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{{otheruses1|the theological or philosophical afterlife}}

{{Cleanup|date=January 2007}}
{{Hell}}
] manuscript of ] (about 1180)]]

'''Hell''', according to many ], is an ] of suffering where the wicked or unrighteous souls are punished.

Hell is almost always depicted as underground. Within ], hell is traditionally depicted as fiery.<ref> Numerous verses in the Qu'ran.</ref> Some other traditions, however, portray Hell as cold and gloomy.

Some theologies of Hell offer graphic and gruesome detail (for example, Hindu ]). Religions with a linear divine history often depict Hell as endless (for example, see ]). Religions with a ] often depict Hell as an intermediary period between ] (for example, see Chinese ]). Punishment in Hell typically corresponds to sins committed in life. Sometimes these distinctions are specific, with damned souls suffering for each wrong committed (see for example Plato's ] or Dante's ]), and sometimes they are general, with sinners being relegated to one or more chamber of Hell or level of suffering (for example, ] asserting that unbaptized infants, whom he believed to be deprived of Heaven, suffer less in Hell than unbaptized adults). In ] and ], however, ] and ] play a larger role than actions in determining a soul's afterlife destiny.

Hell is often portrayed populated with ]s, who torment the damned. Many are ruled by a death god, such as ], the Hindu ], or the Christian ].

In contrast to Hell, other general types of afterlives are abodes of the dead and paradises. Abodes of the dead are neutral places for all the dead (for example, see ]), rather than prisons of punishment for sinners. A paradise is a happy afterlife for some or all the dead (for example, see ]).

Modern understandings of Hell often depict it abstractly, as a state of loss rather than as fiery torture literally under the ground.

==Etymology==
The term ''Hell'' is derived from Old English ''Hel'' and ultimately from ] ''*χaljo''. The English term is related to Old Norse ''Hel''. In relation, surviving representations of ] in the form of ] feature ], the daughter of ] and Angr. Hel rules over ].

==Religious literature and views==
]’s '']''. Illustration by ].]]
Hell appears in several ] and ]s. It is commonly inhabited by ]s and the ]s of dead people.
Hell is often depicted in art and literature, perhaps most famously in ]'s ].

===Bahá'í faith===
The ] regards the conventional description of Hell (and heaven) as a specific place as symbolic.<ref name="lafd">{{cite book | title = Life After Death: A study of the afterlife in world religions | last = Masumian | first = Farnaz | publisher = Oneworld Publications | location = Oxford | year = 1995 | id = ISBN 1-85168-074-8}}</ref> Instead the ] describe Hell as a "spiritual condition" where remoteness from God is defined as Hell; conversely ] is seen as a state of closeness to God.<ref name="lafd" /> ], the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, has stated that the nature of the life of the soul in the afterlife is beyond comprehension in the physical plane,<ref name="lafd" /> but has stated that the soul will retain its consciousness and individuality and remember its physical life; the soul will be able to recognize other souls and communicate with them.<ref name="lafd" />

Bahá'u'lláh likened death to the process of birth. He explains: "The world beyond is as different from this world as this world is different from that of the child while still in the ] of its mother."<ref name="gwb">{{cite book |author=Bahá'u'lláh |authorlink=Bahá'u'lláh |year=1976 |title=Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh |publisher=Bahá'í Publishing Trust |location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA |id=ISBN 0-87743-187-6 | pages = pp. 157 |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/GWB/gwb-81.html#pg157}}</ref> The analogy to the womb in many ways summarizes the Bahá'í view of earthly existence: just as the womb constitutes an important place for a person's initial physical development, the physical world provides for the development of the individual soul. Accordingly, Bahá'ís view life as a preparatory stage, where one can develop and perfect those qualities which will be needed in the next life.<ref name="lafd" /> The key to spiritual progress is to follow the path outlined by the current ], which Bahá'ís believe is currently Bahá'u'lláh. Bahá'u'lláh wrote, "Know thou, of a truth, that if the soul of man hath walked in the ways of God, it will, assuredly return and be gathered to the glory of the Beloved,"<ref name="gwb2">{{cite book |author=Bahá'u'lláh |authorlink=Bahá'u'lláh |year=1976 |title=Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh |publisher=Bahá'í Publishing Trust |location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA |id=ISBN 0-87743-187-6 | pages = pp. 162 |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/GWB/gwb-82.html#gr7}}</ref>

