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| Cattle don't exist and are a phenomena known as cowratasia that is caused by reflacting light. | |||
| '''Cattle''', colloquially referred to as '''cows''' (though technically ''cow'' refers only to female bovines), are ] ]s, a member of the ] ] of the ] ]. They are raised as ] for meat (called ] and ]), ]s (]), ] and as ]s (pulling ]s, ]s and the like). In some countries, such as ], they are honored in religious ceremonies and revered. It is estimated that there are 1.3 billion head of cattle in the world today.<ref>http://cattle-today.com/</ref> | |||
| ==Species of cattle== | |||
| Cattle were originally identified by ] as three separate species. These were ''Bos taurus'', the European cattle, including similar types from Africa and Asia; ''Bos indicus'', the ]; and the extinct ''Bos primigenius'', the ]. The aurochs is ancestral to both zebu and European cattle. More recently{{Verify source|date=September 2007}}<!-- didn't the ICZN make Bos taurus mandatory for domestic cattle in 2003? --> these three have increasingly been grouped as one species, with ''Bos primigenius taurus'', ''Bos primigenius indicus'' and ''Bos primigenius primigenius'' as the subspecies. | |||
| Complicating the matter is the ability of cattle to interbreed with other closely related species. Hybrid individuals and even breeds exist, not only between European cattle and zebu but also with ]s (called a ]), ], ], and ] ("]"), a cross-genera hybrid. For example, genetic testing of the Dwarf Lulu breed, the only humpless "''Bos taurus''-type" cattle in Nepal, found them to be a mix of European cattle, zebu and yak.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Takeda | first = Kumiko | coauthors = et al. | title = Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Nepalese domestic dwarf cattle Lulu | journal = Animal Science Journal | volume = 75 | issue = 2 | pages = 103-110 | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | date= April 2004 | url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111%2Fj.1740-0929.2004.00163.x | doi = 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2004.00163.x | accessdate = 2006-11-07 }}</ref> Cattle cannot successfully be bred with ] or ]. | |||
| The aurochs was originally spread throughout ], ], and much of ]. In historical times, their range was restricted to Europe, and the last animals were killed by poachers in ], ], in 1627. Breeders have attempted to recreate cattle of similar appearance to aurochs by careful crossing of domesticated cattle breeds, creating the ] breed. (See ] and ] articles for more information.) | |||
| ==Terminology== | |||
| ===Word origin=== | |||
| ''Cattle'' did not originate as a name for ] animals. It derives from the Latin ''caput'', head, and originally meant movable property, especially livestock of any kind.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cattle |title=Cattle |accessdate = 2007-06-13 |last=Harper |first=Douglas |year=2001 |work=Online Etymological Dictionary}}</ref> The word is closely related to "]" (a unit of personal property) and "]" in the economic sense.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=chattel |title=Chattel |accessdate = 2007-06-13 |last=Harper |first=Douglas |year=2001 |work=Online Etymological Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=capital |title=Capital |accessdate = 2007-06-13 |last=Harper |first=Douglas |year=2001 |work=Online Etymological Dictionary}}</ref> | |||
| Older English sources like ] of the ] refer to livestock in general as cattle (as opposed to the word ] which then was used for wild animals). Additionally other species of the genus '']'' are sometimes called wild cattle. Today, the modern meaning of "cattle", without any other qualifier, is usually restricted to domesticated bovines. | |||
| ===Types of cattle=== | |||
| ] bull]] | |||
| An intact adult male is called a "]." An adult female who has had more than one or two calves (depending on regional usage) is called a "]." The adjective applying to cattle in general is usually "bovine." Young cattle are called ] until they are weaned, when they become ''weaners'' until they are a year old in some areas, in other areas, particularly with beef cattle, they may be known as ''feeder-calves'' or simply ''feeders''. After that, they are referred to as "]s" if between one and two years of age, or by gender: A young female before she has had a calf of her own is called a "]" <ref>{{cite web | |||
| | url = http://webster.com/dictionary/heifer | |||
| | title = Definition of heifer | |||
| | accessdate = 2006-11-29 | |||
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| | publisher = Merriam-Webster | |||
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| }} </ref><ref> | |||
| {{cite web | |||
