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'''Television''' (often abbreviated to '''TV''', '''T.V.'''; sometimes called , '''telly''' or '''the tube''', '''bloob tube''' or '''boob tube''', or idiot box in ]) is a widely used ] system for ] and receiving ]s and ] over a distance. The term may also be used to refer specifically to a television set, ] or television ]. The word is derived from mixed ] and ] roots, meaning "far sight": Greek ''tele'' ({{polytonic|τῆλε}}), far, and Latin ''vision'', sight (from ''video, vis-'' to see).

Since it first became ], the television set has become a common household communications device in homes and institutions, particularly in the ], as a source of entertainment and news. Since the 1970s, ] recordings on VCR tapes and later, digital playback systems such as ]s, have enabled the television to be used to view recorded movies and other programs.

A television system may be made up of multiple components, so a screen which lacks an internal ] to receive the broadcast signals is called a monitor rather than a television. A television may be built to receive different broadcast or video formats, such as high-definition television (]).

==History==

See ].

==Technology==

===Elements of a television system===
''], ],'' 1957<small><br>
{{col-begin}}
1. power switch / volume<br>
2. brightness<br>
3. pitch<br>
4. vertical synchro<br>
{{col-break}}
5. horizontal synchro<br>
6. contrast<br>
7. channel tuning<br>
8. channel switch</small>
{{col-end}}]]
The elements of a simple ] television system are:
* An image source. This is an electrical signal representing the visual image, and may be from a ] in the case of live images, a ] for playback of recorded images, or a ]-]-] for transmission of motion pictures (]).
* A sound source. This is an electrical signal from a ] or from the audio output of a ] or motion picture film scanner.
* A ], which generates ] signals (] waves) and encodes them with picture and sound information.
* An ] coupled to the output of the ] for ] the encoded signals.
* An ] to receive the ] signals.
* A receiver (also called a ]), which decodes the picture and sound information from the ] signals, and whose input is coupled to the antenna.
* A display device, which turns the electrical signals into visual images.
* An ] ] and ], which turns electrical signals into sound waves (speech, music, and other sounds) to accompany the images.

Practical television systems include equipment for selecting different image sources, mixing images from several sources at once, insertion of pre-recorded video signals, synchronizing signals from many sources, and direct image generation by ] for such purposes as station identification. The facility for housing such equipment, as well as providing space for stages, sets, offices, etc., is called a ], and may be located many miles from the ]. Communication from the studio to the ] is accomplished via a dedicated cable or ] system.

Television signals were originally transmitted exclusively via land-based transmitters. The quality of reception varied greatly, dependent in large part on the location and type of receiving antenna. This led to the proliferation of large rooftop antennas to improve reception in the 1960s, replacing set-top ] or "rabbit ears" antennas, which however remained popular. ], set-top controlled ] to which the mast of the antenna is mounted, to enable rotating the antenna such that it points to the desired transmitter, would also become popular.

In most cities today, ] providers deliver signals over ] or ] cables for a fee. Signals can also be delivered by ] from ]s in ] and received by ], which are comparatively large for ] signals, but much smaller for ]. Like cable providers, ] providers also require a fee, often less than cable systems. The affordability and convenience of digital satellite reception has led to the proliferation of small dish antennas outside many houses and apartments.

] systems may be inserted anywhere in the chain to provide better image transmission quality, reduction in transmission ], special effects, or security of transmission from reception by non-subscribers. A home today might have the choice of receiving analog or ] over the air, analog or digital cable with ] from a ] company over ], or even from the phone company over ] lines. On the road, television can be received by pocket sized televisions, recorded on tape or digital media players, or played back on ] over a ].
<!-- Elements of a television system - block diagram here -->
<!-- Image source, camera, film, magnetic tape, exceptionally computer-generated images-->
<!-- Sound source -->
<!-- Transmitter, over the air, bandwidth required, antenna, satellite system, cable system, digital encoding, scrambling -->
<!-- Receiver, antenna, cable connection, satellite down-converter, digital decode, descramble-->
<!-- Display, cathode ray tube, color tube, now LCD, historically mechanical scanned lamp-->
<!-- Recorder, analogue magnetic tape, now digital (DVD) -->