The Bahá'í teachings state that there exists a hierarchy of souls in the afterlife, where the merits of each soul determines their place in the hierarchy, and that souls lower in the hierarchy cannot completely understand the station of those above.<ref name="lafd" /> Each soul can continue to progress in the afterlife, but the soul's development is not dependent on its own conscious efforts, but instead on the grace of God, the prayers of others, and good deeds performed by others on Earth in the name of the person.<ref name="lafd" />

===Buddhism===
{{main|Naraka (Buddhism)}}
], one of the buddhist hells.]]

Most Buddhist schools of thought, ], ], and ] would acknowledge several Hells , which are places of great suffering for those who commit evil actions, such as cold Hells and hot Hells. Like all the different realms within cyclic existence, an existence in Hell is temporary for its inhabitants. Those with sufficiently negative ] are ] there, where they stay until their specific negative karma has been used up, at which point they are reborn in another realm, such as that of ], of ], of ], of ], of ], or of ] (Hell) all according to the individual's karma.

===Chinese religions===
{{main|Di Yu}}

In Chinese mythology, the name of ''Hell'' does not carry a negative connotation. The Hell they refer to is '']'' (trad. 地獄, simp. 地狱; lit. "underground hold/court"). Diyu is a maze of underground levels and chambers where souls are taken to atone for their earthly sins.

The popular story is that the word ''Hell'' was introduced to China by ] ], who preached that all non-Christian Chinese people would "go to Hell" when they died. As such, it was believed that the word "Hell" was the proper English term for the Chinese afterlife, and hence the word was adopted.
The belief in hell can be traced to ].

The Chinese view Hell as similar to a present day passport or immigration control station. In a Chinese funeral, they burn many Hell Bank Notes for the dead. With this Hell money, the dead person can bribe the ruler of Hell, and spend the rest of the money either in Hell or in Heaven. There is a belief that once the dead person runs out of Hell money, and if he does not receive more, he will be eternally poor.

===Christianity===
{{main|Hell in Christian beliefs}}

Luke 12:5 records Jesus speaking about God's Judgment: "But I will forewarn you whom ye shall fear: Fear Him, which after He hath killed hath Power to cast into Hell, I say unto you, Fear Him." The Greek word used in this instance is ''Gehenna,'' however, the exact meanings of which are ambiguous and debatable (see ]). Mainstream Christianity generally holds the view that Jesus, by referencing a factual fiery place, was creating an analogy for the torments that awaits future sinners at judgment.

In Paul's letter to the Thessalonian church he seemingly describes a separation taking place: "The Lord Jesus shall be revealed from Heaven with His mighty angels, In flaming fire taking Vengeance on them that know not God, and that obey not the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ: Who shall be punished with everlasting destruction from the Presence of the Lord, and from the Glory of his Power" (2 Thessalonians 1:7-9). Mainstream Christianity upholds that this verse defines Hell, in essence, as separation from God. However, most ] Christians contest that the punishment is produced by God ("from the presence of the Lord") and is actually an act of chastisement and purification.

Specifically, most modern Christians see Hell as the eternal ] for unrepentant sinners, as well as for the ] and his ]. Demons are said to be the unrelenting. servants of Satan. Unbelievers are said to deserve Hell on account of ] according to many conservative denominations. Sometimes exceptions are understood for those who have had extenuating circumstances (youth, mental illness, ], etc.). As opposed to the concept of ], damnation to Hell is considered final and irreversible. However, the foundation of the ] faith is that it is the death of Jesus Christ, and acceptance of his love for humanity, that allows repentant sinners to avoid the torments of Hell and enjoy eternity with God.

