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| ''']''' (also '''Zuñi''' or '''Shiwi''') is spoken by over 4500 people in ] and much smaller numbers in parts of ], and is now generally considered a ]. The '']'' categorizes it | |||
| as a ] language, and ] once posed the hypothetical that according to the ], | |||
| "If the Zuni language is a member of the Penutian language family, then it is a distant relative of the ] languages (Tewi)." The ] Hypothesis was advanced by ] and ] and later refined by ], and was an attempt to reduce the number of unrelated language families in a culturally diverse area that was centered in ] central coast. While this theory was plausible for some of | |||
| the languages, the problem of verification of this theory was that to find any evidence of any ] between the California languages and Zuni, one would possibly have to trace the languages' lineage by as much as 3000-5000 years or more. | |||
| ==Zuni World View== | |||
| A bibliography of books and articles concerning the Zuni language lists items dealing with ] and ], as does Zuni | |||
| ] article and the work of ]. Others, such as ] ''Pueblo Pottery'' and ] book on Rock Art, are important in the study of ] and the ] as it is reflected in the Zuni language. The Zuni worldview may properly be considered as a study in ]. | |||
| The form and function of design images and ] images and their interpretation according to ] | |||
| or ] sufficed as a form of communication prior to the appearance of a written language. | |||
| ==Sounds== | |||
| ===Consonants=== | |||
| The 16 consonants of Zuni: | |||
| {| {{prettytable100}} | |||
| |- | |||
| | rowspan="2" | | |||
| ! align="center" rowspan="2" | Bilabial | |||
| ! align="center" colspan="2" | Alveolar | |||
| ! align="center" rowspan="2" | Post-alveolar | |||
| ! align="center" rowspan="2" | Palatal | |||
| ! align="center" colspan="2" | Velar | |||
| ! align="center" rowspan="2" | Glottal | |||
| |- | |||
| | align="center" | central | |||
| | align="center" | lateral | |||
| | align="center" | plain | |||
| | align="center" | labial | |||
| |- | |||
| | '''Stop''' | |||
| | align="center" | {{IPA|p}} | |||
| | align="center" | {{IPA|t}} | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | align="center" | {{IPA|k}} | |||
| | align="center" | {{IPA|kʷ}} | |||
| | align="center" | {{IPA|ʔ}} | |||
| |- | |||
| | '''Affricate''' | |||
| | | |||
| | align="center" | {{IPA|ʦ}} | |||
| | | |||
| | align="center" | {{IPA|ʧ}} | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | '''Nasal''' | |||
| | align="center" | {{IPA|m}} | |||
| | align="center" | {{IPA|n}} | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | '''Fricative''' | |||
| | | |||
| | align="center" | {{IPA|s}} | |||
| | align="center" | {{IPA|ɬ}} | |||
| | align="center" | {{IPA|ʃ}} | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | align="center" | {{IPA|h}} | |||
| |- | |||
| | '''Approximant''' | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | align="center" | {{IPA|l}} | |||
| | | |||
| | align="center" | {{IPA|j}} | |||
| | | |||
| | align="center" | {{IPA|w}} | |||
| | | |||
| |} | |||
| ===Vowels=== | |||
| {{sectstub}} | |||
| ==Lineage== | |||
| ''The Zuni Enigma'', by ] offers a comparative of cognates between the Zuni language and | |||
| another language isolate; the ]. While speculative, it demonstrates a likeness between the Zuni and Japanese languages that is more compelling than that of the Penutian Hypothesis. ] offers information on California languages where one can form a comparative of certain Zuni words to the languages of California, e.g.], ], ], and may have relevance to studies of the ], the ], and the ]. Also important are the books on and by ]. He was the first anthropologist to undertake studies by means of the method of ], and became a member of the Zuni's ] during his tenure at the Pueblo from 1879-1884. Of special interest in regard to the Zuni language is his correspondences edited by ], and their relevance to the Zuni language as it reflects their world view. | |||
| ==Bibliography for the Zuni Language== | |||
| *Bunzel, Ruth L. ''The Pueblo Potter: A Study of Creative Imagination in Primitive Art''. New York: Dover, 1929. | |||
| *Bunzel, Ruth L. ''Introduction to Zuni Ceremonialism''. Introduction by Nancy Pareto. University of New Mexico Press, 1992. | |||
| *Bunzel, Ruth L. ''Zuni Texts''. Publications of the American Ethnological Society, 15. New York: G.E. Steckert & Co., 1933. | |||
| *Cook, Curtis D. "Nucleus and Margin of Zuni Clause Types." ''Linguistics''. 13: 5-37, 1975. | |||
| *Davis, Nancy Yaw. ''The Zuni Enigma''. Norton, 2000. | |||
| *Dutton, Bertha P. ''American Indians of the Southwest''. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1983. | |||
| *Green, Jesse, ed. ''Zuni: Selected Writings of Frank Hamilton Cushing''. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1979. | |||
| *Green, Jesse. ''Cushing at Zuni: The Correspondence and Journals of Frank Hamilton Cushing, 1879-1884''. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1990. | |||
| *Hickerson, Nancy P. "Two Studies of Color: Implications for Cross-Cultural Comparability of Semantic Categories". In ''Linguistics and Anthropology: In honor of C.F. Voegelin''. Pp. 317-330. Ed. By M. Dale Kinkade, Kenneth Hale, and Oswald Werner. The Peter De Ridder Press, 1975. | |||
| *Hieb, Louis A. "Meaning and Mismeaning: Toward an Understanding of the Ritual Clowns". ''New Perspectives on the Pueblos''. Ed. by Alfonso Ortiz. Pp. 163-195. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1972. | |||
| *Hymes, Dell H. "Some Penutian Elements and the Penutian Hypothesis". ''Southwestern Journal of Anthropology''. 13:69-87, 1957. | |||
| *Miner, Kenneth L. "Noun Stripping and Loose Incorporation in Zuni". ''International Journal of American Linguistics''. 52: 242-254, 1986. | |||
| *Newman, Stanley. "Vocabulary Levels: Zuni Sacred and Slang Usage." ''Southwestern Journal of Anthropology''. 11: 345-354, 1955. | |||
| *Newman, Stanley. ''Zuni Dictionary''. Indiana University Research Center Publication Six. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1958. | |||
| *Newman, Stanley. "The Zuni Verb 'To Be'". ''Foundations of Language, Supplemental Series. Vol.1''. Ed. by John W. Verhaar, The Humanities Press, 1967. | |||
| *Stout, Carol. "Problems of a Chomskyan Analysis of Zuni Transitivity". ''International Journal of American Linguistics''. 39: 207-223, 1973. | |||
| *Walker, Willard. "Inflection and Taxonomic Structure in Zuni". ''International Journal of American Linguistics''. 32(3): 217-227, 1966. | |||
| *Walker Willard. "Toward a Sound Pattern of the Zuni". ''International Journal of American Linguistics''. 38(4):240-259, 1968. | |||
| *Young, M. Jane. ''Signs from the Ancestors:Zuni Cultural Symbolism and Perceptions in Rock Art''. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988. | |||
| ==External Links== | |||
| * "Linguistic and Ontological Implications of the Conceptual Presuppositions of the Zuni Worldview" | |||
| {{lang-stub}} | |||
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Revision as of 17:58, 13 May 2005
Due to copyright probms with the author. The artic is deleted