| Revision as of 05:00, 13 December 2007 editTurgidson (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users61,681 edits rv: (1) you can't delete those tags while there is disagreement on usage and interpretation of sources; (2) you misinterpret those 4 sources; (3) your OR on Simeon; [[WP← Previous edit | Revision as of 05:04, 13 December 2007 edit undoTurgidson (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users61,681 editsm oops, forgot that one: again, you can't put your words in the mouth of 4 reliable sources that say smth else; that Simeon bit is your own OR; bring sources if you want it thereNext edit → | ||
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| '''Michael I, King of the Romanians''', '''Prince of ]'''<ref>, ''], ], ]</ref><ref>, ''Time'', ], ]</ref><ref>, retrieved ], ]</ref> (born ], ]), reigned as ] ({{lang-ro|Maiestatea Sa Mihai I Regele Românilor}}, literally "His Majesty Michael I King of the Romanians") from ], ] to ], ], and again from ], ] until forced to abdicate by the ] on ], ]. A great-great-grandson of ] and a third cousin of ], he |
'''Michael I, King of the Romanians''', '''Prince of ]'''<ref>, ''], ], ]</ref><ref>, ''Time'', ], ]</ref><ref>, retrieved ], ]</ref> (born ], ]), reigned as ] ({{lang-ro|Maiestatea Sa Mihai I Regele Românilor}}, literally "His Majesty Michael I King of the Romanians") from ], ] to ], ], and again from ], ] until forced to abdicate by the ] on ], ]. A great-great-grandson of ] and a third cousin of ], he the last surviving head of state from ].<ref>, ], ], ]</ref><ref>], , '']'', ], ]</ref><ref>Peter Kurth, </ref><ref name="Smith">Craig S. Smith, , '']'', ], ]</ref> | ||
| == Early life == | == Early life == | ||
Revision as of 05:04, 13 December 2007
| Michael I | |
|---|---|
| King of the Romanians | |
 | |
| Reign | 20 July, 1927 – 8 June, 1930 6 September, 1940 – 30 December, 1947 |
| Predecessor | Ferdinand I Carol II |
| Successor | Carol II Kingdom abolished |
| Issue | Margarita Elena Irina Sophie Marie |
| House | Hohenzollern |
| Father | Carol II |
| Mother | Elena of Greece and Denmark |
| Religion | Romanian Orthodox |
Michael I, King of the Romanians, Prince of Hohenzollern (born October 25, 1921), reigned as King of the Romanians (Template:Lang-ro, literally "His Majesty Michael I King of the Romanians") from July 20, 1927 to June 8, 1930, and again from September 6, 1940 until forced to abdicate by the Communists on December 30, 1947. A great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria and a third cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, he the last surviving head of state from World War II.
Early life
Michael was born in the Foişor Castle, Sinaia, Romania, the son of the then-Crown Prince Carol and Princess Elena, and grandson of the then-reigning King Ferdinand I of the Romanians. When Carol eloped with his mistress Elena "Magda" Lupescu and renounced his rights to the throne in December 1925, Michael was pronounced the heir apparent. He succeeded to the throne upon Ferdinand's death in July 1927.
Rule
1930s and the Antonescu Era
A regency, which included his uncle, Prince Nicolae (Nicholas), Patriarch Miron Cristea and the country's chief justice (Gheorghe Buzdugan, from October 1929 on Constantin Sarateanu) functioned on behalf of the 5-year-old Michael . In 1930, Carol II suddenly returned to the country at the invitation of politicians dissatisfied with the regency, and was proclaimed King by the Parliament, designating Michael as crown prince with the title "Grand Voievod of Alba-Iulia". In November 1939, Michael joined the Romanian Senate, as the 1938 Constitution guaranteed him a seat there upon reaching the age of eighteen. In September 1940, the pro-German régime of Prime-Minister Marshal Ion Antonescu staged a coup against Carol, whom the Marshal considered anti-German. Antonescu had the 18-year-old Michael proclaimed King by popular acclaim, without an oath on the Constitution and without a vote of the Parliament, initially suspended and reinstated only later, in 1946. Michael was instead crowned and anointed King by the Orthodox Patriarch of Romania, Nicodim Munteanu, in the Patriarchal Cathedral of Bucharest, on the very day of his second accession, September 6, 1940. Michael, thus, reigned the second time as an absolute, unconstitutional king, solely by divine right. However, legally Michael could not exercise much else authority besides the prerogatives of being supreme Head of the Army and of designating a plenipotentiary Prime-Minister ("Conducător").