In Christianity, the popularly used word ''Hell,'' however, is a translation of three Greek words: ''hades,'' ''Gehenna,'' and ''].'' Hades, literally meaning ''unseen,'' usually refers to the state of death, which is defined by some as a conscious waiting place for resurrection, and by others as a state of unconsciousness synonymous with death itself. Gehenna, on the other hand, more ambiguous than hades, seems to refer to judgment and fits more closely with the modern conceptions of Hell. Tartarus is used in reference to the judgment of sinning angels and seems to be an allusion to Greek mythology (see ]).

While the majority of Christianity views Hell as a place of eternal torment, some Christians, such as Universalist Christians (see ]) contend that after resurrection, unrepentant sinners are judged and purified in the lake of fire and then later accepted into Heaven, while others believe that after resurrection, the unrepentant sinners are permanently destroyed in the lake of fire (see ]).

Various interpretations of the torments of Hell exist, ranging from fiery pits of wailing sinners to lonely isolation from God's presence. The books of Matthew, Mark, and Jude tell of a place of fire, while the books of Luke and Revelation report it as an abyss. Also, Revelation 20:10 (NIV) illustrates Hell as a "lake with burning sulfur". Our modern, more graphic, images of Hell have developed from writings that are not found in the Bible. Dante's '']'' is a classic inspiration for modern images of Hell. Other early Christian writings also illustrate the anguish of Hell. These texts include the '']'' and the '']''. Both these pieces of literature tell of the author being taken on a personal tour of ] and Hell. These writings tell of what the authors witnessed during their journeys. Most Christians believe that damnation occurs immediately upon death (]), and others that it occurs after ], which is written about in the book of ]. Attitudes by many Christians toward Hell and damnation have changed over the centuries (for example, see ]), and most ] groups reject the popular concept of Hell altogether (see ], ], ], ], and ]).

] ] ] (1906-1959) described Hell in his ] '']'' (''Rose of the World''). His vision significantly departed from the Christian tradition, depicting an entire ] of multiple '']s'' different in appearances, purposes and relationships to ] ]s and to ']' worlds co-existing with the visible ].

===Deism===
Some Deists believe that there is reward and punishment after death.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}

===Greek mythology===
{{main|Tartarus}}

===Hinduism===
{{main|Naraka}}
In Hinduism, there are contradictions as to whether or not there is a Hell (referred to as 'Narak' in Hindi). For some it is a metaphor for a conscience. But in ] there is a mention of the ] and the ] going to Hell. Hells are also described in various ]s and other scriptures. Garuda Purana gives a detailed account on Hell, its features and enlists amount of punishment for most of the crimes like modern day penal code.

It is believed that people who commit 'paap' (sin) go to Hell and have to go through the punishments in accordance to the sins they committed.
The god ], who is also the god of death, is the king of Hell. The detailed accounts of all the sins committed by an individual are supposed to be kept by ] who is the record keeper in Yama's court. Chitragupta reads out the sins committed and Yama orders the appropriate punishments to be given to the individuals. These punishments include dipping in boiling oil, burning in fire, torture using various weapons etc. in various Hells. Individuals who finish their quota of the punishments are reborn according to their ]. All of the created are imperfect and thus have at least one sin to their record, but if one has led a generally pious life, one ascends to ], or ] after a brief period of expiation in Hell.


===Islam===
{{main|Jahannam}}
] believe in '']'' (in ]: جهنم) (which is related to the Hebrew word gehennim and resembles the versions of Hell in ]). In the ], the holy book of ], there are literal descriptions of the condemned in a fiery Hell, as contrasted to the garden-like ] ('']'') enjoyed by righteous believers.

