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| == Biographies == | == Biographies == | ||
| ;{{transl|ar|ALA|]}} (c. 780 |
;{{transl|ar|ALA|]}} (c. 780 ]/] – c. 850 Baghdad) <!-- JPH MT AMFB --> | ||
| :Al-Khwārizmī was a ] ], ], ] and ]. He worked most of his life as a ] in the ] in ]. His ''Algebra'' was the first book on the systematic solution of ] and ]s. ] translations of his ''Arithmetic'', on the ], introduced the ] ] to the ] in the 12th century. He revised and updated ]'s ''Geography'' as well as writing several works on astronomy and astrology. | :Al-Khwārizmī was a ] ], ], ] and ]. He worked most of his life as a ] in the ] in ]. His ''Algebra'' was the first book on the systematic solution of ] and ]s. ] translations of his ''Arithmetic'', on the ], introduced the ] ] to the ] in the 12th century. He revised and updated ]'s ''Geography'' as well as writing several works on astronomy and astrology. | ||
| ;{{transl|ar|ALA|]}} (c. 800 Baghdad? – c. 860 Baghdad?)<!-- MT --> | ;{{transl|ar|ALA|]}} (c. 800 Baghdad? – c. 860 Baghdad?)<!-- MT --> | ||
Revision as of 11:12, 30 April 2007
In the history of mathematics, Islamic mathematics or Arabic mathematics refers to the mathematics developed by the Islamic civilization between 622 and 1600. While most scientist in this period were Muslim and Arabic was the dominant language, contributions were made by people of many religions (Muslims, Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians) and ethnic groups (Arabs, Persians, Turks). The center of Islamic mathematics was located in present-day Iraq and Iran, but at its greatest extent stretched from Turkey, North Africa and Spain in the west, to the border of China in the east.
Islamic science and mathematics flourished under the Islamic caliphate (also known as the Arab Empire or Islamic Empire) established across the Middle East, Central Asia, North Africa, Sicily, the Iberian Peninsula, and in parts of France and Pakistan (known as India at the time) in the 8th century. Although most Islamic texts on mathematics were written in Arabic, they were not all written by Arabs, since—much like Latin in Medieval Europe—Arabic was used as the written language of scholars throughout the Islamic world at the time. Many of the most important Islamic mathematicians were Persians.
Recent research paints a new picture of the debt that we owe to Islamic mathematics. Certainly many of the ideas which were previously thought to have been brilliant new conceptions due to European mathematicians of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries are now known to have been developed by Arabic/Islamic mathematicians around four centuries earlier. In many respects, the mathematics studied today is far closer in style to that of Islamic mathematics than to that of Greek mathematics.
Influences
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Hellenistic mathematics and Indian mathematics had an important role in the development of early Islamic mathematics, especially works such as Euclid's classic geometry, Aryabhata's trigonometry and Brahmagupta's arithmetic, and it is thought that they contributed to the era of Islamic scientific innovation that lasted until the 14th century. Many ancient Greek texts have survived only as Arabic translations by Islamic scholars. Perhaps the most important mathematical contribution from India was the decimal place-value Indo-Arabic numeral system, also known as the Hindu numerals. The Persian historian al-Biruni (c. 1050) in his book Tariq al-Hind states that the great Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun had an embassy from India and with them brought a book which was translated to Arabic as Sindhind. It is assumed that Sindhind is none other than Brahmagupta's Brahmasphuta-siddhanta.
Biographies
- Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (c. 780 Khwarezm/Baghdad – c. 850 Baghdad)
- Al-Khwārizmī was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer and geographer. He worked most of his life as a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. His Algebra was the first book on the systematic solution of linear and quadratic equations. Latin translations of his Arithmetic, on the Indian numerals, introduced the decimal positional number system to the Western world in the 12th century. He revised and updated Ptolemy's Geography as well as writing several works on astronomy and astrology.
- Al-ʿAbbās ibn Saʿid al-Jawharī (c. 800 Baghdad? – c. 860 Baghdad?)
- Al-Jawharī was a mathematician who worked at the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. His most important work was his Commentary on Euclid's Elements which contained nearly 50 additional propositions and an attempted proof of the parallel postulate.
- ʿAbd al-Hamīd ibn Turk (fl. 830 Baghdad)
- Ibn Turk wrote a work on algebra of which only a chapter on the solution of quadratic equations has survied.