===Display technology===
] equipment in an edit suite]]
{{seealso|Comparison of display technology|Liquid crystal display television}}

Thanks to the advances in display technology, there are now several kinds of video displays used in modern TV sets:

*'''CRT''' (]): The most common screens were direct-view CRTs for up to roughly 100 cm (40 inch) (in 4:3 ratio) and 115 cm (45 inch) ((in 16:9 ratio) ]s. These are the least expensive, and are a refined technology that can still provide the best overall picture quality value. As they do not have a fixed ], they are capable of displaying sources with different resolutions at the best possible image quality. The ] or refresh rate of a typical ] format CRT TV is 29.97 Hz, and for the ] format, 25 Hz, both are scanned with two fields per frame in an ]d fashion. A typical ] broadcast signal's visible portion has an equivalent resolution of about 640x480 pixels. It actually could be slightly higher than that, but the ] (VBI), allows other signals to be carried along with the broadcast.
*'''Rear projection''' ('''RPTV'''): Most very large screen TVs (to 100&nbsp;inches or more) use ] technology. Three types of projection systems are used in projection TVs: CRT-based, ]-based, and ] (reflective micromirror chip) -based, ] and ]-based. Projection television has been commercially available since the 1970s, but at that time could not match the image sharpness of the CRT; current models are vastly improved, and offer a cost-effective large-screen display.
**A variation is a ''']''', using similar technology, which projects onto a ].
]
*'''Flat panel''' (] or ]): Modern advances have brought ]s to TV that use ] ] or ] technology. Flat panel LCDs and ]s are as little as 25.4 mm (1 inch) thick and can be hung on a wall like a picture or put over a ]. Some models can also be used as ]s.
*'''LED''' technology has become one of the choices for outdoor video and stadium uses, since the advent of bright ]s and driver circuits. LEDs enable scalable ultra-large ] that other technologies may never be able to match in performance.

Each has ]. Flat panel LCD and plasma displays have a wide viewing angle (around 160 degrees) so they may best suited for a home theatre with a wide seating arrangement. Rear projection screens do not perform well in ] or well-lit rooms and so are only suited to darker viewing areas.

=== Terminology for televisions ===
Pixel ] is the amount of individual points known as ] on a given screen. Use of word pixel is fairly new as it only dates to the introduction of the ] display standard. Before the 1980s ''lines of resolution'' was the standard resolution measurement.

A typical resolution of 720×480 means that the television display has 720 pixels across and 480&nbsp;pixels on the vertical axis. The higher the resolution on a specified display the sharper the image. Contrast ] is a measurement of the range between the brightest and darkest points on the screen.

The higher the contrast ratio, the better looking picture there is in terms of richness, deepness, and ] detail. The ] of a picture measures how vibrant and impacting the colors are. Measured in <math>cd/m^2</math> equivalent to the amount of candles required to power the ].

On the other hand, the so-called ''brightness'' and ''contrast'' adjustment controls on televisions and monitors are traditionally used to control different aspects of the picture display.

The brightness control shifts the black point, or shadow level, primarily affecting the contrast ratio or gamma of the image, while the contrast control primarily controls the image intensity or brightness.<ref>John Watkinson, ''Convergence in Broadcast and Communications Media: The Fundamentals of Audio, Video, Data'', Focal Press, 2001, ISBN 0240515099</ref>

===Transmission band===
There are various bands on which televisions operate depending upon the country. The ] and ] signals in bands III to V are generally used. Lower frequencies do not have enough ] available for television. Although the ] initially used Band I VHF at 45 MHz, this frequency is (in the UK) no longer in use for this purpose. Band II is used for FM radio transmissions. Higher frequencies behave more like light and do not penetrate buildings or travel around obstructions well enough to be used in a conventional broadcast TV system, so they are generally only used for ] and ], which uses frequencies from 2 to 12 GHz. TV systems in most countries relay the video as an AM (]) signal and the sound as a FM (]) signal. An exception is ], where the sound is AM.