In addition, Heaven and Hell are split into many different levels depending on the actions perpetrated in life, where punishment is given depending on the level of evil done in life, and good is separated into other levels depending on how well one followed God while alive.

There is an equal number of mentions of both Hell and paradise in the Qur'an, which is considered by believers to be among the numeric miracles in the Qur'an.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

The Islamic concept of Hell is similar to the medieval Christian view of ].{{Fact|date=June 2007}} However, Satan is not viewed as Hell's ruler, merely one of its sufferers. The gate of Hell is guarded by ] also known as ''Zabaaniyah''. The ] states that the fuel of Hellfire is rocks/stones (]) and human beings.

Names of Hell according to Islamic Tradition based on the Quranic ayah and Hadith:
*Jahim
*Hutamah
*Jahannam
*Ladza
*Hawiah
*Saqor
*Sae'er
*Sijjin
*Zamhareer

Although generally Hell is often portrayed as a hot steaming and tormenting place for sinners there is one Hell pit which is characterized differently from the other Hell in Islamic tradition. ''Zamhareer'' is seen as the coldest and the most freezing Hell of all, yet its coldness is not seen as a pleasure or a relief to the sinners who committed crimes against God. The state of the Hell of Zamhareer is a suffering of extreme coldness of ]s ice and snow which no one on this earth can bear.

The lowest pit of all existing Hells is the Hawiyah which is meant for the Hypocrites and two-faced people who claimed to believe in Allah and His messenger by the tongue but denounced both in their hearts. Hypocrisy is considered to be the most dangerous sin of all despite the fact that ] (setting partners with God) is the greatest sin viewed by Allah. According to the Qur'an, all non-believers (non-muslims) who have received,and rejected Islamic teachings for reasons unknown, will go to Hell.

The Qur'an also says that some of those who are damned to Hell are not damned forever, but instead for an indefinite period of time. In any case, there is good reason to believe that punishment in Hell is not meant to actually last eternally, but instead serves as a basis for spiritual rectification.<ref> 1, William C. Chittick, Imaginal Worlds: Ibn al-‘Arabī and the Problem of Religious Diversity. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1994. 2. See Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah. Hādī al-Arwāh, ed. M. ibn Ibrāhīm al-zaghlī. Al-Dammām, Saudi Arabia: Ramādī lil-Nashr, 1997.</ref>

Even though in Islam, the devil, or ''shaitan,'' is created from fire, he suffers in Hell because Hellfire is 70 times hotter than the fire of this world. It was also said that Shaytan is derived from shata, (literally `burned'), because it was created from a smokeless fire.<ref name="islamnewsrm">{{cite web |url=http://www.islamnewsroom.com/content/view/126/42/ |title=Islam News Room|accessdate=2007-05-03 }}</ref>

Also, see Zikri and Ahmadiyya faiths.

===Japanese religions===
{{main|Di Yu}}

Note: The following viewpoint does not specify which Chinese-based religion it is referring to.

The structure of Hell is remarkably complex in many ] and ] religions. The ruler of Hell has to deal with politics, just as human rulers do. Hell is the subject of many folk stories and ]. In many such stories, people in Hell are able to die again.

===Judaism===
Daniel 12:2 proclaims "And many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, Some to everlasting life, Some to shame and everlasting contempt."
] does not have a specific doctrine about the afterlife, but it does have a tradition of describing ]. Gehenna is not Hell, but rather a sort of ] where one is judged based on his or her life's deeds. The ] describes it as a "waiting room" (commonly translated as an "entry way") for all souls (not just the wicked). The overwhelming majority of rabbinic thought maintains that people are not in ] forever; the longest that one can be there is said to be 11 months, however there has been the occasional noted exception. Some consider it a spiritual forge where the soul is purified for its eventual ascent to ] (''heb.'' עולם הבא; ''lit.'' "The world to come", often viewed as analogous to ]). This is also mentioned in the ], where the soul is described as breaking, like the flame of a candle lighting another: the part of the soul that ascends being pure and the "unfinished" piece being reborn.