Turning against Nazi Germany
- Main article: King Michael Coup
In 1944, World War II was going badly for the Axis, but military dictator Ion Antonescu was still in control of Romania. On August 23, 1944, in order either to avoid fighting on Romanian territory in an increasingly unpopular war according to himself, or to preserve his own throne according to others, Michael joined with pro-Allied politicians including the Communists, in staging a coup d'état against Antonescu, and placed him under arrest. On the same night, the new Prime Minister, Lt. General Constantin Sănătescu, gave custody of Antonescu to the Communists, who delivered him to the Soviets on September 1. In a radio broadcast to the nation and army, Michael proclaimed Romania's loyalty to the Allies, announced the acceptance of the armistice offered by the USSR, Great Britain, and the United States, and declared war on Germany. However, this did not avert a rapid Soviet occupation, and capture of about 130,000 Romanian soldiers transported to the Soviet Union, where many perished in prison camps. The coup speeded the Red Army's advance into Romania. The armistice was signed three weeks later on September 12, 1944, on terms the Soviets virtually dictated. The coup effectively amounted to a "capitulation", an "unconditional" "surrender" to the Soviets. King Michael was spared the fate of another former German ally, Prince Kyril, Regent of Bulgaria, executed by the Soviets in 1945, and was also the last monarch behind the Iron Curtain to lose his throne. By some accounts, the coup may have shortened World War II by six months, thus saving hundreds of thousands of lives. At the end of the war, King Michael was awarded the highest degree (Chief Commander) of the Legion of Merit by U.S. President Harry S. Truman. He was also decorated with the Soviet Order of Victory by Joseph Stalin for his personal courage in overthrowing Antonescu, and for putting an end to Romania's war against the Allies.
| House of Romania |
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| King Carol I |
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| King Ferdinand I |
| King Carol II |
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| King Michael I |
| Margareta, Custodian of the Romanian Crown |
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However, some claim that Michael's coup afforded Stalin's troops a faster advance into Romania and Europe, to the detriment of that of the Western Allies. Some others even see in Michael's failure to be invited, with a few exceptions, to most of the V.E. Day celebrations in the West throughout the years, a tacit condemnation by the Western Allies of the consequences of his coup. Michael was not invited to the 60th anniversary of the V.E. Day by any Western Ally. He was invited only to the celebrations in Russia and to some Czech and Slovak commemorations on the same occasion.
The Reign under Communism
In March 1945, political pressures forced Michael to appoint a pro-Soviet government dominated by the Romanian Communist Party. Under the Communist régime Michael functioned as little more than a figurehead. Between August 1945 and January 1946, during what was later known as the "royal strike," Michael tried unsuccessfully to oppose the first Communist government led by Prime Minister Petru Groza, by refusing to sign its decrees. In response to Soviet, British, and American pressures, King Michael eventually gave up his opposition to the Communist government and stopped demanding its resignation.
He did not amnesty Ion Antonescu, later condemned as a war criminalor the leaders of the opposition, victims of Communist political trials, as, some argue, the Constitution prevented him from doing so without the counter signature of the Communist justice minister, Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu. The memoirs of the King's aunt Princess Ileana quote the high-ranking Communist Party politburo member, Soviet spy, minister of defense, and alleged lover of the Princess, Emil Bodnăraş, as saying: "Well, if the King decides not to sign the death warrant, I promise that we will uphold his point of view." Princess Ileana was skeptical that the King would have willingly signed an unconstitutional document such as a death warrant decided by unconstitutional political courts: "You know quite well (...) that the King will never of his free will sign such an unconstitutional document. If he does, it will be laid at your door, and before the whole nation your government will bear the blame. Surely you do not wish this additional handicap at this moment!" The last cellmate of the most prominent Communist victim, Iuliu Maniu (the leader of the anti-Communist opposition and president of the National Peasants' Party (PNŢ), deprived of its victory in the general elections of 1946, which were falsified by the Communist government), seemingly confessed under Communist interrogation, that Maniu "cursed Michael from behind the bars of the political prison where he died, for not having done anything in the defense of the PNŢ members, despite their many services rendered to the monarchy".
