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| <p><br /><b><b style="color:black;background-color:#ffff66">Environment and intelligence</b></b> are two closely related aspects of human well-being. The impact of environment on intelligence is one of the most important factors in understanding human group differences in IQ test scores and other measures of cognitive ability.</p> | |||
| {| id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents" | |||
| '''Environment and intelligence''' are two closely related aspects of human well-being. The impact of environment on intelligence is one of the most important factors in understanding human group differences in IQ test scores and other measures of cognitive ability. | |||
| | <div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Training"><span class="tocnumber">1</span><span class="toctext">Training</span></a><ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Musical"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span><span class="toctext">Musical</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Chess"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span><span class="toctext">Chess</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Health_and_intelligence"><span class="tocnumber">2</span><span class="toctext">Health and intelligence</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span><span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span><span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li></ul> | |||
| |}<script type="text/javascript"> | |||
| ==Training== | |||
| //<![CDATA[ | |||
| Training at an early age reduces ], which helps save neurons. <ref>{{cite journal | |||
| if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } | |||
| |title=Avoiding the pediatrician's error: how neuroscientists can help educators (and themselves) | |||
| //]]></script><p><a name="Training" id="Training"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Training</span></h2><p>Training at an early age reduces <a href="/Synaptic_pruning" title="Synaptic pruning">synaptic pruning</a>, which helps save neurons. <sup id="_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-0" title=""></a></sup></p><p><a name="Musical" id="Musical"></a></p><h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Musical</span></h3><p>Early musical training in children are said to improve IQ. <sup id="_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#_note-1" title=""></a></sup><sup id="_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#_note-2" title=""></a></sup> However, a study claimed that musical training improves verbal, but not spatial IQ. <sup id="_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#_note-3" title=""></a></sup> Significant differences in brain structure between musicians and non-musicians have been found. <sup id="_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#_note-4" title=""></a></sup></p><p>Studies have shown that listening to <a href="/Mozart" title="Mozart">Mozart</a> before taking an IQ test will improve scores. This is called the <a href="/Mozart_Effect" title="Mozart Effect">Mozart Effect</a>. <sup id="_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#_note-5" title=""></a></sup></p><p><a name="Chess" id="Chess"></a></p><h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Chess</span></h3><p>Studies shown that <a href="/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a>, a game which requires spatial skills, improves spatial reasoning. <sup id="_ref-Bill_Wall_0" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Bill_Wall" title=""></a></sup> A German study found that while <a href="/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a> has an IQ of 135, although he has a spatial IQ of 190. <sup id="_ref-Bill_Wall_1" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Bill_Wall" title=""></a></sup> One study found that students who were on a chess class have improved mathematical and comprehension performance. <sup id="_ref-Bill_Wall_2" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Bill_Wall" title=""></a></sup></p><p><a name="Health_and_intelligence" id="Health_and_intelligence"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Health and intelligence</span></h2><dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <a href="/Health_and_intelligence" title="Health and intelligence">Health and intelligence</a></i></div></dd></dl><p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2><ol><li><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.title=Raise+a+Smarter+Child+by+Kindergarten%3A+Raise+IQ+points+by+up+to+30+points+and+turn+on+your+child%27s+smart+genes+Points&rft.aulast=Colman&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.isbn=978-0767923019&rft.pub=%5B%5BBroadway+%28publisher%29%5D%5D"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="external text" id="CITEREFColman"><a href="/David_Perlmutter" title="David Perlmutter">Colman, Carol</a>, <i>Raise a Smarter Child by Kindergarten: Raise IQ points by up to 30 points and turn on your child's smart genes Points</i>, <a href="/search/?title=Broadway_%28publisher%29&action=edit" class="new" title="Broadway (publisher)">Broadway (publisher)</a>, <a href="/search/?