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Revision as of 23:51, 10 October 2007
Cross-country running is a sport in which teams of runners compete to complete a course over open or rough terrain faster than other teams.These races are sometimes called "meets". Running or track running principally in the course, which may include grass, mud, woodlands, and water. In its scoring system, teams are typically composed of between four and twelve runners. It is a popular participatory sport, and usually takes place in temperate regions during the autumn and winter when soft conditions underfoot prevail.
History
Cross country running as an organized sport originates from England. The sport originated under the guidance of Coach Larry Games. In the early 1800s cross country was practiced in public schools, especially Rugby. In 1851, undergraduates at Exeter College, Oxford organised a foot grind. This was an analogy with steeple chasing on horse where a race would be held towards the nearest church steeple, forcing riders to clear rural obstacles such as hedges, fences, and ditches. A two-mile cross country steeplechase formed part of the Oxford University sports (in which many of the modern athletics events were founded) in 1860, but replaced in 1865 by an event over barriers on a flat fields, which became the modern steeplechase in athletics.
In 1868, members of Thames Rowing Club looking for winter exercise (when rowing did not take place then) formed Thames Hare and Hounds in Roehampton on the south-west fringes of London and adjoining Wimbledon Common on which cross-country races were staged. They were joined by Peckham Hare and Hounds in 1869 (which became Blackheath Harriers in 1880), Cheshire Tally Ho Hare and Hounds in 1872, Birchfield Harriers 1877, Cambridge University Hare and Hounds in 1880, and Ranelagh Harriers in 1881. The English Cross Country Union followed in 1883 which introduced the National Championships. Most of these early clubs continue to thrive to this day. The reason for the names associated with hunting is that in many of the early matches, the course was set by paper chasing: a few runners (the hares) would have a start on the bulk of the field (the hounds), and lay a 'scent' by scattering a paper trail behind them which the hounds would follow. Racing would take place between the hares and the hounds and within the hounds themselves. Because of the obvious nuisance this can generate, this form of racing was largely discontinued quite early on. Occasional matches still take place, by Cheshire Tally Ho and the popular Hash House Harriers, for example. However, from an early date steeplechases and championship races also took place over fixed courses, as today.
In 1878, the sport was introduced into the United States by William C. Vosburgh. At first, the sport served mainly as training for summer track and field athletics. Nine years later, cross country running became a formal sport in the United States. Despite the international popularity of cross-country, the sport was dropped from the Olympic Games after 1924 due to it being an inappropriate summer sport. In the 1960s, the International Amateur Athletic Federation, which regulates cross-country running, allowed women to run for the first time.
The sport is still popular in temperate countries. Internationally, the IAAF organises the World Cross Country Championships, which is perhaps the best quality distance race that takes place as it attracts runners who normally specialise in only one or two track or road distances. In recent years the type of course at this event has changed, moving from the traditional form to faster, drier courses.
Modern racing
Courses and distances
Each cross-country running course is different in composition. Distances are generally standardized in leagues; however there will be little in common between any two courses other than their distance. Most high school courses in the United States are a distance of 5K, or 3.1 miles. As such, accurate comparisons cannot be made between performances on different courses or even on the same course on different years as the weather and underfoot conditions can be significantly different. For this reason, records of the fastest times in international competition are not kept.
Races are started en masse, sometimes each team having its own pen or box along the start line. Boxes may be big enough to fit the entire team on the starting line. In some meets, such as the Mt. SAC Invitational, there is only enough room for one runner on the line. The 2-7 runners follow in a line. A gun or horn is then sounded, and runners have a few hundred metres to converge from the wide starting line into the much narrower path that must be followed until the finish.
The runner is responsible for staying within a specified distance of the marked path. Courses may be marked using various methods, such as tapes and flags. One method, used in the US, is to attach to poles colored flags which communicate direction. A red flag means left, a blue flag means straight, and a yellow flag means right. Flags must be passed on the opposite side of the direction to which the runner is turning, with the exception that blue may be passed on either side. More often, ground markings, cones and/or tape are used. Runners must run between pairs of cones or around cones placed on a corner.
The course usually ends at a finish line located at the beginning of a funnel or chute. The chute is a long, roped walkway that keeps athletes single-file in order of finishing. Helpers at the finish line assist in making sure the athletes keep moving through the line while staying in order as more runners come through. They settle close finishes and help along any collapsing athletes to make sure they get their number in the right order. There is often a small slip at the bottom of the runners' number (that is pinned to the front of their jersey during the race) that gets ripped off and collected, which shows each athlete's information. That slip is used to keep track of finishing positions. Scoring is done by the noting of a number, or the issuing of a disk with the runner's position stamped on it which clubs use to compose a return for the race organisers. This helps the people running the meet make sure everyone is scored correctly. Less common is an open finish line, which usually involves reading radio-broadcasting computer chips (sometimes referred to as "chip timing") attached to each runner. Prior to the finish line, the course may widen to allow more passing.