Abdication
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| This article contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. (December 2007) |
In November 1947 Michael traveled to London for the wedding of the future Queen Elizabeth II, occasion during which he met Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma, who was to become his wife. King Michael "did not want to go back, but American and British personalities encouraged him to do so," according to "Romanian royalist circles" quoted by The Washington Post. He returned "at the express advice of Winston Churchill," who "is said to have counseled Michael, ‘above all things, a king must be courageous.’" According to his own account, King Michael decided to reject any offers of asylum and returned to Romania. On December 30, 1947, Michael was forced to abdicate, by a threat to shoot 1,000 students (then under arrest) if he did not. In an interview with The New York Times from 2007, Michael recalls the events: “It was blackmail. They said, ‘If you don’t sign this immediately we are obliged’ — why obliged I don’t know — to kill more than 1,000 students that they had in prison.” In an earlier 1973 interview to the Romanian-Israeli magazine "Viata noastra," Michael stated that he had "prefered" to work as an ex-king rather than continue to sit on a permanently threatened throne, casting some doubt over his later accounts of Communist blackmail. Also, a report in Time magazine about Michael's negociations in early 1948 with the Romanian Communist Government over his fortunes left behind in Romania, casts similar doubts: "he had been negotiating with the Communists for the salvage of some of his Romanian properties," states Time.
The Communists announced the abolition of the monarchy and its replacement by a people's republic, broadcasting the King's pre-recorded radio proclamation of his own abdication. On January 3, 1948 Michael was forced to leave the country, followed over a week later by Princesses Elisabeth and Ileana, who "collaborated so closely with the Russians that they became known as the King's ‘Red aunts.’"
There are several reports that the Romanian Communist authorities, obedient to Stalin, presented King Michael with 42 valuable Crown-owned paintings shortly before the King's abdication, some of which were reportedly sold through the famed art dealer Daniel Wildenstein. One of the paintings belonging to the Romanian Crown which was supposedly taken out of the country by King Michael in November 1947, returned to the national patrimony in 2004 as a donation made by John Kreuger, the former husband of King Michael's daughter Princess Irina. Prime Minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu, in response to a query of the parliamentarian and former Securitate officer Ilie Merce, stated that the accusations about Michael having taken out of Romania Crown paintings were "more than dubious" and that the Romanian government had no proofs of any such action by King Michael, claiming that, prior to 1949, the government had no official records of the artwork taken over from the former royal residences. Romanian editorialist Dan Cristian Turturica claims that "the King did not steal the paintings as they had been offered to him by the communist rulers so that he would leave Romania more quickly. According to Ivor Porter's authorized biography "Michael of Romania: The King and The Country" (2005), which quotes Queen-Mother Helen's daily diary, the Romanian royals took out paintings belonging to the Romanian Royal Crown on their November 1947 trip to London to the wedding of the future Queen Elizabeth II; two of these paintings, signed by El Greco, were sold in 1976. However, many other editorialists deny any such Communist gift to the King, and call such accusations anti-monarchist Communist propaganda.
When he left Romania, Michael's financial assets amounted to 500,000 Swiss francs, allegedly received from the Communist Government according to recently declassified Soviet transcripts of talks between Stalin and the Romanian Prime-Minister Petru Groza. In the past, King Michael repeatedly denied that the Communist Government had allowed him to take into exile any financial assets or valuable goods besides four personal automobiles loaded on two train cars. However, during a visit to New York City in March 1948, the 26-year-old Michael shopped on what has been described as the most expensive boulevard in the world, Fifth Avenue, and enjoyed so much the plane in which he had just flown over the Statue of Liberty, that he thought he might buy it.
In January 1948, Michael started styling himself "Prince of Hohenzollern" instead of using the title of "King of Romania." In March 1948 he denounced his abdication as forced and illegal. Time magazine alleged that it took Michael over two months to denounce his abdication because "he had been negotiating with the Communists for the salvage of some of his Romanian properties," in spite of earlier reports that "$3,000 in cash, four automobiles, and a diamond-and-ruby medal given to him by Stalin were all that Bucharest let him take out." He has since styled himself mostly as "Michael of Romania."
