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| THE USTASHA MOVEMENT ORIGINATED IN YEAR 1929. AS AN ANSWER TO THE VIOLENCE AND TERROR THAT WAS PERFORMED OVER THE CROATIAN PEOPLE DURING THE FIRST YUGOSLAVIA (CROATIAN NAME WAS FORBIDDEN, CROATIAN SONGS, CROATIAN LANGUAGE, THERE WERE 90% SERBS IN THE NATIONAL INSTITUTION, CROATIAN CHILDREN WERE LEARNING IN SCHOOLS ABOUT “THE GREAT SERBIAN PEOPLE” AND THAT ALL OTHER NATIONS ORIGINATED FROM SERBS, AND THAT EVEN JESUS CHRIST WAS A SERB!!! | |||
| ] | |||
| The '''Ustaše''' (also known as '''Ustashas''' or '''Ustashi''') was a ]n extreme ] movement. It engaged in terrorist activity before ] and ruled, under ] protection, in a part of ] after that country was occupied by the ]. After German forces withdrew from Yugoslavia in 1945, the Ustaše was defeated and expelled by the ] ]. | |||
| CROATIANS COULDN’T LET THAT HAPPEN AND THE USTASHE WERE OPERATING ABROAD BECAUSE THEY COULDN’T OPERATE IN YUGOSLAVIA.THEY HAVE PERFORMED NUMEROUS ACTIONS TO ENCOURAGE THE CROATIAN PEOPLE FOR A REVOLT.THEY DIDN’T MANAGE TO DO THAT BECAUSE YUGOSLAVIA WAS TOO STRONG.SO, THEN THEY HAVE ASSASSINATED THE SERBIAN KING ALEXANDER TOGETHER WITH THE MACEDONIAN ORGANIZATION VMRO IN FRANCE.EVEN THE COMMUNISTS HAVE SUPPORTED THE USTASHE BECAUSE THEY WERE AGAINST THE KINGDOM OF YUGOSLAVIA.LATER, USTASHE AND THE COMMUNISTS HAVE BECOME BITTER ENEMIES. SO, THE USTASHA MOVEMENT HAS ORIGINATED BEFORE FASCISM AND NATIONAL SOCIALISM AND IT DOESN’T HAVE FASCIST ROOTS.A GREAT WAR WAS GOING ON BETWEEN TWO GREAT FORCES, THE FASCISM AND THE COMMUNISM, WITHIN THE YEARS 1941-1945.ANTE PAVELIC, THE CROATIAN LEADER UNDER THOSE CIRCUMSTANCES FINDS HIMSELF IN A SITUATION IN WHICH HE HAS TO CHOOSE SIDES.IN THE CONTEMPORARY NAZI GERMANY AND FASCIST ITALY HE GOT AN OPPORTUNITY TO CREATE A FREE CROATIAN STATE AFTER 800 YEARS AND HE HAS BECOME THEIR ALLY.THE USTASHA POLITICS WEREN’T RACIST EVEN THEN.THE RACE LAWS WERE IMPOSED BY THE NAZI GERMANY, AND THEY WERE USED ONLY BECAUSE CROATS HAD TO DO IT TO GET A FREE STATE. | |||
| When it was founded in 1929, the Ustaše was a nationalist organization that sought to create an ] Croatian state. When the Ustaše came to power during ], its military became the Ustaše Army (''Ustaška Vojnica''). They claimed that this army had 76,000 troops at its peak in 1944.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} In the 1990s, during the ], there was a resurgence of support for the Ustaše. Croatian law currently forbids Ustaše symbols and associated references. As a rule, the enthusiasts of ] refer to the Ustaše as their role models. | |||
| JASENOVAC WAS NOT A DEATH CAMP, IT WAS A LABOR CAMP AND MOST OF THE CROATIAN JEWS WERE SU TAKEN TO CONCENTRATION CAMPS IN OTHER STATES. PEOPLE WHO WERE KILLED IN JASENOVAC (WHOSE NUMBER WAS EXAGGERATED) WERE KILLED BY GERMANS, NOT BY CROATIANS.USTASHE WERE HONORABLE CROATIAN PATRIOTS,THEY WEREN’T INTERESTED IN HITLER, THEY WERE INTERESTED IN CROATIA.IN THOSE TIMES MOST OF THEM DIDN’T KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT FASCISM AND NAZISM. BLESSED CATHOLIC ARCHBISHOP ALOJZIJE STEPINAC WAS SAVING THE JEWS, AND HITLER ASKED PAVELIC TO KILL STEPINAC, BUT PAVELIC REFUSED! MEMBERS OF THE USTASHA MOVEMENT HAVE DENIED NAZISM IN THEIR ACTIVITIES.AFTER 1945. THEIR MAIN GOAL WAS TO INSTALL A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT ON THE TERRITORY OF NDH. | |||
| Their name derives from the verb ''ustati'' which means "to rise", hence ''ustaša'' would mean an ], a ]. This name did not have fascist connotations during their early years in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia as the term "ustaš" was itself used in ] to denote the insurgents from the ] of 1875. | |||
| DELUSION NUMBER 2; PAVELIC HAS SOLD DALMATIA AND ISTRIA: | |||
| The full original name of the organization was ''Ustaša - Hrvatska revolucionarna organizacija'' or UHRO (Ustaša - Croatian revolutionary organization) while in ] it was renamed to ''Ustaša - Hrvatska revolucionarna pokret'' (Ustaša - Croatian revolutionary movement) which it kept until the ]. | |||
| THIS THEORY IS VERY FLABBY AND IT SERVES TO THE COMMUNISTS WHEN THEY HAVE NOTHING ELSE TO SAY. | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ===Before WWII=== | |||
| {{Fascism}} | |||