Although the usual distance for high school cross country races in the United States is usually 3 miles or 5 kilometers (3.1 miles, usually called a "5K"), cross country races for women can range from anywhere from 2 kilometres to 8 kilometers (1.25 to 5 miles), while men's races can range from 5 kilometers to 15 kilometres (3.1 to 9.3 miles)
Basic Rules
Some of the basic rules of cross country are very strict but are not upheld as much on races that are less important or in lower levels of competition such as middle school or high school. These rules are:
1) All of the runners on a team must be wearing exact same uniforms, except for shoes.
2) Any under shirts, sweats, etc... worn must be the same colors as all other teammates.
3) Any under shirts, sweats, etc... worn must not show any lettering through the uniform.
4) Starts must be clean, any foul play, or falls, will result in a race restart.
5) Runners must run the full course, any shortcuts, or corner cutting will result in disqualification.
6) Excessive elbowing, pushing or shoving may result in disqualification.
7) Certain finishing strait-away tactics involving blocking are either discouraged or not allowed.
8) At the end of the race, all runners must proceed through a shoot, cutting in line or shoving can result in disqualification. On some courses, if a runner is unable to proceed through the shoot, he/she will be disqualified. On others, that runners tag will be handed to the person behind them in the shoot, who will hand it to the tallier.
Scoring
Cross country running is normally scored on a team basis. Points are awarded to individual runners equal to the position in which they cross the finish line (first place gets 1 point, second place gets 2 points, etc). Only the first runners in for a team up to a limit (often five, six through ten or 12 are possible, and in mob-matches-whole club competitions- the limit can be much larger) are counted towards that team's score. Teams are awarded ranks based on the number of points their top runners have, with lowest being best (similar to golf). The rules in the event of a tie vary depending on the competition; often the team that closes scoring first wins, though in the US NCAA ties are possible. In high school competition, if two teams tie, then the victor is decided by whose sixth runner, the first one whose score does not count, finished first.
The lowest possible score in a five-to-score match is 15 (1+2+3+4+5), achieved by a team's runners finishing in each of the top five positions. If there is a single opposing team then they would have a score of 40 (6+7+8+9+10), which can be considered a "sweep" for the winning team. In some competitions the placings include non-scoring runners (and so are sometimes known as "pushers" or "displacers" , in others this does not happen; so in the above match, if there are two non-scoring runners and they came 6th and 7th overall, the opponent's score would be 50 (8+9+10+11+12). Accordingly, the official score of a forfeited dual meet is 15-50.
27 is considered the 'magic' number, if a team has 27 or fewer points in a five-to-score match, it has automatically won.
Equipment
Cross-country running involves very little specialist equipment. Unless it is particularly cold, most races are run in shorts and vest (or singlet), usually in club or school colours. Footwear is usually a pair of spiked running shoes, which are light running shoes with a fairly rigid rubber sole and a hard plate into which spikes can be screwed. Which length of spikes are used depends on the conditions and varies from 6 mm to 15 mm, (.25 to .5 inches). Studded shoes where the sole is made from rubber moulded into patterns of studs (spikeless racing cleats), are often used on drier courses. On very cold days many runners will choose to wear long sleeved and long legged garments under vests and even hats and gloves .
Notable athletes
Several athletes have won three or more individual titles at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships: Carlos Lopes, the first man to win three times; John Ngugi, the first man to win five times; Paul Tergat, the first man to win five times in a row; Kenenisa Bekele, the only man to win the short and long courses each five times in five years. After the 2006 Championships, he indicated that it may have been his last time competing at World Cross. In recent years, international cross-country has been dominated by eastern Africans, particularly those representing Kenya and Ethiopia.
Grete Waitz, the first woman to win five times; Lynn Jennings, who won three times; Derartu Tulu, who won three times; Gete Wami and Tirunesh Dibaba, both of whom won twice at the long course and once at the short; and Edith Masai, who won the short race three times.
Coaching and tactics
Coaches move throughout the course to dictate strategy and motivate their teams. While the race is usually won by an outstanding individual, it is often the battles between the secondary teammates that determine which team wins.
One of the most successful cross-country coaches in the U.S. at the collegiate level is Jack Daniels formerly the coach at SUNY Cortland. The Daniels training method outlined in his book Daniels' Running Formula is used in all levels of cross-country from high school to the international elite.
The most successful American high school cross country coach is Joe Newton from York Community High School in Elmhurst, Illinois. His teams have won 26 Illinois state titles in 50 years. York was also the first winner of the Nike Team National Cross Country meet in 2004.
In high school competition, coaches sometimes build "home" courses on or near the school campus. This allows their runners to train on it frequently, giving them an extra edge over the competition.