Life after the Throne
| Romanian royal family |
|---|
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| ‡Status disputed |
| Styles of King Michael I of Romania | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Reference style | His Majesty |
| Spoken style | Your Majesty |
| Alternative style | Sir |
In June 1948 he married Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma in Athens, Greece. They lived first in Britain and later settled in Switzerland. The Communist Romanian authorities stripped him of his Romanian citizenship in 1948. He became a commercial pilot and worked for an aircraft equipment company. He and his wife have five daughters.
In 1992, three years after the revolution which overthrew the Communist dictatorship, the Romanian government allowed Michael to return to his country for Easter celebrations, where he drew large crowds. In Bucharest over a million people turned out to see him. Michael's popularity alarmed the government of President Ion Iliescu so Michael was forbidden to visit Romania again for five years. In 1997, after Iliescu's defeat by Emil Constantinescu, the Romanian Government restored Michael's citizenship and again allowed him to visit the country. He now lives mostly in Switzerland at Aubonne and partly in Romania, either at his Săvârşin castle in Arad county or in an official residence in Bucharest - the Elisabeta Palace - voted by the Romanian Parliament by a law concerning arrangements for former heads of state.
Michael has the following children:
Both Elena and Irina have sons as well as daughters. Sophia, whose marriage was not accepted by her father, has a daughter.
For further details, see the genealogical listing.
Because of the Romanian succession law incorporated in the kingdom's last democratic Constitution of 1923, upon the death of King Michael (assuming he dies without any male children, as it is likely now), in absence of its necessary change along with the Constitution, which would first require the restoration of the monarchy, the succession will devolve back into the main Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen family, with its head Frederick William, Prince of Hohenzollern, currently first in line.
Political Positions
Michael has not encouraged monarchist agitation in Romania and royalist parties have made little impact in post-Communist Romanian politics. He takes the view that the restoration of the monarchy in Romania can only result from a decision by the Romanian people. "If the people want me to come back, of course, I will come back," he said in 1990. He said that "Romanians have had enough suffering imposed on them to have a right to be consulted on their future." In spite of this, King Michael has not given up the hope for himself or his family of returning back on the throne: "We are trying to make people understand what Romanian monarchy was and what it can still do."
Michael has undertaken some quasi-diplomatic roles on behalf of post-Communist Romania. In 1997 and 2002 he toured Western Europe, lobbying for Romania's admission into NATO and the European Union, and was received by heads of state and government officials.
In December 2003, Michael awarded the "Man of The Year 2003" prize to the then-prime minister Adrian Năstase, leader of the PSD party, on behalf of a minor tabloid. Some monarchists regarded Michael's gesture as a break with the traditional political neutrality of the monarchy and a financially motivated compromise with his former Communist enemies.
Personality and Personal Interests
Michael has had a reputation for taciturnity. He once said to his grandmother, "I have learned not to say what I feel, and to smile at those I most hate."
Michael is passionate about cars, especially military jeeps. He is also interested in airplanes, having worked as a commercial flight pilot during his exile. In 1998 Michael gave his honorary patronage, together with that of King Juan Carlos of Spain, to the publication of a new version of the renowned Almanach de Gotha.
On May 10 2007, King Michael received the Prague Society for International Cooperation and Global Panel's 6th Annual Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award, previously awarded to Vladimir Ashkenazy, Madeleine Albright, Václav Havel, Lord Robertson and Miloš Forman.
