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| In ], '''reason''' (from Latin ''ratio'', by way of French ''raison'') is the faculty by means of which or the process through which human beings perform thought, especially abstract thought. Many thinkers have pondered reason, and the various views on the nature of reason may not be compatible with one another. | |||
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| Reason is sometimes narrowly defined as the faculty or process of drawing logical inferences. From ] onwards, such reasoning has been classified as either '']'', meaning "from the general to the particular", or '']'', meaning "from the particular to the general". In the ], ], an ] philosopher, added a third classification, '']'', by which he meant "from the best available information to the best explanation", which has become an important component of the ]. In modern usage, "inductive reasoning" sometimes includes almost all non-deductive reasoning, including what Peirce would call "abductive". (See also ], ].) | |||
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| ''This is a ] page; that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name. If you followed a link here, you might want to go back and fix the link, so that it points to the appropriate page.'' | |||
| Reason has also been conceived more broadly. ] and ] explicate reason and its scope in this manner: | |||
| :Reason includes not only our capacity for logical inference, but also our ability to conduct inquiry, to solve problems, to evaluate, to criticize, to deliberate about how we should act, and to reach an understanding of ourselves, other people, and the world. (Lakoff and Johnson 1999, pp. 3-4) | |||
| Reason is often opposed to sensation, ], feeling, and desire. | |||
| ] see reason as the faculty by which fundamental truths are intuitively apprehended. These fundamental truths are the causes or "reasons" that things exist or happen. Empiricists, of course, deny the existence of such a faculty. | |||
| For ], reason (''Vernunft'' in Kant's ]) is the power of synthesizing into unity, by means of comprehensive principles, the concepts provided by the ] (''Verstand''). The reason which gives '']'' principles Kant calls "Pure Reason" (as in his <cite>]</cite>), as distinguished from the "Practical Reason" which is specially concerned with the performance of particular actions. | |||
| In ], reason, as distinguished from ], is the human intelligence exercised upon religious truth whether by way of discovery or by way of explanation. | |||
| The limits within which reason may be used have been laid down differently in different churches and periods of thought: on the whole, modern ], especially in the ] churches, tends to allow to reason a wide field, reserving, however, as the sphere of faith the ultimate (]) truths of theology. | |||
| Regardless of how it is conceived, reason has often been seen as a uniquely human trait, which separates us from the other ]s. | |||
| These days, the idea of reason as an independent faculty of the mind, separate from emotions, and unique to humanity, is under attack from a number of sources. Consider, for example, ] and ]'s theories about the "embodied mind". (See the Lakoff article for more information.) | |||
| For a critique of reasons preeminent position within ] culture since the ] see ] by ]. | |||
| == References == | |||
| * ] and ] (1999). ''Philosophy In The Flesh''. Basic Books. | |||
Revision as of 23:04, 3 October 2003
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