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=9780767923019" class="internal">ISBN 978-0767923019</a></cite></span></li><li><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.title=What%27s+Going+on+in+There%3F+%3A+How+the+Brain+and+Mind+Develop+in+the+First+Five+Years+of+Life&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=Lise&rft.isbn=978-0553378252&rft.pub=%5B%5BBantam+%28publisher%29%5D%5D"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="external text" id="CITEREFEliot"><a href="/search/?title=Lise_Eliot&action=edit" class="new" title="Lise Eliot">Eliot, Lise</a>, <i>What's Going on in There? : How the Brain and Mind Develop in the First Five Years of Life</i>, <a href="/search/?title=Bantam_%28publisher%29&action=edit" class="new" title="Bantam (publisher)">Bantam (publisher)</a>, <a href="/search/?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=9780553378252" class="internal">ISBN 978-0553378252</a></cite></span></li></ol><ol class="references"><li id="_note-0"><b><a href="#_ref-0" title="">^</a></b><cite style="font-style:normal">Bruer, John T.. "<a href="" class="external text" title="" rel="nofollow">Avoiding the pediatrician's error: how neuroscientists can help educators (and themselves)</a>".</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Avoiding+the+pediatrician%27s+error%3A+how+neuroscientists+can+help+educators+%28and+themselves%29&rft.aulast=Bruer&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F%2Fneuro%2Fjournal%2Fv5%2Fn11s%2Ffull%2Fnn934.html"> </span></li><li id="_note-1"><b><a href="#_ref-1" title="">^</a></b><cite style="font-style:normal">Schellenberg, Glenn E.. "<a href="" class="external text" title="" rel="nofollow">Music Lessons Enhance IQ</a>". <a href="/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a href="" class="external text" title="" rel="nofollow">10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00711.x</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Music+Lessons+Enhance+IQ&rft.aulast=Schellenberg&rft.aufirst=Glenn+E.&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.0956-7976.2004.00711.x&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F%2Fpdf%2Fps%2Fmusiciq.pdf"> </span></li><li id="_note-2"><b><a href="#_ref-2" title="">^</a></b><cite style="font-style:normal">Vaughn, Kathryn. "Music and Mathematics: Modest Support for the Oft-Claimed Relationship". <i>Journal of Aesthetic Education</i><b>34</b>: 149-166. <a href="/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a href="" class="external text" title="" rel="nofollow">10.2307/3333641</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Music+and+Mathematics%3A+Modest+Support+for+the+Oft-Claimed+Relationship&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Aesthetic+Education&rft.volume=34&rft.aulast=Vaughn&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft.pages=149-166&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F3333641"> </span></li><li id="_note-3"><b><a href="#_ref-3" title="">^</a></b><cite style="font-style:normal">Ho YC, Cheung MC, Chan AS (2003). "Music training improves verbal but not visual memory: cross-sectional and longitudinal explorations in children". <i>Neuropsychology</i><b>17</b> (3): 439-50. <a href="" class="external" title="">PMID 12959510</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Music+training+improves+verbal+but+not+visual+memory%3A+cross-sectional+and+longitudinal+explorations+in+children&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychology&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.au=Ho+YC%2C+Cheung+MC%2C+Chan+AS&rft.pages=439-50&rft_id=info:pmid/12959510"> </span></li><li id="_note-4"><b><a href="#_ref-4" title="">^</a></b><cite style="font-style:normal">Gaser C, Schlaug G (2003). "Brain structures differ between musicians and non-musicians". <i>J. Neurosci.</i><b>23</b> (27): 9240-5. <a href="" class="external" title="">PMID 14534258</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brain+structures+differ+between+musicians+and+non-musicians&rft.jtitle=J.+Neurosci.&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=27&rft.au=Gaser+C%2C+Schlaug+G&rft.pages=9240-5&rft_id=info:pmid/14534258"> </span></li><li id="_note-5"><b><a href="#_ref-5" title="">^</a></b><cite style="font-style:normal">Schellenberg EG (2001). "Music and nonmusical abilities". <i>Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.