- Al-Kindi (Irak, ca. 800-870)
- Hunayn ibn Ishaq
- Banu Musa (Syria-Irak, ca. 830)
- Al-Mahani
- Ahmed ibn Yusuf
- Thabit ibn Qurra (Syria-Irak, 835-901)
- Al-Hashimi (Irak? ca. 850-900)
- Al-Battani (Syria, ca. 900)
- Abu Kamil (Egypt? ca. 900)
- Sinan ibn Tabit (ca. 880 - 943)
- Al-Nayrizi
- Ibrahim ibn Sinan (Irak, 909-946)
- Al-Khazin (Irak-Iran, ca. 920-980)
- Al-Karabisi (Irak? 10th century?)
- Ikhwan al-Safa' (Irak, first half of 10th century)
- The Ikhwan al-Safa' ("brethren of purity") were a (mystical?) group in the city of Basra in Irak. The group authored a series of more than 50 letters on science, philosophy and theology. The first letter is on arithmetic and number theory, the second letter on geometry.
- Al-Uqlidisi (Irak-Iran, 10th century)
- Al-Saghani (Irak-Iran, ca. 940-1000)
- Al-Kuhi (Irak-Iran, ca. 940-1000)
- Al-Khujandi
- Abu al-Wafa' (Irak-Iran, ca. 940-998)
- Ibn Sahl (Irak-Iran, ca. 940-1000)
- Al-Sijzi (Iran, ca. 940-1000)
- Ibn Yunus (Egypt, ca. 950-1010)
- Abu Nasr ibn `Iraq (Irak-Iran, ca. 950-1030)
- Kushyar ibn Labban (Iran, ca. 960-1010)
- Al-Karaji (Iran, ca. 970-1030)
- Ibn al-Haytham (Irak-Egypt, ca. 965-1040)
- Al-Biruni (Iran-Afghanistan, 973-1048)
- Ibn Sina
- Al-Baghdadi
- Al-Nasawi
- Al-Jayyani (Spain, ca. 1030-1090)
- Ibn al-Zarqalluh (Azarquiel, al-Zarqali) (Spain, ca. 1030-1090)
- Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud (Spain, ca. 1080)
- al-Khayyam (Iran, ca. 1050-1130)
- al-Samawal
- Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi (Iran, ca. 1150-1215)
- Ibn Mun`im (Maghreb, ca. 1210)
- al-Marrakushi (Morocco, 13th century)
- Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (Iran, 1201-1274)
- al-Maghribi
- Ibn Baso (Spain, ca. 1250-1320)
- al-Samarqandi
- Ibn al-Banna' (Maghreb, ca. 1300)
- Kamal al-Din Al-Farisi (Iran, ca. 1300)
- Al-Khalili (Syria, ca. 1350-1400)
- Ibn al-Shatir (1306-1375)
- Qadi Zada al-Rumi <!- MT -->
- Al-Kashi (Iran, Uzbekistan, ca. 1420)
- Ulugh Beg (Iran, Uzbekistan, 1394-1449)
- Al-Umawi
- Al-Qalasadi (Maghreb, 15th century)
See also
Notes
- Hogendijk 1999
- O'Connor 1999
Further reading
- Berggren, J. Lennart (1986). Episodes in the Mathematics of Medieval Islam. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-96318-9.
- Daffa', Ali Abdullah al- (1977). The Muslim contribution to mathematics. London: Croom Helm. ISBN 0-85664-464-1.
- Daffa, Ali Abdullah al-; Stroyls, J.J. (1984). Studies in the exact sciences in medieval Islam. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0471903205.
- Joseph, George Gheverghese (2000). The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics (2nd Edition ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691006598.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help) - Kennedy, E. S. (1984). Studies in the Islamic Exact Sciences. Syracuse Univ Press. ISBN 0815660677.
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (1999), "Arabic mathematics : forgotten brilliance?", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- Rashed, Roshdi (2001). The Development of Arabic Mathematics: Between Arithmetic and Algebra. Transl. by A. F. W. Armstrong. Springer. ISBN 0792325656.
- Youschkevitch, Adolf-P. (1976). Les mathématiques arabes: VIII-XV siècles. translated by M. Cazenave and K. Jaouiche. Paris: Vrin. ISBN 978-2-7116-0734-1.
External links
- Hogendijk, Jan P. (January 1999). Bibliography of Mathematics in Medieval Islamic Civilization.