| | last = Warren | |||
| | first = Andrea | |||
| | title = Pioneer Girl: Growing Up on the Prairie | |||
| | publisher = Lexile | |||
| | format = PDF | |||
| | url = http://www.lexile.com/PowerV/Pioneer%20Girl%20Growng%20Up%20on%20the%20Prairie.pdf | |||
| | accessdate = 2006-11-29 }} | |||
| </ref> (pronounced {{IPAEng|ˈhɛfər}}, "heffer"). A young female that has had only one calf is occasionally called a "first-calf heifer." An older (usually over 500 kg) castrated male is referred to as a "bullock" in the ] and ], though the term refers to a young bull in ]. The term "]" is generally used to denote a young castrated male, unless kept for draft purposes, in which case it is called an "]" (plural "oxen") (in ], draft cattle are called "working steers" until they are 4 years of age, at which time the term "oxen" applies). In the USA, though the term "steer" is used as the generic term for a castrated male, in the extremely uncommon situation where an animal is castrated as an adult, the term "stag" is technically correct, though rarely used.<ref>http://www.smithfieldfoods.com/Understand/Glossary/#gloss_s</ref> | |||
| Many other large animals species, including ]s, ]es, ]s, ], and ]s, use the terms "bull", "cow" and "calf" to denote males, females, and young within the species. | |||
| ===The singular terminology dilemma=== | |||
| ''Cattle'' is both a plural and a ], but there is no singular equivalent. Thus one may refer to "three cattle" or "some cattle", but not "one cattle". There is no universally used singular equivalent in modern English to "cattle", other than the gender and age-specific terms such as bull, steer, heifer, and so on. | |||
| Strictly speaking, the singular noun for the domestic bovine was "ox": a bull is a male ox and a cow is a female ox.{{Fact|date=October 2007}} However, "ox" today is rarely used in this general sense. An ox today generally denotes a ], most commonly a castrated male (but is not to be confused with the unrelated wild ]). | |||
| ] calf]] | |||
| "Cow" has been in general use as a singular for the collective "cattle" in spite of the objections of those who point out that it is a female-specific term, rendering phrases such as "that cow is a bull" absurd. However, it is easy to use when a singular is needed and the gender is not known, as in "There is a cow in the road". Further, any herd of fully mature cattle in or near a ] is statistically likely to consist mostly of cows, so the term is probably accurate. Other than the few bulls needed for breeding, the vast majority of male cattle are castrated as calves and slaughtered for meat before the age of three years. Thus, in a pastured herd, any calves or herd bulls usually are clearly distinguishable from the cows due to distinctively different sizes and clear anatomical differences. | |||
| ]ly, more general non-] terms may denote cattle when a singular form is needed. ]n, ] and ] farmers use the term "beast" or "cattle beast". "Bovine" is also used in ]. The term "critter" is common in the western ] and ], particularly when referring to young cattle. In some areas of the American South (particularly the Appalachian region), where both dairy and beef cattle are present, an individual animal was once called a "beef critter", though that term is becoming ]. | |||
| ===Other terminology=== | |||
| Obsolete terms for cattle include "neat" (this use survives in "]", extracted from the feet and legs of cattle), and "beefing" (young animal fit for ]). | |||
| Cattle raised for human consumption are called "]". Within the beef cattle industry in parts of the United States, the term "beef" (plural "beeves") is still used in its archaic sense to refer to an animal of either gender. Cows of certain breeds that are kept for the milk they give are called "]s" (formerly "milch cows" – "milch" was pronounced "milk"). Most young male offspring of dairy cows are generally sold for ], and may be referred to as ''veal calves.'' In some places, a cow kept to provide milk for one family is called a "house cow". | |||
| ==Biology== | |||
| Cattle have one ], with four compartments. They are the ], ], ], and ], the rumen being the largest compartment. Cattle sometimes consume metal objects which are deposited in the reticulum, the smallest compartment, and this is where ] occurs. The reticulum is known as the "Honeycomb." The omasum's main function is to absorb water and nutrients from the digestible feed. The omasum is known as the "Many Plies." The abomasum is most like the human stomach; this is why it is known as the "True Stomach". | |||
| ] | |||