| In October 1928 , after the assassination of Croatian leader ] in the ] by ] Serbian politician ], a youth group named the ] was founded by ] at the ]. A year later, ] was invited by the 21-year-old Jelić into the organization as a junior member. A related movement "]" (which had been the name of the legal Croatian army in ]) started publishing "Hrvatski Domobran", a newspaper dedicated to Croatian national matters. The organization around "Domobran" tried to engage with and radicalise ] Croats, using the murder of a prominent politician in the state Parliament to stir up emotions in the country. By 1929, however, two divergent political streams had formed within Croatia: some supported the Pavelić view that only violence could secure Croatia's national interests; but the ], led at the time by ], a successor of Stjepan Radić, commanded a bit larger popular support in that part of the kingdom. | |||
| ISTRIA HAS BEEN REFERRED TO THE ITALIANS AFTER WW1, LIKE ZADAR, TOO.THEREFORE, PAVELIC DIDN’T SELL OR SURRENDER IT.WHEN ITALY CAPITULATED, THE CROATIANS HAVE INCORPORATED THOSE TERRITORIES BACK INTO THE INDEPENDENT STATE OF CROATIA (NDH). | |||
| Various members of the ] contributed to the writing of "Domobran", until around ] when the newspaper was banned by the authorities of the ]. In January 1929, the King banned all national parties, and the radical wing of the Party of Rights was exiled, among them ], ] and Branimir Jelić. This group was later joined by several other Croatian exiles. | |||
| THIS IS A DOCUMENT THAT PROVES IT.IT IS A DECLARATION OF RETURNING THE HISTORICAL CROATIAN TERRITORIES TO CROATIA. | |||
| On ] ], Pavelić and others co-signed a declaration in ], ] together with the members of the ]n National Committee, asserting that they would pursue "their legal activities for the establishment of human and national rights, political freedom and complete independence for both Croatia and Macedonia". Because of this, the Court for the Preservation of the State in ] sentenced Pavelić and Perčec to death on ] ]. The exiles never returned to Yugoslavia, and instead started organizing support for their cause among the ] in ], ] and ]. They attained support mostly in ], ], and ]. In January 1932, they named their revolutionary organization "Ustaša". In November 1932, ten Ustaše led by ], supported by four local sympathisers, attacked a gendarme outpost at Brušani in the ]/] area just over the border from Italy. The attack failed with the loss of one assailant killed. The incident has sometimes been glorified as "the Lika Uprising." | |||
| Perčec was assassinated by Pavelić in 1933. Due to their previous links with the Macedonian nationalists, the Ustaše were accused of conspiring in the murder the Yugoslav king ] in 1934, and ] was charged with planning the successful assassination committed by members of the Macedonian Revolutionary Organization ]. The extent of Ustaše involvement in the assassination remains unknown, it is known for certain only that it was committed by a Macedonian named ] and not a member of the Ustaše, although the Ustaše provided assistance. Soon after the assassination, all organizations related to the Ustaše as well as the Hrvatski Domobran, which continued as a civil organization, were banned throughout Europe. Pavelić and Kvaternik were detained in Italy from October 1934 until the end of March 1936. After March 1937, when Italy and Yugoslavia signed a pact of friendship, many Ustaše in Italy were extradited to Yugoslavia. | |||
| However, these events not only did not destroy the Ustaša organization, it even attracted sympathizers among the Croatian youth, especially among university students. In February 1939, two of these returnees, ] and ], became editors of the newly published magazine ''Hrvatski narod'' ("The Croatian nation"), which supported the Ustaše ideas of Croatian independence. | |||
| ===World War II=== | |||
| <!-- Unsourced image removed: ] (''Domobran Regiment'') marching during a parade in the ].]] --> | |||
| The ] ] on ] ]. ], the leader of the ] (HSS) which was the most influential party in Croatia at the time, rejected offers by the ] to lead the new government. On ] the most senior home-based Ustaša, Slavko Kvaternik, took control of the police in Zagreb and in a radio broadcast that day proclaimed the formation of the ] (''Nezavisna Država Hrvatska'', ''NDH''). The name of the state was an obvious but unsuccessful attempt at capitalizing on the Croat struggle for independence. Maček issued a statement that day, calling on all Croatians to co-operate with the new authorities.<ref>Vladko Maček, ''In the Struggle for Freedom'' (New York: Robert Speller & Sons, 1957) p 230.</ref> | |||