Ancestors
| Michael I of Romania | Father: Carol II of Romania |
Paternal Grandfather: Ferdinand I of Romania |
Paternal Great-grandfather: Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern |
| Paternal Great-grandmother: Infanta Antónia of Portugal | |||
| Paternal Grandmother: Marie of Edinburgh |
Paternal Great-grandfather: Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | ||
| Paternal Great-grandmother: Maria Alexandrovna of Russia | |||
| Mother: Elena of Greece and Denmark |
Maternal Grandfather: Constantine I of Greece |
Maternal Great-grandfather: George I of Greece | |
| Maternal Great-grandmother: Olga Konstantinovna of Russia | |||
| Maternal Grandmother: Sophia of Prussia |
Maternal Great-grandfather: Frederick III, German Emperor | ||
| Maternal Great-grandmother: Victoria, Princess Royal |
See also
External links
- The official website of The Romanian Royal Family
- Semi-official Michael of Romania website
- Royal Family events, Official website of Radu Duda, Prince of Hohenzollern-Veringen
- "Bonny King Michael" (Michael at age 5), on the cover of Time, August 1, 1927
- "Michael of Romania", interview with Peter Kurth, 1990
- "King of Romania recalls sacrifices", The Prague Post, May 2005
- "We reigned in darkness", The Spectator, June 14, 1997
- "World War II -- 60 Years After: Former Romanian Monarch Remembers Decision To Switch Sides", Radio Free Europe, May 6, 2005
- "The King’s Revenge", Evenimentul Zilei, April 20, 2006
- "The King and The Jester", Evenimentul Zilei, December 18, 2003
- Oliver North, "A Lesson in Leadership", The Washington Times, April 17, 2006
- Template:Ro icon Costel Oprea, "Regele Mihai, retrocedare de un miliard de euro", România Liberă, April 27, 2007
- Template:Ro icon Costel Oprea, "Harta marilor retrocedări (II)", România Liberă, April 18, 2007
References
- "Compression", Time, January 12, 1948
- "Milestones", Time, June 21, 1948
- Genealogy of the Royal Family of Romania, retrieved October 2, 2006
- World War II—"60 Years After: Former Romanian Monarch Remembers Decision To Switch Sides", RFE/RL, May 6, 2005
- Oliver North, “Looking for Leadership”, Human Events, April 14, 2006
- Peter Kurth, "Michael of Romania"
- ^ Craig S. Smith, "Romania’s King Without a Throne Outlives Foes and Setbacks", The New York Times, January 27, 2007
- Rulers of Romania
- "Ce citeau românii acum 68 de ani?", Ziua, November 29, 2007.
- Template:Ro icon Rev. Fr. Dimitrie Bejan - Dialogue with a few intellectuals, "Orthodox Advices" website as of June 9, 2007
- Template:Ro icon Ioan Scurtu, Theodora Stănescu-Stanciu, Georgiana Margareta Scurtu, "The History of the Romanians between 1918-1940" ("Istoria românilor între anii 1918–1940"), page 280.
- "Historical Click" (in Romanian), Jurnalul National, August 23, 2007
- "Marshal Ion Antonescu",WorldWar2.ro, Romanian Armed Forces in the Second World War
- “23 august - radiografia unei lovituri de Palat”, paragraph” Predaţi comuniştilor”, Dosare Ultrasecrete, Ziua, August 19, 2006
- Template:Ro icon "The Dictatorship Has Ended and along with It All Opression" - From The Proclamation to The Nation of King Michael I on The Night of August 23 1944, Curierul Naţional, August 7, 2004
- ^ Country Studies: Romania, Chap. 23, Library of Congress
- "Hitler Resorts To 'Puppets' In Romania", Washington Post, August 25, 1944
- "King Proclaims Nation's Surrender and Wish to Help Allies", The New York Times, August 24, 1944
- "Bulgaria - Bulgarian resistance to the Axis alliance," Encyclopædia Britannica
- Template:Ro icon "Pamfil Seicaru about August 23: "More shame, fewer victims", Ziua, August 16, 2004
- Country Studies: Romania. Chap. 23. US Library of Congress
- Template:Ro icon "A Day of August in Mourning", Lumea, August 2004
- World War II -- "60 Years After: Former Romanian Monarch Remembers Decision To Switch Sides", RFE/RL, May 6, 2005
- Template:Ro icon "What was done in Romania between 1945 and 1947 it has also been done since 1989", Ziua, August 24, 2000
- "I Live Again" by Ileana, Princess of Romania, Chapter 21
- "Development of the Romanian Armed Forces after World War II", Library of Congress Country Studies
- Template:Ro icon"History as a Soap Opera - The Gossips of a Secret Report (III)", Jurnalul Naţional, June 18, 2006
- Template:Ro icon "The Maniu Trial", Jurnalul National, November 28, 2006
- "Churchill Advised Mihai to Return", The Washington Post, December 31, 1947
- Speech By His Majesty Michael I, King of Romania to the Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, London, March 26, 1997
- "A king and his coup", The Daily Telegraph, June 12, 2005
- Template:Ro icon "Beautiful start, shameful end. The Romanian monarchy - part III," Curierul International, December 10, 2007
- ^ "Anne & I", Time, March 15, 1948
- "Friends & Enemies, Presidents & Kings" by Tammy Lee McClure, Accendo Publishing, page 99. Another account comes from the Romanian anti-communist dissident Paul Goma's Template:Ro icon "Skipped Diary" ("Jurnal pe sarite"), page 57.