</i><b>930</b>: 355-71. <a href="" class="external" title="">PMID 11458841</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Music+and+nonmusical+abilities&rft.jtitle=Ann.+N.+Y.+Acad.+Sci.&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=930&rft.au=Schellenberg+EG&rft.pages=355-71&rft_id=info:pmid/11458841"> </span></li><li id="_note-Bill_Wall">^ <a href="#_ref-Bill_Wall_0" title=""><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-Bill_Wall_1" title=""><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a><a href="#_ref-Bill_Wall_2" title=""><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.title=I.Q.+and+Chess+by+Bill+Wall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F%2FSiliconValley%2FLab%2F7378%2Fiq.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="external text" id="CITEREF"><i><a href="" class="external text" title="" rel="nofollow">I.Q. and Chess by Bill Wall</a></i></cite></span></li></ol><p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2><ul><li><a href="/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li><li><a href="/Health_and_intelligence" title="Health and intelligence">Health and intelligence</a></li></ul> | |||
| |last=Bruer | |||
| {| align="center" class="toccolours" style="text-valign: center;clear: both;" | |||
| |first=John T. | |||
| ! bgcolor="#CCCCFF" | Human group differences | |||
| |url=http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v5/n11s/full/nn934.html | |||
| |- | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| | align="center" | <a href="/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence">Race and intelligence</a> | <a href="/Sex_and_intelligence" title="Sex and intelligence">Sex and intelligence</a> | |||
| |- | |||
| ===Musical=== | |||
| | align="center" style="text-valign: center;" | <strong class="selflink"><b style="color:black;background-color:#ffff66">Environment and intelligence</b></strong> | <a href="/Health_and_intelligence" title="Health and intelligence">Health and intelligence</a> | |||
| Early musical training in children are said to improve IQ. <ref>{{cite journal | |||
| |- | |||
| |title=Music Lessons Enhance IQ | |||
| | align="center" style="text-valign: center;" | <a href="/Neuroscience_and_intelligence" title="Neuroscience and intelligence">Neuroscience and intelligence</a> | <a href="/Religiosity_and_intelligence" title="Religiosity and intelligence">Religiosity and intelligence</a> | |||
| |last=Schellenberg | |||
| |- | |||
| |first=Glenn E. | |||
| | align="center" style="text-valign: center;" | <a href="/Race_and_crime" title="Race and crime">Race and crime</a> | <a href="/Gender_and_crime" title="Gender and crime">Gender and crime</a> | |||
| |url=http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/ps/musiciq.pdf | |||
| |- | |||
| |doi=10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00711.x | |||
| | align="center" style="text-valign: center;" | <a href="/Race_and_health" title="Race and health">Race and health</a> | <a href="/Height_and_intelligence" title="Height and intelligence">Height and intelligence</a> | |||
| }}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | |||
| |- | |||
| |title=Music and Mathematics: Modest Support for the Oft-Claimed Relationship | |||
| | align="center" style="text-valign: center;" | <a href="/Human_stature#Race_and_height" title="Human stature">Race and height</a> | |||
| |last= Vaughn | |||
| |}<div class="boilerplate metadata" id="stub"> | |||
| |first=Kathryn | |||
| {| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: transparent;" | |||
| |journal=Journal of Aesthetic Education | |||
| | <a href="/Image:Cat_brain.jpg" class="image" title=""><img alt="" longdesc="/Image:Cat_brain.jpg" src="" width="40" height="24" /></a> | |||
| |volume=34 | |||
| | <i> This <a href="/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> article is a <a href="/Wikipedia:Perfect_stub_article" title="Misplaced Pages:Perfect stub article">stub</a>. You can <a href="/Wikipedia:Find_or_fix_a_stub" title="Misplaced Pages:Find or fix a stub">help</a> Misplaced Pages by <a href="" class="external text" title="" rel="nofollow">expanding it</a></i>. | |||
| |pages=149-166 | |||
| |}</div> | |||
| |doi=10.2307/3333641 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| However, a study claimed that musical training improves verbal, but not spatial IQ. | |||
| <ref>{{cite journal |author=Ho YC, Cheung MC, Chan AS |title=Music training improves verbal but not visual memory: cross-sectional and longitudinal explorations in children |journal=Neuropsychology |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=439-50 |year=2003 |pmid=12959510 |doi=}}</ref> | |||
| Significant differences in brain structure between musicians and non-musicians have been found. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Gaser C, Schlaug G |title=Brain structures differ between musicians and non-musicians |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=23 |issue=27 |pages=9240-5 |year=2003 |pmid=14534258 |doi=}}</ref> | |||