| Meanwhile Pavelić and several hundred fellow-exiles embarked from their camps in Italy for Zagreb, where Pavelić set up his government on ]. He accorded himself the title of "Poglavnik," - a Croatian approximation to "Führer" and translating to something like "Headman" in English. The territory over which he ruled comprised all of Bosnia-Herzegovina; most of Croatia except the Dalmatian coast and the littoral, and parts of ] (] and ] regions). Many Croatians, including Kvaternik and other "home Ustaše" were dismayed to discover that Pavelić had agreed to cede Dalmatia to Italy in exchange for financial and other support provided to the Ustaše by Mussolini. It was the first sign of what was to become a serious rift between Pavelić and Kvaternik later in the war. Because the Ustaše did not have a capable army or administration necessary to control the territory, the Germans and the Italians split the NDH into two zones of influence, one in the southwest controlled by the Italians and the other in the northeast controlled by the Germans. | |||
| The atrocities started on ] ], when a newly formed unit of the Ustaše army killed members of the largely Serbian community of Gudovac (near ]). Eventually all who opposed and/or threatened the Ustaše were outlawed. The HSS was banned on ] ], in an attempt by the Ustaše to take their place as the primary representative of the Croatian peasantry. Vladko Maček was sent to ], but later released to serve a ] sentence due to his popularity among the people. Maček was later again called upon by the foreigners to take a stand and counteract the Pavelić government, but refused. | |||
| Pavelić first met with ] on ] ]. ], then a minister in Pavelić's government, publicly proclaimed the violent racial policy of the state on ] ]. ], one of the chiefs of the secret police organizations, started building ]s in the summer of the same year. The Ustaše gangs ravaged villages across the ] to the extent that the Italians and the Germans started expressing their horror<ref>http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/789241/posts?page=32</ref>. By 1942, General Edmund Glaise von Horstenau had written several reports to his ] commanders in which he expressed his dismay at the extent of the Ustaša atrocities,<ref>The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building And Legitimation, 1918-2005 by Sabrina Petra Ramet Indiana University Press 2006 page 128 <br> | |||
| But the Germans were dismayed by the 'problematic' relationship between the Ustasa Militia and the army, while General Edmund Glaise von Horstenau (1882-1946), an ex-imperial Austrian general staff officer appointed as general-plentipontiary representing the Wermacht in the NDH, was appaled by the savagery of the Ustase, and protested both publicly and privately.</ref> some of which took place before the Nazis had embarked on their ]. His reports were corroborated by those of Field Marshal ]. | |||
| Italian troops in the field were increasingly disinclined to cooperate with the Ustaše and frequently cooperated with ] units operating in the southern areas that they controlled. Hitler tried to insist that Mussolini should have his forces work with the Ustaše, but senior Italian commanders such as General Mario Roatta ignored such orders. | |||
| ] (1941-1945)]] | |||
| By the end of 1942, the news about the Ustaša atrocities in ] and elsewhere had also spread among the Croatian population. Noted writers ] and ] escaped from the Ustasha-held territory to join the ], and were followed by others. | |||
| The regular army of the NDH, the ], was composed of enlisted men who were barely combat-ready and did not participate in the atrocities. The members of the Ustaša party were part of the ] units that committed the crimes. Pavelić had claimed that over 30,000 people had joined the party during this time, although the more neutral reports concluded that their number was less than half of that. | |||
| In 1943, the Germans suffered major losses on the ] and the Italians started massively defecting, leaving behind even more armament the rebels used against the Ustaše. The ] soon became the main rebel force in all of Yugoslavia, having started accepting both Domobran and Četnik defectors, and getting help from the western Allies in the form of ]s. | |||
| ===After the war=== | |||