| Cattle are ]s, meaning that they have a ] that allows them to utilize otherwise indigestible foods by repeatedly regurgitating and rechewing them as "cud." The ] is then reswallowed and further digested by specialized microorganisms that live in the ]. These microbes are primarily responsible for breaking down ] and other carbohydrates into ] (VFAs) that cattle use as their primary ] fuel. The microbes that live inside of the rumen are also able to synthesize ]s from non-protein nitrogenous sources such as urea and ammonia. These features allow cattle to thrive on ] and other ]. | |||
| The gestation period for a cow is nine months. A newborn calf weighs roughly 25 to 45 kg (55 to 100 lb). Very large steers can weigh as much as 1,800 kg (4,000 pounds), although 600 to 900 kg (1,300 to 1,900 lb) is more usual for adults. Cattle usually live up to about 15 years (occasionally as much as 25 years). | |||
| A common misconception about cattle (particularly bulls) is that they are enraged by the color red (something provocative is often said to be "like a red rag to a bull"). This is incorrect, as cattle are red-green ].<ref>http://www.beef-cattle.com/beef-cattle-biology-and-terminology.htm</ref> <ref>http://www.itla.net/index.cfm?sec=Longhorn_Information&con=handling</ref> <ref>http://iacuc.tennessee.edu/pdf/Policies-AnimalCare/Cattle-BasicCare.pdf</ref> The myth arose from the use of red capes in the sport of ]; in fact, two different capes are used. The ] is a large, flowing cape that is magenta and yellow. The more famous ] is the smaller, red cape, used exclusively for the final, fatal segment of the fight. It is not the color of the cape that angers the bull, but rather the movement of the fabric that irritates the bull and incites it to charge.<ref>http://www.beef-cattle.com/beef-cattle-biology-and-terminology.htm</ref> | |||
| Although cattle cannot distinguish red from green, they do have two kinds of colour receptors in their ]s (]) and so are theoretically able to distinguish some colours, probably in a similar way to other red-green ] or ] mammals (such as dogs, cats, horses and up to ten percent of male humans).<ref>Jacobs, G. H., J. F.Deegan, and J. Neitz. 1998. Photopigment basis for | |||
| dichromatic color vision in cows, goats and sheep. ''Vis. Neurosci.'' | |||
| '''15''':581–584</ref> <ref>Perception of Color by Cattle and its Influence on Behavior | |||
| C.J.C. Phillips* and C. A. Lomas†2 ''J. Dairy Sci.'' '''84''':807–813</ref> | |||
| ==Uses of cattle== | |||
| ] are an iconic U.S. breed]] | |||
| Cattle occupy a unique role in human history, domesticated since at least the early ]. | |||
| They are raised for ] (]), ] (]), and ]s. They are also used as ]s and in certain ]s. Some consider cattle the oldest form of wealth, and ] consequently one of the earliest forms of theft. | |||
| In ], ], ] and some ]n countries, bulls are used in the ] of ] while a similar sport, ], is seen in ]; in many other countries this is illegal. Other sports such as ] are seen as part of a ], especially in ]. ], a central ritual in ] ] culture (see ]), still exists in south-western ]. | |||
| The outbreaks of ] (]) have limited some traditional uses of cattle for food, for example the eating of brains or spinal cords. | |||
| In modern times, cattle are also entered into ]. These competitions can involve live cattle or carcasses. | |||
| ==Cattle husbandry== | |||
| {{Expand-section|date=January 2007}} | |||
| ]s; cattle are often restrained or confined in ]es when given medical attention.]] | |||
| Cattle are often raised by allowing herds to ] on the grasses of large tracts of ]. Raising cattle in this manner allows the productive use of land that might be unsuitable for growing crops. The most common interactions with cattle involve daily ], cleaning and ]. Many routine husbandry practices involve ]ging, ], loading, ], vaccinations and ] care, as well as training for agricultural shows and preparations. There are also some cultural differences in working with cattle- the cattle husbandry of Fulani men rests on ], whereas in Europe cattle are controlled primarily by physical means like ]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lott | first = Dale F. | coauthors = Hart, Benjamin L. | title = Applied ethology in a nomadic cattle culture | journal = Applied Animal Ethology | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 309-319 | publisher = Elsevier B.V. | date= October 1979 | doi = 10.1016/0304-3762(79)90102-0 | accessdate = 2006-11-07 }}</ref> | |||