===Aspect ratios===
''']''' refers to the ratio of the horizontal to vertical measurements of a television's picture. Mechanically scanned television as first demonstrated by ] in 1926 used a 7:3 vertical aspect ratio, oriented for the head and shoulders of a single person in close-up.

Most of the early electronic TV systems from the mid-1930s onward shared the same ] of 4:3 which was chosen to match the ] used in cinema films at the time. This ratio was also square enough to be conveniently viewed on round ]s (CRTs), which were all that could be produced given the ] ] of the time. (Today's CRT technology allows the manufacture of much wider tubes, and the flat-screen technologies which are becoming steadily more popular have no technical aspect ratio limitations at all.) The ]'s television service used a more squarish ratio from 1936 to , when it too switched to a 4:3 ratio. This did not present significant problems, as most sets at the time used round tubes which were easily adjusted to the 4:3 ratio when the transmissions changed.

In the early 1950s, ]s moved towards ] aspect ratios such as ] in an effort to distance their product from television. Although this was initially just a ], widescreen is still the format of choice today and 4:3 aspect ratio movies are rare. Some people argue that widescreen is actually a disadvantage when showing objects that are tall instead of ], others say that natural vision is more panoramic than tall, and therefore widescreen is easier on the eye.

Yet the various television systems were not originally designed to be compatible with film at all. Traditional, narrow-screen movies are projected onto a television camera either so that the top of the screens line up to show facial features, or, for films with subtitles, the bottoms. What this means is that filmed newspapers or long captions filling the screen for explanation are cut off at each end. Similarly, while the frame rate of sound films is 24 per second, the screen scanning rate of the NTSC is 29.97 ] (per second), which requires a complex scanning schedule. That of PAL and SECAM are 50 ], which means that films are shortened (and the sound is offkey) by scanning each frame twice for 25 per second.

The switch to ] systems has been used as an opportunity to change the standard television picture format from the old ratio of 4:3 (1.33:1) to an aspect ratio of 16:9 (approximately 1.78:1). This enables TV to get closer to the aspect ratio of modern widescreen ]s, which range from 1.66:1 through 1.85:1 to 2.35:1. There are two methods for transporting widescreen content, the most common of which uses what is called ] format. This format is very similar to the technique used to fit a widescreen movie frame inside a 1.33:1 35 mm film frame. The image is compressed horizontally when recorded, then expanded again when played back. The anamorphic widescreen 16:9 format was first introduced via European ] television broadcasts and then later on "widescreen" ]s; the ] ] system uses straight widescreen format, no horizontal compression or expansion is used.

Recently "widescreen" has spread from television to computing where both ] and ] computers are commonly equipped with widescreen displays. There are some complaints about distortions of movie picture ratio due to some DVD playback software not taking account of aspect ratios; but this may subside as the DVD playback software matures. Furthermore, computer and laptop widescreen displays are in the 16:10 aspect ratio both physically in size and in pixel counts, and not in 16:9 of consumer televisions, leading to further complexity. This was a result of widescreen computer display engineers' assumption that people viewing 16:9 content on their computer would prefer that an area of the screen be reserved for playback controls, ] or their Taskbar, as opposed to viewing content full-screen.

====Aspect ratio incompatibility====
The television industry's changing of ]s is not without difficulties, and can present a considerable problem.

Displaying a widescreen aspect (rectangular) image on a conventional aspect (square or 4:3) display can be shown:
*in "]" format, with black horizontal bars at the top and bottom
*with part of the image being cropped, usually the extreme left and right of the image being cut off (or in "]", parts selected by an operator or a viewer)
*with the image horizontally compressed

A conventional aspect (square or 4:3) image on a widescreen aspect (rectangular with longer horizon) display can be shown:
*in "]" format, with black vertical bars to the left and right
*with upper and lower portions of the image cut off (or in "tilt and scan", parts selected by an operator)
*with the image horizontally distorted

A common compromise is to shoot or create material at an aspect ratio of 14:9, and to lose some image at each side for 4:3 presentation, and some image at top and bottom for 16:9 presentation. In recent years, the cinematographic process known as ] (championed by ]) has been used to film a number of major movies such as ], '']'', '']'', and '']'' (see also: ]). This process results in a camera-negative which can then be used to create both wide-screen theatrical prints, and standard "]" releases for television/VHS/DVD which avoid the need for either "]ing" or the severe loss of information caused by conventional "]" cropping.