| Eventually the ] took control of Yugoslavia, and the Ustaše were defeated. They continued fighting for a short while after the German surrender on ] ], but were soon overpowered. The ] was the last battle of World War Two on European soil. A large column of Ustaše, along with Domobran soldiers and many civilians, tried to flee for Austria and Italy later in the same month but were handed over to the partisans on the Austrian border and were subsequently either executed or sent on a "death march" back into the country: an episode known as the ]. Pavelić however, with the help of associates among the Franciscans, managed to escape and hide in Austria and Rome, later fleeing to ]. | |||
| After ], the remaining Ustaše went underground or fled to countries such as Canada, Australia, Germany and South America, with the assistance of Roman Catholic churches and their grassroots supporters.<ref>http://www.jasenovac-info.com/cd/biblioteka/pavelicpapers/army/ar0004.html</ref><ref>http://www.jasenovac-info.com/cd/biblioteka/pavelicpapers/pavelic/ap0010.html</ref> Some of them persisted in their crusade against Yugoslavia. Yugoslav intelligence agents shot ] in ], inflicting injuries from which he later died. In 1972, the Ustaše were blamed for the bombing of ], which killed 27 people. However, it was later determined that the flight was downed by a pair of ] missiles fired from ].{{Fact|date=August 2007}} | |||
| ==Genocide== | |||
| ] | |||
| The Ustaše enacted ] patterned after those of the Third Reich, which were aimed against ]s and ], but predominately ], who were collectively declared enemies of the Croatian people. ], ], ] and Croatian ], including Communist Croats and ] Croat ] ]{{Fact|date=June 2007}}, were interned in ]s, the largest of which was the ], where they were most often brutally murdered by Ustaše militia. The exact number of victims is not known, only estimates exist. The number of murdered Jews is fairly reliable: around 32,000 Jews were killed during WWII on NDH territory. Gypsies (Yugoslav Roma) numbered around 40,000 fewer after the war. The number of murdered Serbs is much larger, and estimates tend to vary between at least 300,000 and 700,000. | |||
| The history textbooks in the ] had cited 700,000 as the total number of victims at Jasenovac. This was promulgated from a 1946 calculation of the demographic loss of population (the difference between the actual number of people after the war and the number that would have been, had the pre-war growth trend continued). After that, it was used by ] and ] in the Yugoslav ] claim sent to ]. According to the ] (citing the '']''), "Ustasa terrorists killed 500,000 Serbs, expelled 250,000 and forced 250,000 to convert to Catholicism. They murdered thousands of Jews and Gypsies."<ref>http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/pages/t081/t08100.html</ref> The ] says: | |||
| <blockquote> | |||
| ''Due to differing views and lack of documentation, estimates for the number of Serbian victims in Croatia range widely, from 25,000 to more than one million. The estimated number of Serbs killed in Jasenovac ranges from 25,000 to 700,000. The most reliable figures place the number of Serbs killed by the Ustaša between 330,000 and 390,000, with 45,000 to 52,000 Serbs murdered in Jasenovac.''<ref>http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Holocaust/Jasenovac.html</ref> | |||
| </blockquote> | |||
| The ] Memorial Area, currently headed by Slavko Goldstein, keeps a list of 59,188 names of Jasenovac victims that was gathered by government officials in Belgrade in 1964 . Because the gathering process was imperfect, they estimated that the list contains between 60 and 75 percent of the total victims, putting the number of killed in that complex at about 80,000 - 100,000. The previous head of the Memorial Area Simo Brdar estimated at least 365,000 dead at Jasenovac. The analyses of the statisticians ] and ] were similar to those of the Memorial Area. In all of Yugoslavia, the estimated number of Serb deaths was 487,000 according to Kočović, and 530,000 according to Žerjavić, out of a total of 1,014,000 or 1,027,000 deaths (resp.). Žerjavić further stated that there were 197,000 Serb civilians killed in NDH (78,000 as prisoners in Jasenovac and elsewhere) as well as 125,000 Serb combatants. | |||