When one has so deviated from the will of ], one is said to be in ]. This is not meant to refer to some point in the future, but to the very present moment. The gates of ] (return) are said to be always open, and so one can align his will with that of God at any moment. Being out of alignment with God's will is itself a punishment according to the ].

Also, Subbotniks and Messianic Judaism believe in Gehenna, but Samaritans probably believe in a separation of the wicked in a shadowy existence, Sheol, and the righteous in heaven.

===Maya faith===
In ] ,'']'' is the dangerous ] of nine levels ruled by the demons '']'' and '']''. The road into and out of it is said to be steep, thorny and very forbidding. '']'' is the lowest and most horrible of the nine Hells of the ],it is ruled by '']''. Ritual healers would intone healing prayers banishing diseases to ''Metnal''. Much of the ] describes the adventures of the ] in their cunning struggle with the evil lords of ''Xibalbá''.

===Norse mythology===
{{main|Hel (realm)}}

===Taoism===
Ancient ] had no concept of Hell, as morality was seen to be a man-made distinction and there was no concept of an immaterial soul. In its home country ], where Taoism adopted tenets of other religions, popular belief endows Taoist Hell with many deities and spirits who punish sin in a variety of horrible ways. This is also considered Karma for Taoism.

===Unification Church===
The ] teaches that Hell is the condition of being separated from God's love. Hell can be said to exist in this world as well as in the afterlife. Those in the state of Hell can repent by paying a condition of indemnity and change their condition, both before and after death (Although, the process is done differently). The ], the main textbook of church teachings, says:

:It is not God who decides whether a person's spirit enters heaven or Hell upon his death; it is decided by the spirit himself. Humans are created so that once they reach perfection they will fully breathe the love of God. Those who committed sinful deeds while on earth become crippled spirits who are incapable of fully breathing in the love of God. They find it agonizing to stand before God, the center of true love. Of their own will, they choose to dwell in Hell, far removed from the love of God.

===Zoroastrianism===
The Gathas mention a "House of the Lie" where those who had more bad thoughts, words, and deeds go. Over the history of this faith they have believed in annihilation of the wicked, purgation of the wicked in molten metal and in eternal punishment. It is difficult to find which one is correct because they all have standing in Zoroastor's writings.

===Other Hells===

The hells of Europe include Briton Mythology's “Anaon”, ]'s “]”, the hell of Lapps Mythology
and Ugarian Mythology's “Manala” leads to annihilation. The hells in the Middle East include ]'s “Aralu”; the hells of Canaanite Mythology, Hittite Mythology and ]; the weighing of the heart in ] can lead to annihilation. The hells of Asia include Bagobo Mythology's “Gimokodan” and Ancient ]'s “Kalichi". African hells include Haida Mythology's “Hetgwauge” and the hell of Swahili Mythology. The hells of the Americas include ]'s “Mictlan”, ]'s “Adlivun” and Yanomamo Mythology's “Shobari Waka”. The Oceanic hells include Samoan Mythology's “O le nu'u-o-nonoa” and the hells of Bangka Mythology and Caroline Islands Mythology.

==Hell in literature==
In his '']'' ('Divine comedy'; set in the year ]), ] employed the conceit of taking Virgil as his guide through ] (and then, in the second cantiche, up the mountain of ]). Virgil himself is not condemned to Hell in Dante's poem but is rather, as a virtuous pagan, confined to ] just at the edge of Hell. The geography of Hell is very elaborately laid out in this work, with nine concentric rings leading deeper into the Earth and deeper into the various punishments of Hell, until, at the center of the world, Dante finds Satan himself trapped in the frozen lake of ]. A small tunnel leads past Satan and out to the other side of the world, at the base of the Mount of Purgatory.