=== Sound ===
{{further|], ], and ]}}

=== Data ===
{{further|]}}

=== The End of Analog Television broadcasting ===
==== NTSC ====
In North America, the basic signal standards since 1941 have been compatible enough that even the oldest monochrome televisions can still receive color broadcasts in 2007. However, the United States Congress has passed a law which requires the cessation of all conventional television broadcast signals by February 2009. If the law is not changed again, then after that date all ] standard televisions, with analog-only tuners, will go dark unless fitted with digital ]s, and the spectrum previously occupied by those analog channels will be auctioned off by the United States' Federal Communications Commission for other uses. The analog cut-off date has been changed by Congress in the past.

==== PAL & SECAM ====
] and ] are expected not to be broadcast in Europe and Eurasia by the mid-2020s. PAL-M may have a similar decommissioning timeline.

The ] has recommended it members to have closed down analogue terrestrial television by 2012. Luxembourg and the Netherlands had already completed their closedowns in 2006, and Finland and Sweden will have closed down their analogue broadcasts in 2007. Meanwhile, some countries may have difficulties making the 2012 deadline.

=== Television add-ons ===
The television was the first consumer mass market for video displays. Today there are many television add-ons including ] consoles, ]s, ]es for ], ] and DVB-T compliant ] reception, ] players, or ] (including personal video recorders, PVRs). The add-on market continues to grow as new technologies are developed. Computers, the internet, and even pocket devices such as the iPod provide other ways to consume video content.

=== New developments ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* ]™
* ]
* ]™
* ] (DLP)
* ] (DRM)
* ] (DTV)
* ]s (DVR)
* ] TV (DBS)
* ] and ] standards
* ]
* ] (100&nbsp;Hz or 120&nbsp;Hz, depending on country)
* ] (HDTV)
* ] (HDMI)
* ] also know as ]
* ] display technology
{{col-break}}
* ] and ] ] TV
* ] display technology
* ] display technology
* ]
* ]
* ]s (PVR)
* ] (PiP)
* ]
* ]
* ]s
* The ]
* ]
* ] (VOD)
* ] (UHDV)
* ]
* ]
{{col-break}}
] LE26R41BD ]]]
]
{{col-end}}

=== Exterior designs ===
In the early days of television, the cabinets were made of wood grain, however, they were phased out in the 1980s. There has been a modern comeback of the woodgrain.<ref></ref><ref></ref>

==Geographical usage==
*]
{{main|Geographical usage of television}}

==Content==
===Programming===
{{seealso|Category:Television genres}}
Getting TV programming shown to the public can happen in many different ways. After production the next step is to market and deliver the product to whatever markets are open to using it. This typically happens on two levels:

#'''Original Run''' or '''First Run''' - a producer creates a program of one or multiple episodes and shows it on a station or network which has either paid for the production itself or to which a license has been granted by the producers to do the same.
#''']''' - this is the terminology rather broadly used to describe secondary programming usages (beyond original run). It includes secondary runs in the country of first issue, but also international usage which may or may not be managed by the originating producer. In many cases other companies, ] or individuals are engaged to do the syndication work, in other words to sell the product into the markets they are allowed to sell into by contract from the copyright holders, in most cases the producers.
In most countries, the first wave occurs primarily on ] television, while the second wave happens on subscription TV and in other countries. In the U.S., however, the first wave occurs on the FTA networks and subscription services, and the second wave travels via all means of distribution.

First run programming is increasing on subscription services outside the U.S., but few domestically produced programs are syndicated on domestic FTA elsewhere. This practice is increasing however, generally on digital-only FTA channels, or with subscriber-only first run material appearing on FTA.

