young after a month-long gestation. Young fish have been captured from January to August, indicating that the species reproduces throughout much of the year. In rivers the adults congregate close to the banks, while the fry stay in very shallow water.
Commercial value
Although the commercial value of the species in Mexico is very low, fish marketed as Poecilia sphenops are among the most popular subjects in ornamental fish trade worldwide. In the aquarium the species browses on green algae and readily accepts dried food. Fancy mollies were produced through the hybridization of P. sphenops with other molly species. The popular black molly derives from the crossing of P. sphenops and the sailfin P. latipinna. More species were later added to the cross to produce further ornamental strains.
References
- Matamoros, W.A. (2019). "Poecilia sphenops". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T191753A2002434. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T191753A2002434.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Poecilia sphenops". FishBase. June 2024 version.
- ^ Alda, Fernando; Reina, Ruth G.; Doadrio, Ignacio; Bermingham, Eldredge (2013). "Phylogeny and biogeography of the Poecilia sphenops species complex (Actinopterygii, Poeciliidae) in Central America". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 66 (3): 1011–1026. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.12.012.
- ^ Gómez-Márquez, José L.; Peña-Mendoza, Bertha; Guzmán-Santiago, José L. (2016). "Reproductive biology of Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes, 1846 (Cyprinidontiformes: Poeciliidae) at the Emiliano Zapata Reservoir in Morelos, Mexico" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology. 14 (2). doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20140127. ISSN 1679-6225. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
- ^ Miller, R.R.; Minckley, W.L.; Norris, S.M. (2005). Freshwater Fishes of México. University of Chicago Press. pp. 238–239. ISBN 978-0-226-52604-1. Retrieved 2025-01-07.
- ^ Nico, Leo; Schofield, Pamela J.; Neilson, Matt; Loftus, Bill (24 October 2016). "Mexican Molly (Poecilia sphenops)". USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
- ^ Palacios, Maura; Voelker, Gary; Arias Rodriguez, Lenin; Mateos, Mariana; Tobler, Michael (2016). "Phylogenetic analyses of the subgenus Mollienesia (Poecilia, Poeciliidae, Teleostei) reveal taxonomic inconsistencies, cryptic biodiversity, and spatio-temporal aspects of diversification in Middle America". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 103: 230–244. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.025. Retrieved 2025-01-07.
- Bagley, Justin C.; Alda, Fernando; Breitman, M. Florencia; Bermingham, Eldredge; van den Berghe, Eric P.; Johnson, Jerald B. (2015-04-07). "Assessing Species Boundaries Using Multilocus Species Delimitation in a Morphologically Conserved Group of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes, the Poecilia sphenops Species Complex (Poeciliidae)". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0121139. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121139. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4388586. PMID 25849959.
- Dill, W.A.; Cordone, A.J. (1997). "History and status of introduced fishes in California, 1871-1996" (PDF). Fish Bulletin. California Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
- Lee, David S.; Gilbert, Carter R.; Hocutt, Charles H.; Jenkins, Robert E.; McAllister, Don E.; Stauffer Jr., Jay R. (1980). Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes. North Carolina State Museum of Natural History. p. 651. ISBN 0917134036.
- Hernández-Rodríguez, Mónica; Bückle-Ramirez, L. Fernando (2010). "Preference, tolerance and resistance responses of Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes, 1846 (Pisces: Poeciliidae) to thermal fluctuations". Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research. 38 (3): 427–437. doi:10.3856/vol38-issue3-fulltext-7. ISSN 0718-560X.
- ^ Trujillo-Jiménez, Patricia; Beto, Héctor Toledo (1 July 2007). "(PDF) Diet of the tropical freshwater fish Heterandria bimaculata (Haeckel) and Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes (Cyprinidontiformes: Poeciliidae)". Revista de Biologia Tropical. 55 (2). Universidad de Costa Rica: 603–15. ISSN 0034-7744. PMID 19069770. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
- Wischnath, L. (1993). Atlas of livebearers of the world. T.F.H. Publications, Inc. p. 336.
- Riehl, R.; Baensch, H.A. (1991). Aquarien Atlas (in German). Vol. 1. Melle: Mergus, Verlag für Natur-und Heimtierkunde. p. 992.
- Balon, Eugene K. (1 April 2006). "The oldest domesticated fishes, and the consequences of an epigenetic dichotomy in fish culture". Aqua: Journal of Ichthyology & Aquatic Biology. 11 (2). Aquapress Publisher: 47–87. ISSN 0945-9871. Retrieved 7 January 2025.
| Taxon identifiers | |
|---|---|
| Poecilia sphenops | |