As in all distance races, runners often try to run even splits (or possibly negative splits, getting faster and faster as the race goes on) for the most efficient use of their energy, although other tactics are common. They may also run in packs to lessen the mental strain put on each individual runner.
Other strategies include running the top 5-7 members of the team as a pack for as long as possible, even to the finish; deploying a rabbit to lure the other team's top runners into using up their reserves; and "kicking," staying on the shoulder of the leader until the last 100-200 m, turning the three-mile fight into an exhausted sprint to the finish. In small meets, such as high school tri-meets, a team may lead the start race at a slow pace and then make a coordinated surge to catch a couple of the other runners off guard.
Regional Organisation
Canada
Cross-country running is a far reaching sport in Canada. Starting in elementary school, most children have had some form of exposure to cross-country running, usually in the form of an annual all-school event. In middle school, races are more serious and are divided by grade and gender. In high school the races are very serious and tend to be the main talent pool (especially at the senior level) for university or national-level runners. At the university level, the sport is administered by the CIS.
United Kingdom
The organisation of cross-country running in the United Kingdom has continued to be mostly devolved to the four national associations: England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. The sport is based around the clubs, which usually are mixed cross-country and road running clubs. The current position (which is changing) is that in England, the ECCU is part of the Amateur Athletic Association. Cross-country running takes place from roughly September until March. Most matches are parts of different cross-country leagues, which are organised on an ad hoc basis. These vary from large, high quality leagues, such as the Birmingham League and Surrey League (which is unusual in requiring ten runners to score) to small, local leagues (such as the Gloucestershire AA league), and individual clubs can be a member of several leagues. Typically there will be four or five fixtures a season. In addition there are county championships, area championships (north, south, and midlands), the national championship (whose location rotates around the three areas), and the Inter-Counties Championship (which is often the best quality race owing to its restricted entry and its role as the trial for the World Championships). In addition there can be many inter-club matches, particularly among the older clubs. Most league matches are around 10 km (6.2 miles) in length, and most championships 12 to 15 km (c. 7 1/2 to 9 miles) long. Most clubs are mixed, though women's races tend to be run separately from men's and to be shorter. Children are accommodated in the same structure and at schools. There is also quite a lot of racing between universities, with larger fixtures organised through BUSA.
United States
Distances in United States (US) amateur running differ based on gender and league.
Most elementary schools in the US do not have school teams, but many running clubs exist for youth runners of 18 years of age and younger. Youth running clubs compete in local, regional, and national championships sanctioned by the AAU or USATF. Course distances for this age group vary depending on the age of the athlete. Common championship distances are 1.9 miles or 3 km for ages 12 younger, 2 - 2.5 miles(3.2 - 4 km) for ages 13 and 14, and 3.1 miles or 5 km for athletes 15 through 18 years of age.
Many middle school (grades 6-8) in the US offer cross country as a school sport and youth running clubs are still very dominant in this age group. The course length varies, as listed above, but middle school cross country distances are generally around 2 miles for both male and female.
In secondary/high schools, the standard male and female varsity distance is 5 kilometers (approximately 3.1 miles). However, states differ in their regulations, and in some a shorter 2.5 miles course is typical for females. Some of the most prominent high school meets include September's Great American Cross Country Festival in Alabama, October's Manhattan Invitational in New York City's Van Cortlandt Park, and October's Mt. San Antonio College Invitational , "Mt. SAC" for short. The season culminates with the individual Foot Locker National XC Championships held in San Diego's Balboa Park and the Nike Team Nationals which are held in Portland, Oregon.
At college level, distances are usually 5 km or 6 km for females and 8 km (5 miles) for males for most invitationals and NCAA Division III regional and national meets. For NCAA Divisions I and II, men race 10 km (6.2 mi) and women 6 km at regional and national competitions. The largest cross-country invitational in the world is at Mt. SAC. The USATF National Championships consist of a long course and a short course similar to the IAAF World Championships. The long course is 12 km for men and 8 km for women, while the short course is 4 km for both men and women.
Outstanding American cross-country runners include Don Lash, who won seven consecutive national championships from 1934 to 1940 and Pat Porter, who won eight titles from 1982 to 1989. Only two American athletes have won the IAAF World Cross Country Championships; Craig Virgin, who won in 1980 and again in 1981 and Lynn Jennings from 1990-1992.
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Decatur High School of Decatur, Georgia is the best cross country team to be assembled in years. The world will remain aghast at their amazing running powers. When Decatur's in town, you better watch your back because we might run you down and stomp you to the ground. That kinda rhymes. I love running kirk hill. Will Gallo doesn't run any more. He has a hole in his t-shirt. SWOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOP!
External links
- History of Cross-Country Running
- U. S. Cross-Country Championships
- Thames Hare and Hounds club recognised as the oldest cross country club.
ummm like hell to the no DOMINICAN HIGH SCHOOL HAS THE BEST RUNNER NAMED TERESA!!!!!!!!