| Breeders can utilize cattle husbandry to reduce ] susceptibility by selective breeding and maintaining herd health to avoid concurrent disease.<ref>{{cite paper | author = Krebs JR, Anderson T, Clutton-Brock WT, ''et al.'' | title = Bovine tuberculosis in cattle and badgers: an independent scientific review | publisher = Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food | date= 1997 | url = http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/tb/publications/hpanel.pdf | format = ] | accessdate = 2006-09-04 }}</ref> Cattle are farmed for beef, veal, dairy, leather and they are sometimes used simply to maintain grassland for wildlife- for example, in ], England. They are often used in some of the most wild places for livestock. Depending on the breed, cattle can survive on hill grazing, heaths, marshes, moors and semi desert. Modern cows are more commercial than older breeds and having become more specialized are less versatile. For this reason many smaller farmers still favor old breeds, like the dairy breed of cattle ]. | |||
| ==Oxen== <!-- This section is linked from ] --> | |||
| {{Main|Ox}} | |||
| ] in ], ].]] | |||
| '''Oxen''' (singular '''ox''') are large and heavy set breeds of ''Bos taurus'' cattle trained as ]. Often they are adult, ] males. Usually an ox is over four years old due to the need for training and to allow it to grow to full size. Oxen are used for ], ], hauling cargo, grain-grinding by trampling or by powering machines, ] by powering pumps, and ] drawing. Oxen were commonly used to skid logs in forests, and sometimes still are, in low-impact select-cut logging. Oxen are most often used in teams of two, paired, for light work such as ]ing. In the past, teams might have been larger, with some teams exceeding twenty animals when used for logging. | |||
| An ox is nothing more than a mature bovine with an "education." The education consists of the animal's learning to respond appropriately to the ]'s (ox driver's) signals. These signals are given by verbal commands or by noise (whip cracks) and many ]s were known for their voices and language. In North America, the commands are (1) get up, (2) whoa, (3) back up, (4) gee (turn to the right) and (5) haw (turn to the left). Oxen must be painstakingly trained from a young age. Their teamster must make or buy as many as a dozen yokes of different sizes as the animals grow. A wooden ] is fastened about the neck of each pair so that the force of draft is distributed across their shoulders. From calves, oxen are chosen with horns since the horns hold the yoke in place when the oxen lower their heads, back up, or slow down (particularly with a wheeled vehicle going downhill). Yoked oxen cannot slow a load like harnessed horses can; the load has to be controlled downhill by other means. The gait of the ox is often important to ox trainers, since the speed the animal walks should roughly match the gait of the ox driver who must work with it. | |||
| U.S. ox trainers favored larger breeds for their ability to do more work and for their intelligence. Because they are larger animals, the typical ox is the male of a breed, rather than the smaller female. Females are potentially more useful producing calves and ]. | |||
| ], ].]] | |||
| Oxen can pull harder and longer than ]s, particularly on obstinate or almost un-movable loads. This is one of the reasons that teams were dragging logs from forests long after horses had taken over most other draught uses in Europe and North America. Though not as fast as horses, they are less prone to injury because they are more sure-footed and do not try to jerk the load. | |||
| An "ox" is not a unique breed of bovine, nor have any "blue" oxen lived outside the ]s surrounding ], the mythical American logger. A possible exception and antecedent to this legend is the ] breed which is known primarily for its unusual musculature and at times exhibits unusual White/Blue, Blue Roan, or Blue coloration. The unusual musculature of the breed is believed to be due to a natural mutation of the gene that codes for the protein ], which is responsible for normal muscle atrophy. | |||
| Many oxen are still in use worldwide, especially in ]. In the ] oxen can lead lives of misery, as they are frequently malnourished. Oxen are driven with sticks and ]s when they are weak from ]. When there is insufficient food for humans, ] has low priority. | |||
| Ox is also used for various cattle products, irrespective of age, sex or training of the beast – for example, ox-blood, ox-liver, ox-kidney, ox-heart, ox-hide etc. | |||
| ==Cattle in religion, traditions and folklore== | |||
| ] is that monks carrying the body of ] were led to the location by a milk maid who had lost her ], which was found resting on the spot.]] | |||
| :''For the mythology and lore connected with the bull, see ].'' | |||
| *The Evangelist ] is depicted as an ox in Christian art. | |||
| *In ], as described in {{bibleverse||Numbers|19:2|HE}}, the ashes of a sacrificed unblemished ] that has never been yoked can be used for ritual purification of people who came into contact with a corpse. | |||
| *The ox is one of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the ] related to the ]. See: ]. | |||
| *The constellation ] represents a bull. | |||