Unlike the U.S., repeat FTA screenings of a FTA network program almost only occur on that network. Also, ]s rarely buy or produce non-network programming that isn't centred around local events.

===Advertising===
{{globalize|section}}
Since inception in the US in 1940, ]s have become one of the most effective, most persuasive, and most popular methods of selling products of many sorts, especially consumer goods. US ] rates are determined primarily by ]. Depending on the time of the day and popularity of the channel reflects how much a television commercial can cost. For example, the highly popular ] can cost approximately $750,000 for a thirty second block of commercial time; while the same amount of time for the ] and the ] can cost several million dollars.

In recent years, the paid program or ] has become common, usually in lengths of 30min or one hour. Some drug companies, have even created "news" items for broadcast, paying ]s to use them.<ref>] of "]" was mock-outraged at this, saying, "That's what we do!", and calling it a new form of television, "infoganda".</ref>

Some TV programs also weave advertisements into their shows, a practise begun in film and known as ]. For example, a character could be drinking a certain kind of soda, going to a particular chain restaurant, or driving a certain make of car. (This is sometimes very subtle, where shows have vehicles provided by manufacturers for low cost, rather than ] them.) Sometime a specific brand or trade mark, or music from a certain artist or group, is used. (This excludes guest appearances by artists, who perform on the show.)

== TV Genres ==
Television ]s include a broad range of programming types that entertain, inform, and educate viewers. The most expensive entertainment genres to produce are usually drama and dramatic miniseries. However, other genres such as historical Western genres may also have high production costs.

Popular entertainment genres include action-oriented shows such as police, crime, detective dramas, horror or thriller shows. As well, there are also other variants of the drama genre, such as medical dramas and daytime Soap Operas. Sci-fi (Science fiction) shows can fall into either the drama category or the action category, depending on whether they emphasize philosophical questions or explosive space battles. Comedy is a popular genre which includes sitcoms (Situation Comedy), Britcoms (situation comedy based in Great Britain), and animated shows for the adult demographic such as '']''.

The least expensive forms of entertainment programming are game shows, talk shows, variety shows, and reality TV. Game shows show contestants answering questions and solving puzzles to win prizes. Talk shows feature interviews with film, television and music celebrities and public figures. Variety shows feature a range of musical performers and other entertainers such as comedians and magicians introduced by a host or Master of Ceremonies. There is some crossover between some talk shows and variety shows, because leading talk shows often feature performances by bands, singers, comedians, and other performers in between the interview segments.

Reality TV shows show "regular" people (e.g., not actors) who are facing unusual challenges or experiences, ranging from arrest by police officers ('']'') to weight loss ('']''). A variant version of reality shows depicts celebrities doing mundane activities such as going about their everyday life ('']'') or doing manual labour jobs ('']'').

One of the television genres, the children's and youth genre is defined by the audience, rather than by the content of the programming. Children's programming includes animated programs aimed at the child demographic, documentaries for children, and music/variety shows targeted at kids. There is overlap between the children's/youth genre and other genres, such as the educational genre.

Television genres that aim to educate and inform viewers include
educational shows, DIY programs on cooking, gardening, or home renovation, history shows, performing arts programs, and documentaries. Other genres which inform viewers include news, sports, and public affairs programming.

== Social aspects ==
===Technology trends===
In its infancy, television was an ephemeral medium. Fans of regular shows planned their ] so that they could be available to watch their shows at their time of broadcast. The term ''appointment television'' was coined by marketers to describe this kind of attachment.

The viewership's dependence on schedule lessened with the invention of programmable video recorders, such as the ] and the ]. Consumers could watch programs on their own schedule once they were broadcast and recorded. Television service providers also offer ], a set of programs which could be watched at any time.

Both ] networks and the ] are capable of carrying video streams. There is already a fair amount of Internet TV available, either live or as downloadable programs, and video sharing websites have become greatly popular.