| The ] Museum of Holocaust compiled a list of over 77,000 names of Jasenovac victims. It was previously headed by Milan Bulajić, who supported the claim of a total of 700,000 victims. The current administration of the Museum has further expanded the list to include a bit over 80,000 names. During the 1961 trial of ], Alexander Arnon (secretary of the Jewish Community in Zagreb) testified about the treatment of Jews in Yugoslavia during the war.<ref>http://www.vex.net/~nizkor/hweb/people/e/eichmann-f/transcripts/Sessions/Session-046-05.html</ref> | |||
| Alexander Arnon's testimony included the following: | |||
| :''Q. One more question: I am not sure that I heard correctly when you said that in one camp hundreds of thousands of Serbs were exterminated?'' | |||
| :''A. Hundreds of thousands.'' | |||
| :''Q. In what year was that?'' | |||
| :''A. Beginning in 1941, and until the end.'' | |||
| :''Q. And who killed them?'' | |||
| :''A. The Ustashi.'' | |||
| During WWII, various ] military commanders gave different figures for the number of ], ] and others killed on the territory of the ]. They circulated figures of 400,000 Serbs (Alexander Lehr); 350,000 Serbs (]); between 300,000 (Edmund Glaise von Horstenau); more than "3/4 of million of Serbs" (Hermann Neubacher) in 1943; 600-700,000 until March 1944 (Ernst Fick); 700,000 (Massenbach). Out of around 39,000 Jews that lived on the territory that became the Independent State of Croatia, only around 20% survived the war. | |||
| ===Concentration camps=== | |||
| The first group of camps was formed in the spring of 1941. These included: | |||
| * Danica near ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Jadovno near ] | |||
| * Kruščica near ] and ] in Bosnia | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Loborgrad in ] | |||
| * Tenja near ] | |||
| These six camps were closed by October 1942. The ] was built between August 1941 and February 1942. The first two camps, Krapje and Bročica, were closed in November 1941. The three newer camps continued to function until the end of the war: | |||
| * Ciglana (Jasenovac III) | |||
| * Kozara (Jasenovac IV) | |||
| * ] (Jasenovac V) | |||
| There were also other camps in: | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] between ] and ] - ] | |||
| * ] near ] | |||
| * ] near ] | |||
| Numbers of prisoners: | |||
| * from 80,000-100,000 across 300,000-350,000 up to 700,000 in Jasenovac | |||
| * around 35,000 in Gospić | |||
| * around 8,500 in Pag | |||
| * around 3,000 in Đakovo | |||
| * 1,018 in Jastrebarsko | |||
| * around 1,000 in Lepoglava. | |||
| ==Ideology== | |||
| The Ustaše aimed at an ethnically "pure" Croatia, and saw the ] that lived in Croatia, ] and ] as the their biggest obstacle. Thus, Ustaše ministers ], Mirko Puk, and Milovan Žanić declared in May 1941 that the goal of the new Ustaše policy was an enhnically clean Croatia. They also publicly announced the strategy to achieve their goal: | |||
| # One third of the Serbs (in the Independent State of Croatia) were to be forcibly converted to ]. | |||
| # One third of the Serbs were to be expelled (ethnically cleansed). | |||
| # One third of the Serbs were to be liquidated. | |||
| The Ustaše persecuted the Serbs who were mostly ] Christians yet they rationalized that the ] were actually ] Croats merely because those Croats were ] and so did not persecute them. Some of these Muslim Bosnians joined in the ] and Ustaše forces as part of ] divisions ] in ] (led by ]) and 23rd SS Grenadier Division Kama advised by Edmund Glaise von Horstenau (the representative of the German military in Croatia) and led by Colonel Ivan Markulj, who was later replaced by Colonel Viktor Pavicic. Lt-Col. Marko Mesic commanded the artillery section. The state even converted a former museum in Zagreb for use as a ]. The Ustaše were against ] and ]. The basic principles of the movement were laid out by Pavelić in his 1929 pamphlet "Principles of the Ustaše Movement". | |||
| A problem with the Nazi ideology was that the Croats are ] and were considered inferior by Nazi standards. Ustaša ideologues thus created a theory about a pseudo-] origin of the Croats in order to raise their standing on the Aryan ladder.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} | |||
| ==Symbols== | |||
| ] | |||
| The symbol of Ustaše is a wide ] letter ] with pronounced ]. This symbol can easily be ]. A slight variation of it includes a small plus inserted at the top, symbolizing a ]. In on-line communication it is sometimes written as =U=. As with fascists in other countries, the Ustasha merely superimposed their political symbols (mainly the letter '''U''') on already existent national symbols. Their hat insignia was the shield of ] surrounded or embossed with the U. | |||