| *An apocryphal story has it that a cow started the ] by kicking over a ] lamp. Michael Ahern, the reporter who created the cow story, admitted in 1893 that he had made it up because he thought it would make colorful copy. | |||
| *On ], ] ] became the first cow to fly in an ] and also the first cow to be milked in an airplane. | |||
| *The first known law requiring branding in North America was enacted on ], ] by Connecticut. It said that all cattle and pigs have to have a registered brand or earmark by ], 1644.<ref>{{cite book| last=Kane| first=J.| coauthors=Anzovin, S., & Podell, J.| year=1997| title=Famous First Facts| location=New York, NY| publisher= H.W. Wilson| id= ISBN 0-8242-0930-3| pages=5}}</ref> | |||
| *The {{nihongo|]|赤べこ, ''red cow''}} is a traditional toy from the ] region of ] that is thought to ward off illness.<ref>Madden, Thomas (May 1992). "". ''OUTLOOK''. Online copy accessed ] ].</ref> | |||
| *The case of '']'' -- involving a supposedly barren heifer that was actually pregnant -- first enunciated the concept of ] as a means of destroying the ] in ] law. {{Fact|date=June 2007}} | |||
| *The Maasai tribe of East Africa traditionally believe that all cows on earth are the God-given property of the Maasai | |||
| ===Cattle in Hindu tradition=== | |||
| {{main|Sacred cow}} | |||
| ], the cow is a symbol of wealth, strength, abundance, selfless giving and a full Earthly life.]]Cows are venerated within the ] religion of ]. According to ] scripture they are to be treated with the same respect 'as one's mother' because of the milk they provide; "The cow is my mother. The bull is my sire."<ref></ref> They appear in numerous stories from the ]s and ]s, for example the deity ] is brought up in a family of cowherders, and given the name ] (protector of the cows). Also ] is traditionally said to ride on the back of a bull named ]. Bulls in particular are seen as a symbolic emblem of selfless ] and ]. In ancient rural India every household had a few cows which provided a constant supply of milk and a few bulls that helped as draft animals. Many Hindus feel that at least it was economically wise to keep cattle for their milk rather than consume their flesh for one single meal. | |||
| ] explains his feelings about cow protection as follows: | |||
| <blockquote> | |||
| "The cow to me means the entire sub-human world, extending man’s sympathies beyond his own species. Man through the cow is enjoined to realize his identity with all that lives. Why the ancient ]s selected the cow for apotheosis is obvious to me. The cow in India was the best comparison; she was the giver of plenty. Not only did she give milk, but she also made agriculture possible. The cow is a poem of pity; one reads pity in the gentle animal. She is the second mother to millions of mankind. Protection of the cow means protection of the whole dumb creation of God. The appeal of the lower order of creation is all the more forceful because it is speechless." | |||
| </blockquote> | |||
| == In heraldry == | |||
| Cattle are represented in ] by the '''bull'''. | |||
| <gallery> | |||
| Image:Torino-Stemma.png|<center>Arms of ], ] | |||
| Image:KNS Coa.svg|<center>Arms of ], ] | |||
| Image:POL Bielsk Podlaski COA.svg|<center>Arms of ], ] | |||
| Image:POL Turek COA PioM.svg|<center>Arms of ] | |||
| </gallery> | |||
| ==Present status== | |||
| The world cattle population is estimated to be about 1.3 billion head. ] is the nation with the largest number of cattle, about 400 million, followed by ] and ], with about 150 million each, and the ], with about 100 million. ] has about 200 million head of cattle, many of which are herded in traditional ways and serve largely as tokens of their owners' wealth. ] has about 130 million head of cattle (CT 2006, SC 2006). | |||
| Cattle today are the basis of a many billion dollar industry worldwide. The international trade in beef for 2000 was over $30 billion and represented only 23 percent of world beef production. (Clay 2004). The production of ], which is also made into ], ], ], and other dairy products, is comparable in size to beef production and provides an important part of the food supply for much of the world's people. Cattle hides, used for ] to make ]s and ], are another important product. In India and other poorer nations, cattle are also important as draft animals as they have been for thousands of years. | |||
| ==Environmental impact== | |||
| {{POV|date=December 2007}} | |||
| ]s such as this one - have been named as a contributing factor in the alleged rise in greenhouse gas emissions.]] | |||