]'s '']'' (]) opens with the ], including their leader ], waking up in Hell after having been defeated in the war in heaven and the action returns there at several points throughout the poem. Milton portrayes Hell as the abode of the demons, and the passive prison from which they plot their revenge upon Heaven through the corruption of the human race.

19th century French poet ] alluded to the concept as well in the title and themes of one of his major works, "]". Rimbaud's poetry portrays his own suffering in a poetic form as well as other themes.

]]]
Many of the great epics of European literature include episodes that occur in Hell. In the Roman poet ]'s Latin epic, the '']'', Aeneas descends into Dis (the underworld) to visit his father's spirit. The underworld is only vaguely described, with one unexplored path leading to the punishments of Tartarus, while the other leads through Erebus and the Elysian Fields.

In the 1903 play "]", ] pictures Hell as a place of idle worship of youth and beauty.

The idea of Hell was highly influential to writers such as ] who authored the 1944 play "]" about the idea that "Hell is other people". Although not a religious man, Sartre was fascinated by his interpretation of a Hellish state of suffering.

]'s '']'' (]) borrows its title from ]'s '']'' (]) and its inspiration from the ] as the narrator is likewise guided through Hell and Heaven. Hell is portrayed here as an endless, desolate twilight city upon which night is imperceptibly sinking. The night is actually the ], and it heralds the arrival of the demons after their judgment. Before the night comes, anyone can escape Hell if they leave behind their former selves and accept Heaven's offer, and a journey to Heaven reveals that Hell is infinitely small; it is nothing more or less than what happens to a soul that turns away from God and into itself.

The 1976 novel '']'' by ] and ] is set in
Dante's Hell with 20th century protagonists.

In 1981, ] by ] the central character, ] is taken on a visit to Hell by ] who charges von Bek with recovering the ] (the world's pain of the title) in order to attempt a reconciliation between ] and Lucifer.

==Hell in popular culture==
{{main|Hell in popular culture}}
==Non-religious views==
The word "Hell" used away from its religious context was long considered to be ], particularly in North America. Although its use was commonplace in everyday speech and on television by the 1970s, many people in the US still consider it somewhat rude or inappropriate language, particularly involving children.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/04036/269490.stm|title=Girl suspended for saying h-e-double-hockey-sticks|publisher=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=]}}</ref>
Many, particularly among religious circles and in certain sensitive <!-- ???--> environments, still avoid casual usage of the word. In ] and some parts of North America, the word has fallen into common use and is not considered profane; often considered to be a safer and less offensive alternative to swearing, as in the phrase, "Go to Hell."

===Euphemistic ways of saying Hell===
"Hell" is sometimes used as a ], "''heck''" or ] ("What in the Sam Hill is going on here?"). Another common euphemism for Hell is "The Other Place".<ref>In the ], this is also used by members of the ] to refer to the ], and vice-versa. In addition, it was used by ] as a silent threat addressed to Claudius and as a hint to Polonius's location.</ref>
Example: "Gosh darn you to heck and tarnation" in place of "May god damn you to Hell and eternal damnation."

===Cold day in Hell===
Another example of common use of “Hell” in daily language, a “cold day in Hell” is a ] and an ] for a most unlikely event, since most imagery of Hell depicts it as hot and fiery. Therefore, an event that will transpire “on a cold day in Hell” will never occur. Similar or related phrases include: “a snowball's chance in Hell”, "a cat in hell's chance", “when the devil goes ice-skating” and “when Hell freezes over", which was used as the title for the rock band ] first album in 14 years, referring to statements by the band that The Eagles would reunite when ].

Another idiom relating to Hell, that would be used with a request is "And People In Hell Want Ice Water".

In Dante's Inferno, the innermost circle of Hell is represented as a frozen lake of blood and guilt.