| The flag of the ] was a red-white-blue horizontal ] with the shield of the Coat of Arms or Croatia in the middle and the U in the upper left. Its currency was the ]. The checkered Coat of Arms of old NDH starts with white field in the corner, and that of today's ] with red. Some possible explanations are that first white field symbolizes Croatian nationality, as opposed to the red which symbolizes Croatian state; or that the white field is used on so-called ''war flag''. | |||
| The Ustaše greeting was "]":<br> | |||
| : ''Salute:'' Za dom! ''For home(land)!''<br> | |||
| : ''Reply:'' Spremni! ''(We are) ready!''<br> | |||
| This greeting is used instead of the Nazi greeting '']''. In Internet communication, it is sometimes abbreviated as ZDS. While the greeting appears to be invented in the 19th century by Croatian ] ], today it is nominally associated with Ustasha sympathisers or non-Ustasha conservatives associated with the ]. | |||
| ==Connections with the Catholic Church== | |||
| {{main|Involvement of Croatian Catholic clergy with the Ustasa regime}} | |||
| The Ustaše policies against the Eastern Orthodoxy are incorrectly associated with "]" in some Eastern Orthodox circles. This term has not been used by the ] except for Vatican condemnation of the idea in 1990.<ref>http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/ch_orthodox_docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930624_lebanon_en.html</ref> | |||
| The Ustaše represented an extreme example of "Uniatism" rather based on nationalism than on religion. They supported violent aggression or force in order to convert Serbo-Croat speaking Serbian Orthodox believers. | |||
| The Ustaše held the position that ], as a symbol of Serbian nationalism, was their greatest foe. The Ustaše never recognized the existence of a Serb people on the territories of Croatia or Bosnia — they recognized only "Croats of the Eastern faith." They also called Bosnian Muslims "Croats of the Islamic faith," but they had a stronger ethnic dislike of Serbs. | |||
| Some former priests, mostly ], particularly in, but not limited to, ] and ], took part in the atrocities themselves. ] was a Franciscan friar (from the ] monastery) who allegedly joined the Ustaša army on ] ] in a brutal massacre of 2730 Serbs of the nearby villages, including 500 children. He was allegedly subsequently dismissed from his order and defrocked, although there is no concrete proof of this whatsoever. In fact when he was hanged for his ], he wore his Franciscan robes, even though expelled from the Church itself. He then became a member of the Ustaše and also Chief Guard of ] where he was nicknamed ''"Fra ]"'', even by Croats themselves. | |||
| For the duration of the war, the ] kept up full diplomatic relations with the Ustaša state (granting Pavelić an audience), with its ] in the capital ]. The nuncio was briefed on the efforts of religious conversions to Roman Catholicism. After the ] was over, the Ustaše who had managed to escape from Yugoslav territory (including Pavelić) were smuggled to ]. It is widely alleged that this was done through ]s operated by members of the organization who were Catholic priests and had previously secured positions at the ]. Members of the ] in Rome were reputedly involved in this: friars ], Petranović, and Dominik Mandić. | |||
| The Ustaše regime had sent large amounts of gold that it had plundered from Serbian and Jewish property owners during WW II into Swiss banks. Of a total of 350 million ]s, about 150 million was seized by ]; however, the remaining 200 million (ca. 47 million dollars) reached the Vatican. Allegations exist that it's still being kept in the ]. This was reported by the American intelligence agency SSU in October 1946. This issue is the theme of a recent ]. | |||
| Cardinal ], ] of ] during the Second World War, was accused of supporting the Ustaše, and exonerating those in the clergy that collaborated with the Ustaše of complicity in forced conversions. On the other hand, he himself helped Jewish, Serb and Roma/Sinti victims of the Ustaša terror at the same time. Once, while celebrating mass in ]'s cathedral, he reportedly said: | |||
| <blockquote> | |||