The Japanese manufacturer Scalar has developed a very small TV-system attached to the eyeglasses, called "Teleglass T3-F".<ref></ref>

===Suitability for audience===
Almost since the medium's inception there have been charges that some programming is, in one way or another, inappropriate, ] or ]. Critics such as Jean Kilborne have claimed that television, as well as other mass media images, harm the self image of young girls. Other commentators such as ] make the case that television advertisers in the U.S. deliberately try to equate happiness with the purchasing of products, despite studies which show that happiness for most people comes from non-material realms, such as warm friendships and feelings of connection to one's community.<ref>Jhally, Sut, </ref> ] has presented evidence that the frequent portrayals of crime, especially minority crime, has led to the ], the view among frequent viewers of television that crime rates are much higher than the actual data would indicate. In addition, a lot of television has been charged with presenting propaganda, political or otherwise, and being pitched at a low intellectual level.

===Alleged dangers===
{{NPOV-section}}
:''See also ]''
Paralleling television's growing primacy in family life and society, an increasingly vocal chorus of legislators, ]s and ]s are raising objections to the uncritical acceptance of the medium. For example, the ] government imposed a total ban on advertising to ] under twelve in 1991 (see ]). Fifty years of research on the impact of television on children's emotional and social development demonstrate that there are clear connections between watching violence on television and engaging in aggressive or violent behavior.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Pecora
| first = Norma
| authorlink =
| coauthors = John P. Murray, & Ellen A. Wartella
| title = hildren and Television (TV): 50 Years of Research
| publisher = Erlbaum Pres
| date = June, 2006
| location =
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id = }}</ref> In a recent study published in the journal Media Psychology, the research team demonstrated that the brain activation patterns of children viewing violence show that children are aroused by the violence (increased heart rates), demonstrate fear (activation of the ]-the fight or flight sensor in the brain) in response to the video violence, and store the observed violence in an area of the brain (the ]) that is reserved for long-term memory of traumatic events.<ref>{{cite journal
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =
| journal = Media Psychology
| volume = 8
| issue = 1
| pages = 25 - 37
| publisher =
| date = February, 2006
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = }}</ref>

A 2002 article in Scientific American suggested that compulsive television watching, ], was no different from any other ], a finding backed up by reports of withdrawal symptoms among families forced by circumstance to cease watching.<ref>{{Citation
| last = Kubey
| first = Robert
| author-link =
| last2 = Csikszentmihalyi
| first2 = Mihaly
| author2-link =
| title = Television Addiction Is No Mere Metaphor
| newspaper = Scientific American
| pages =
| year = 2002
| date = February 23
| url = http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=0005339B-A694-1CC5-B4A8809EC588EEDF}}</ref> A longitudinal study in ] involving 1000 people (from childhood to 26 years of age) demonstrated that "television viewing in childhood and adolescence is associated with poor educational achievement by 12 years of age". In other words, the more the child watched television, the less likely he or she was to finish school and enroll in a ].<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Hancox, MD
| first = Robert J.
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Barry J. Milne, MSc; Richie Poulton, PhD
| title = Association of Television Viewing During Childhood With Poor Educational Achievement
| journal = Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
| volume =
| issue = 159
| pages = 614-618
| publisher =
| date = 2005
| url = http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/159/7/614
| doi =
| id =
| accessdate = 2007 06 18 }}</ref> A study published in the ] concluded that parental television involvement was associated with greater body satisfaction among adolescent girls, less sexual experience amongst both male and female adolescents, and that parental television involvement may influence self-esteem and body image, in part by increasing parent-child closeness.<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Schooler
| first = Deborah
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Janna L. Kim, and Lynn Sorsoli
| title = Setting Rules or Sitting Down: Parental Mediation of Television Consumption and Adolescent Self-Esteem, Body Image, and Sexuality
| journal = Sexuality Research and Social Policy: Journal of NSRC
| volume = 3
| issue = 4
| pages = 49-62
| publisher = University of California Press
| date = December 2006
| url = http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/srsp.2006.3.4.49
| doi = 10.1525
| id =
| accessdate = 2007 06 18 }}</ref> Numerous studies have been done on the relationship between TV viewing and school grades.<ref>{{cite paper
| author = Hershberger, Angela
| title = The ``Evils'' of Television: The Amount of Television Viewing and School Performance Levels
| version =
| publisher = Indiana University South Bend
| date =
| url = http://www.iusb.edu/~journal/2002/hershberger/hershberger.html
| format = HTML
| accessdate = 2007 06 18}}</ref>
In ], television broadcasting hours were restricted until 1984, with no television programs being broadcast on Thursday, or during the whole of July.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