==Words translated as "Hell"==
'''Sheol'''<br>
In the ], the Old Testament term '']'' is translated as Hell 31 times.<ref>Deut. 32:22, Deut. 32:36a & 39, II Sam. 22:6, Job 11:8, Job 26:6, Psalm 9:17, Psalm 16:10, Psalm 18:5, Psalm 55:15, Psalm 86:13, Ps. 116:3, Psalm 139:8, Prov. 5:5, Prov. 7:27, Prov. 9:18, Prov. 15:11, Prov. 15:24, Prov. 23:14, Prov. 27:20, Isa. 5:14, Isa. 14:9, Isa. 14:15, Isa. 28:15, Isa. 28:18, Isa. 57:9, Ezek. 31:16, Ezek. 31:17, Ezek. 32:21, Ezk. 32:27, Amos 9:2, Jonah 2:2, Hab. 2:5</ref>
However, sheol was translated as "grave" 31 times.<ref>Gen. 37:35, Gen. 42:38, Gen. 44:29, Gen. 44:31, I Sam. 2:6, I Kings 2:6, I Kings 2:9, Job 7:9, Job 14:13, Job 17:13, Job 21:13, Job 24:19, Psalm 6:5, Psalm 30:3, Psalm 31:17, Psalm 49:14, Psalm 49:14, Psalm 49:15, Psalm 88:3, Psalm 89:48, Prov. 1:12, Prov. 30:16, Ecc. 9:10, Song 8:6, Isa. 14:11, Isa. 38:10, Isa. 38:18, Ezek. 31:15, Hosea 13:14, Hosea 13:14, Psalm 141:7</ref>
Sheol is also translated as pit three times.<ref>Num. 16:30, Num. 16:33, Job 17:16</ref>

'''Gehenna'''<br>
In the New Testament of the KJV, Gehenna is always translated as Hell.<ref>Mat. 5:29, Mat. 5:30, Matt. 10:28, Matt. 23:15, Matt. 23:33, Mark 9:43, Mark 9:45, Mark 9:47, Luke 12:5, Matt. 5:22, Matt. 18:9, Jas. 3:6</ref>

'''Hades'''<br>
The KJV translates ] as "Hell" 10 times,<ref>Matt. 11:23, Matt. 16:18, Luke 10:15/Mat. 11:23, Luke 16:23, Acts 2:27, Acts 2:31, Rev. 1:18, Rev. 6:8, Rev. 20:13, Rev. 20:14</ref> and as "grave" once.<ref>I Cor. 15:55</ref> ''Hades'' is traditionally the Greek word for ''Sheol''.

'''Tartarus'''<br>
The KJV translates ], which appears only in II Pet. 2:4, as "Hell".

'''Abaddon'''<br>
The Hebrew word '']'', meaning "destruction", is sometimes used as a synonym of Hell.<ref>Roget's Thesaurus, VI.V.2, "Hell"</ref>

'''Infernus'''<br>
The Latin word ''infernus'' means "being underneath" and is often translated as "Hell".

==See also==
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==References==
{{Reflist}}
13. Bill Wiese, ''23 Minutes in Hell'' (Lake Mary: Charisma House, 2006), 107

==Further reading==
*''The Justice of God in the Damnation of Sinners'' ], Diggory Press, ISBN 978-1846856723
*''Hell'' ], Diggory Press, ISBN 978-1846857485
*''A Few Sighs from Hell (Or The Groans of the Damned Soul)'' ], Diggory Press, ISBN 978-1846857270
*{{cite book
| last =Metzeger
| first =Bruce M. (ed)
| authorlink =
| coauthors = , Michael D. Coogan (ed)
| title = The Oxford Companion to the Bible
| publisher = ]
| date = 1993
| location = Oxford, UK
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| isbn = 0-19-504645-5 }}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons}}
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* - statements from the Old Testament, New Testament, church fathers and modern denominations on Hell, plus common arguments for and against Hell.
* - From an argument against the existence of hell.
* Atheist Foundation of Australia Inc
* (Universalist study)
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Revision as of 20:22, 20 November 2007