| Studies have shown that listening to ] before taking an IQ test will improve scores. This is called the ]. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Schellenberg EG |title=Music and nonmusical abilities |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=930 |issue= |pages=355-71 |year=2001 |pmid=11458841 |doi=}}</ref> | |||
| ===Chess=== | |||
| Studies shown that ], a game which requires spatial skills, improves spatial reasoning. <ref name="Bill Wall">{{Citation | |||
| |title=I.Q. and Chess by Bill Wall | |||
| |url=http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Lab/7378/iq.htm | |||
| }}</ref> A German study found that while ] has an IQ of 135, although he has a spatial IQ of 190. <ref name="Bill Wall"/> One study found that students who were on a chess class have improved mathematical and comprehension performance. <ref name="Bill Wall"/> | |||
| ==Health and intelligence== | |||
| {{main|Health and intelligence}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| #{{Citation | |||
| |title=Raise a Smarter Child by Kindergarten: Raise IQ points by up to 30 points and turn on your child's smart genes Points | |||
| |last=Perlmutter | |||
| |first=David | |||
| |last=Colman | |||
| |first=Carol | |||
| |publisher=] | |||
| |authorlink=David Perlmutter | |||
| |isbn=978-0767923019 | |||
| }} | |||
| #{{Citation | |||
| |title=What's Going on in There? : How the Brain and Mind Develop in the First Five Years of Life | |||
| |last=Eliot | |||
| |first=Lise | |||
| |publisher=978-0553378252 | |||
| |publisher=] | |||
| |authorlink=Lise Eliot | |||
| |isbn=978-0553378252 | |||
| }} | |||
| <references/> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| {{Human group differences}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| {{neuroscience-stub}} | |||
Revision as of 22:41, 18 June 2007
It is proposed that this article be deleted because of the following concern:
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Environment and intelligence are two closely related aspects of human well-being. The impact of environment on intelligence is one of the most important factors in understanding human group differences in IQ test scores and other measures of cognitive ability.
Training
Training at an early age reduces synaptic pruning, which helps save neurons.
Musical
Early musical training in children are said to improve IQ. However, a study claimed that musical training improves verbal, but not spatial IQ. Significant differences in brain structure between musicians and non-musicians have been found.
Studies have shown that listening to Mozart before taking an IQ test will improve scores. This is called the Mozart Effect.
Chess
Studies shown that Chess, a game which requires spatial skills, improves spatial reasoning. A German study found that while Garry Kasparov has an IQ of 135, although he has a spatial IQ of 190. One study found that students who were on a chess class have improved mathematical and comprehension performance.
Health and intelligence
Main article: Health and intelligenceReferences
- Colman, Carol, Raise a Smarter Child by Kindergarten: Raise IQ points by up to 30 points and turn on your child's smart genes Points, Broadway (publisher), ISBN 978-0767923019
- Eliot, Lise, What's Going on in There? : How the Brain and Mind Develop in the First Five Years of Life, Bantam (publisher), ISBN 978-0553378252
- Bruer, John T. "Avoiding the pediatrician's error: how neuroscientists can help educators (and themselves)".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Schellenberg, Glenn E. "Music Lessons Enhance IQ" (PDF). doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00711.x.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Vaughn, Kathryn. "Music and Mathematics: Modest Support for the Oft-Claimed Relationship". Journal of Aesthetic Education. 34: 149–166. doi:10.2307/3333641.
- Ho YC, Cheung MC, Chan AS (2003). "Music training improves verbal but not visual memory: cross-sectional and longitudinal explorations in children". Neuropsychology. 17 (3): 439–50. PMID 12959510.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Gaser C, Schlaug G (2003). "Brain structures differ between musicians and non-musicians". J. Neurosci. 23 (27): 9240–5. PMID 14534258.
- Schellenberg EG (2001). "Music and nonmusical abilities". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 930: 355–71. PMID 11458841.
- ^ I.Q. and Chess by Bill Wall
See also
| Sex differences in humans | ||
|---|---|---|
| Biology |  | |
| Medicine and Health | ||
| Neuroscience and Psychology | ||
| Sociology | ||
 | This neuroscience article is a stub. You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it. |