| ''katolička crkva ne priznaje podjele na gospodujuće i robujuće rase. Svaki narod, svaka rasa i svaka religija ima jednako pravo dignuti ruke prema nebu i reći oče naš, koji jesi na nebesima...Neka se srame oni, koji su dušu čovječju, hram Božji, pretvorili u spilju razbojničku!''(Croatian) - ''The Catholic Church does not recognize divisions into "master" and "slave" races. Every nation, every race and every religion has an equal right to lift their hands to Heaven and pray: "Our Father who art in heaven..." May those be ashamed who have made the human soul, which is God's temple, into a cave of thieves. | |||
| </blockquote> | |||
| However, Archbishop Stepinac also said this on ] ], in note of Yugoslavia's early attempts to unite Croatians and Serbs: "All in all, Croats and Serbs are of two worlds, northpole and southpole, never will they be able to get together unless by a miracle of God. The schism (]) is the greatest curse in Europe, almost greater than ]. Here there is no moral, no principles, no truth, no justice, no honesty." | |||
| In 1998 , Stepinac was ] by ] ]. On ], ], John Paul II visited ]. During the visit he held a ] at the aforementioned ] monastery. This caused public uproar due to the connection of the Petrićevac monastery with the crimes of former friar Filipović. At the same location the pope also proclaimed the ] of the Catholic layman Ivan Merz (1896-1928) who was the founder of the "Association of Croatian Eagles" in 1923 , which many Serb nationalists and communists view as the precursor to the Ustaše{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. | |||
| Roman Catholic ]s defend the Pope's actions by claiming that the convent at Petricevac was one of the places that went up in flames causing the death of 80-year-old Friar Alojzije Atlija. Further, that the war had produced "a total exodus of the Catholic population from this region"; that the few who remained were "predominantly elderly"; and that the church in Bosnia then risked "total extinction" due to the war. Therefore, supporters state that the focus on the anti-Croatian tragedy presently occurring was more important than focusing on one of 60 years ago. | |||
| ==Footnotes== | |||
| <div class="references-small"><references/></div> | |||
| ==References== | |||
| * ] and ]: "Unholy Trinity: How the Vatican's Nazi Networks Betrayed Western Intelligence to the Soviets". New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992. 372 pages. ISBN 0312071116 | |||
| * Edmond Paris: "Genocide in Satellite Croatia 1941- 1945". (First print: 1961, Second: 1962), The American Institute for Balkan Affairs, 1990. | |||
| * Hermann Neubacher: Sonderauftrag Suedost 1940-1945, Bericht eines fliegendes Diplomaten, 2. durchgesehene Auflage, Goettingen 1956 | |||
| * Ladislaus Hory and Martin Broszat: Der Kroatische Ustascha-Staat, 1941-1945 Stuttgart, 1964 | |||
| * Srdja Trifkovic: "Ustaša: Croatian Separatism and European Politics 1929-1945" Lord Byron Foundation for Balkan Studies, London 1998. | |||
| * Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman editor-in-chief, Vol. 4, Ustase entry. Macmillan 1990 | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ]'s ''Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History'', published February 1993/reprinted March 1994 | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{externallinks}} | |||
| ===Outside views=== | |||
| * , an on-line museum by the ] | |||
| * | |||
| * - "a non-profit human rights organization and research institute committed to establishing the truth about the Holocaust in Yugoslavia." | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * from the Haaretz, 17/01/2006 | |||
| * | |||
| ===Croatian views=== | |||
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| *, mostly covering the Ustasha Army | |||
| * - By C. Michael McAdams, a specialist in Croatian studies and Director of the ]'s Regional Center in the California state capital of Sacramento (also available ) | |||
| * | |||
| ===Serbian views=== | |||
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Revision as of 22:01, 15 September 2007
THE USTASHA MOVEMENT ORIGINATED IN YEAR 1929. AS AN ANSWER TO THE VIOLENCE AND TERROR THAT WAS PERFORMED OVER THE CROATIAN PEOPLE DURING THE FIRST YUGOSLAVIA (CROATIAN NAME WAS FORBIDDEN, CROATIAN SONGS, CROATIAN LANGUAGE, THERE WERE 90% SERBS IN THE NATIONAL INSTITUTION, CROATIAN CHILDREN WERE LEARNING IN SCHOOLS ABOUT “THE GREAT SERBIAN PEOPLE” AND THAT ALL OTHER NATIONS ORIGINATED FROM SERBS, AND THAT EVEN JESUS CHRIST WAS A SERB!!!