One of the reasons people campaign against TV is because of the activities people are not doing during the time that they watch it. Many campaigners believe that using up 3.5 hours a day on TV (UK and American average) is not worthwhile. While only 3% of American minors own personal TV's, it is estimated that the daily viewing average among 12-17 yr olds exceeds 4 hours, with this figure being dramatically higher in parts of the United States.{{Fact|date=May 2007}}

===Propaganda delivery===
Audiovisual media, including television, is the second most effective means of communication available to the psychological operator. Effectiveness is based on seeing and hearing the persuasive message. These media are an excellent means of transmitting persuasive messages and eliciting a high degree of recall.<ref>"Psychological Operations Field Manual No.33-1" published in August 1979 by Department of the Army Headquarters in Washington DC; and "Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Media Subcourse PO-0816" by The Army Institute for Professional Development, published in 1983</ref>

] can exist on ], ] or ] segments, as ] or public-service announce "spots" or as long-running ]<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/Propaganda#Techniques_of_propaganda_transmission</ref>.

===Educational advantages===

Despite this research, many media scholars today dismiss such studies as flawed. For one example of this school of thought, see ]'s article "." Dimitri Christakis cites studies in which those who watched "]" and other educational programs as preschoolers had higher grades, were reading more books, placed more value on achievement and were more creative. Similar, while those exposed to negative role models suffered, those exposed to positive models behaved better.<ref></ref> Modern children can be exposed to much more history, news and science than previous generations when information was only available from newspapers and books.

== Environmental aspects ==

With high ] content in ]s, and the rapid diffusion of new, flat-panel display technologies, some of which (]s) use lamps containing ], there is growing concern about ] from discarded televisions. Related ] concerns exist, as well, for disassemblers removing copper wiring and other materials from CRTs. Further environmental concerns related to television design and use relate to the devices' increasing ] requirements. <ref></ref>

==Further reading==
{{sisterlinks|Television}}
*], ''On Television'', The New Press, 2001.
*Brooks, Tim and March, Earle, ''The Complete Guide to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows'', Ballantine, Eighth Edition, 2002.
*], ], ''Echographies of Television'', Polity Press, 2002.
*], ''Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television'', Perennial, 1978.
*], ''In the Absence of the Sacred'', Sierra Club Books, 1992, ISBN 0-87156-509-9. Makes the case that television programming transmitted by communications satellites is destroying unique local cultures all over the world
* ], '']: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business''. Penguin USA, 1985. ISBN 0-670-80454-1
*Beretta E. Smith-Shomade, ''Shaded Lives: African-American Women and Television'', Rutgers University Press, 2002.
* Dr. Alan. Taylor,''We, the media, Pedagogic Intrusions into US Film and Television News...'' ISBN 3631518528 Peter, Lang, Academic Book Publishers, 2005, pp. 418.
*David E. Fisher and Marshall J. Fisher, ''Tube: the Invention of Television'', Counterpoint, Washington, D.C., USA, (1996) ISBN 1-887178-17-1
*Albert Abramson, ''The History of Television, 1942 to 2000'', McFarland, Jefferson, NC, USA, and London (2003) ISBN 0-7864-1220-8
*Evan I. Schwartz, ''The Last Lone Inventor: A Tale of Genius, Deceit, and the Birth of Television''

==References==
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See http://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a
discussion of different citation methods and how to generate
footnotes using the <ref>, <;/ref> and <reference /> tags
----------------------------------------------------------- -->
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>

== External links ==
*
*
* at the ]
* Some of the rarest sets in America
* at the ]

{{Video formats}}

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Revision as of 21:31, 29 August 2007

tv kills