- "2 Princesses Exiled By Rumanian Regime", The New York Times, January 13, 1948
- W. H. Lawrence, "Aunts of Michael May Be Exiled Too", The New York Times, January 7, 1948
- Miscellaneous, Evenimentul Zilei, March 24, 2005
- Miscellaneous, Evenimentul Zilei, March 14, 2005
- "The Lia Roberts hope", Evenimentul Zilei, January 19, 2004
- Michel van Rijn, "Hot Art, Cold Cash", pages 177, 184, Little Brown & Co., October 1994. Also, the report "Devastating Art News", October 29, 2001, by the same UK police expert in art smuggling. For more on van Rijn's credentials, see 1 and 2.
- Template:Ro icon "Raibolini's Madonna at the National Museum of Art of Romania", Ziua, November 20, 2004
- Miscellaneous, Evenimentul Zilei, March 24, 2005
- Template:Ro icon "A Prestigious Donation: Madonna with the Infant by Francesco Raibolini, named "Il Francia"", Online Gallery site as of December 8, 2006
- Template:Ro icon "There Are No Proofs That King Michael Took Paintings out of Romania", Adevărul, April 19, 2005
- Template:Ro icon "Articles by Dan Cristian Turturica", Hotnews.ro site as of December 6, 2006
- "The Lia Roberts hope", Evenimentul Zilei, January 19, 2004
- Template:Ro iconAndrei Pippidi, "The King and The Country", "22" Magazine, March 8, 2006
- "Exiled king 'should become pilot'", BBC News, January 2, 2005
- Template:Ro icon "King Michael in exile - from poultry grower to test pilot and broker", ROMPRES, April 13, 2005
- Translation of King Michael's interview to Ziua daily, undated. For the original Romanian version, please, see this article. Another similar Template:Ro icon interview, Adevarul daily, May 3, 2005
- "New York’s Fifth Avenue Tops the Most Expensive List," Cushman & Wakefield - Global Real Estate Solutions, October 25, 2006
- Template:Ro icon "Magheru, Amongst The Most Expensive Boulevards In The World", Bloombiz, October 30, 2006
- "People", Time, March 22, 1948
- "Compression," Time, January 12, 1948
- "Milestones," Time, June 21, 1948
- "Reunion In Davos", Time, February 2, 1948
- Genealogy of the Romanian Royal Family, web site as of October 2, 2006
- ""King Mihai I Turns 85", Ziua, October 25, 2006
- "100 %" Talk Show on Realitatea TV, Prince Radu's website, April 12, 2004
- "The King and The Jester," Evenimentul Zilei, December 18, 2003
- Template:Ro icon Andrei Săvulescu, "King Michael - Car Driver, Mechanic, Professional Pilot", Humanitas, Bucharest, 1996
- "King Michael of Rumania driving down steps leading out of Sinaia palace," Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images, April 1, 1946
- "King Michael of Rumania driving down steps leading out of Sinaia palace," Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images, April 1, 1946
- "King Mihai in an airplane", Site dedicated to HM King Mihai I of Romania, retrieved November 26, 2006
- "Ex-King Michael, in Switzerland where he works for an American aircraft company", Time Life Pictures/Getty Images, January 1, 1957
- Template:Fr icon "The Renaissance of The Gotha", Le Figaro, May 14, 1998
- "Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award", at globalpanel.org
- Articles with weasel words from December 2007
- Romanian monarchs
- Romanian people of World War II
- House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
- World War II political leaders
- Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
- Order of Michael the Brave recipients
- Recipients of the Legion of Merit
- Recipients of the Order of Victory
- Romanian Orthodox Christians
- Romanian senators
- 1921 births
- Living people
- Pretenders to the Romanian throne
- Romanian princes
- Orthodox monarchs