CROATIANS COULDN’T LET THAT HAPPEN AND THE USTASHE WERE OPERATING ABROAD BECAUSE THEY COULDN’T OPERATE IN YUGOSLAVIA.THEY HAVE PERFORMED NUMEROUS ACTIONS TO ENCOURAGE THE CROATIAN PEOPLE FOR A REVOLT.THEY DIDN’T MANAGE TO DO THAT BECAUSE YUGOSLAVIA WAS TOO STRONG.SO, THEN THEY HAVE ASSASSINATED THE SERBIAN KING ALEXANDER TOGETHER WITH THE MACEDONIAN ORGANIZATION VMRO IN FRANCE.EVEN THE COMMUNISTS HAVE SUPPORTED THE USTASHE BECAUSE THEY WERE AGAINST THE KINGDOM OF YUGOSLAVIA.LATER, USTASHE AND THE COMMUNISTS HAVE BECOME BITTER ENEMIES. SO, THE USTASHA MOVEMENT HAS ORIGINATED BEFORE FASCISM AND NATIONAL SOCIALISM AND IT DOESN’T HAVE FASCIST ROOTS.A GREAT WAR WAS GOING ON BETWEEN TWO GREAT FORCES, THE FASCISM AND THE COMMUNISM, WITHIN THE YEARS 1941-1945.ANTE PAVELIC, THE CROATIAN LEADER UNDER THOSE CIRCUMSTANCES FINDS HIMSELF IN A SITUATION IN WHICH HE HAS TO CHOOSE SIDES.IN THE CONTEMPORARY NAZI GERMANY AND FASCIST ITALY HE GOT AN OPPORTUNITY TO CREATE A FREE CROATIAN STATE AFTER 800 YEARS AND HE HAS BECOME THEIR ALLY.THE USTASHA POLITICS WEREN’T RACIST EVEN THEN.THE RACE LAWS WERE IMPOSED BY THE NAZI GERMANY, AND THEY WERE USED ONLY BECAUSE CROATS HAD TO DO IT TO GET A FREE STATE.
JASENOVAC WAS NOT A DEATH CAMP, IT WAS A LABOR CAMP AND MOST OF THE CROATIAN JEWS WERE SU TAKEN TO CONCENTRATION CAMPS IN OTHER STATES. PEOPLE WHO WERE KILLED IN JASENOVAC (WHOSE NUMBER WAS EXAGGERATED) WERE KILLED BY GERMANS, NOT BY CROATIANS.USTASHE WERE HONORABLE CROATIAN PATRIOTS,THEY WEREN’T INTERESTED IN HITLER, THEY WERE INTERESTED IN CROATIA.IN THOSE TIMES MOST OF THEM DIDN’T KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT FASCISM AND NAZISM. BLESSED CATHOLIC ARCHBISHOP ALOJZIJE STEPINAC WAS SAVING THE JEWS, AND HITLER ASKED PAVELIC TO KILL STEPINAC, BUT PAVELIC REFUSED! MEMBERS OF THE USTASHA MOVEMENT HAVE DENIED NAZISM IN THEIR ACTIVITIES.AFTER 1945. THEIR MAIN GOAL WAS TO INSTALL A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT ON THE TERRITORY OF NDH.
DELUSION NUMBER 2; PAVELIC HAS SOLD DALMATIA AND ISTRIA:
THIS THEORY IS VERY FLABBY AND IT SERVES TO THE COMMUNISTS WHEN THEY HAVE NOTHING ELSE TO SAY.
ISTRIA HAS BEEN REFERRED TO THE ITALIANS AFTER WW1, LIKE ZADAR, TOO.THEREFORE, PAVELIC DIDN’T SELL OR SURRENDER IT.WHEN ITALY CAPITULATED, THE CROATIANS HAVE INCORPORATED THOSE TERRITORIES BACK INTO THE INDEPENDENT STATE OF CROATIA (NDH).
THIS IS A DOCUMENT THAT PROVES IT.IT IS A DECLARATION OF RETURNING THE HISTORICAL CROATIAN TERRITORIES TO CROATIA.