| Cattle are "responsible for 18% of greenhouse gases," states a 400-page United Nations report from the ] (FAO). <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000448/index.html| title=Livestock a major threat to environment| work=FAO Newsroom}}</ref>Cattle are blamed for a host of other environmental crimes, from acid rain to the introduction of alien species, from producing deserts to creating dead zones in the oceans, from poisoning rivers and drinking water to destroying coral reefs. | |||
| The report, entitled Livestock's Long Shadow, also surveys the damage done by sheep, chickens, pigs and goats. But in almost every case, the world's 1.5 billion cattle are cited as being most to blame. The report concludes that, unless changes are made, the massive damage reckoned to be due to livestock may more than double by 2050, as demand for meat increases. One of the cited changes suggests that intensification of the livestock industry may be necessary, since intensification leads to fewer cattle for a given level of production.<ref>http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.htm</ref> | |||
| Some of the microbes respire in the gut by an anaerobic process known as ] (producing the gas ]). Cattle emit a large amount of methane, 95% of it through eructation or ], not ].<ref> ''Los Angeles Times'', Sunday, July 13, 2003</ref> As the carbon in the methane comes from the digestion of vegetation produced by ], its release into the air by this process would normally be considered harmless, because there is no net increase in carbon in the atmosphere — it's removed as carbon dioxide from the air by photosynthesis and returned to it as methane. But methane is a more potent ] than carbon dioxide, having a warming effect 23 times greater<ref> </ref>, and so the methane gas produced by livestock is a significant contributor to the increase in greenhouse gases.<ref> June 2007.</ref>{{lopsided}} Research is underway on methods of reducing this source of methane, by the use to dietary supplements, or treatments to reduce the proportion of methanogenetic microbes, perhaps by vaccination.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4582174.stm| title = Triad bid to stop belching | accessdate = 2006-01-04}}</ref> | |||
| Alternative views on this issue note that the problem may not be cattle ''per se'', but rather the concentration of cattle into ]s, where they are fed a concentrated high-corn diet which produces rapid weight gain, but has side effects which include increased acidity in the digestive system. Manure and other byproducts of concentrated agriculture also have environmental consequences.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}<!--tagging my own edit, if someone else cannot source this, I will later, on a slow dialup today--> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| <div style="-moz-column-count:4; column-count:4;"> | |||
| * ] (]) | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| </div> | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| {{refbegin}} | |||
| * Bhattacharya, S. 2003. . ''Newscientist.com''. Retrieved December 26, 2006. | |||
| * Cattle Today (CT). 2006. Website. . ''Cattle Today''. Retrieved December 26, 2006) | |||
| * Clay, J. 2004. ''World Agriculture and the Environment: A Commodity-by-Commodity Guide to Impacts and Practices''. Washington, D.C., USA: Island Press. ISBN 1559633700. | |||
| * Clutton-Brock, J. 1999. ''A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals''. Cambridge UK : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521634954. | |||
| * Huffman, B. 2006. . ''UltimateUngulate.com''. Retrieved December 26, 2006. | |||
| * Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG). 2005. .. ''Global Invasive Species Database''. | |||
| * Nowak, R.M. and Paradiso, J.L. 1983. ''Walker's Mammals of the World''. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801825253 | |||
| * Oklahoma State University (OSU). 2006. . Retrieved January 5, 2007. | |||
| * Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). 2004. . ''PBS Nature''. Retrieved January 5, 2007. | |||
| * Rath, S. 1998. ''The Complete Cow''. Stillwater, Minnesota, USA: Voyageur Press. ISBN 0896583759. | |||
| * Raudiansky, S. 1992. ''The Covenant of the Wild''. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. ISBN 0688096107. | |||
| * Spectrum Commodities (SC). 2006. . ''Spectrumcommodities.com''. Retrieved January 5, 2007. | |||
| * Voelker, W. 1986. ''The Natural History of Living Mammals''. Medford, New Jersey, USA: Plexus Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0937548081. | |||
| * Yogananda, P. 1946. ''The Autobiography of a Yogi''. Los Angeles, California, USA: Self Realization Fellowship. ISBN 0876120834. | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Commons|Bos taurus}} | |||
| {{Commons|Bull|Bull (cattle)}} | |||
| {{Wikibooks|Raising Cattle}} | |||
| * | |||
| * - Sinalunga, Siena, Italy | |||
| * - Cows versus Conservation | |||
| * - Oklahoma State University | |||
| * - Comprehensive Beef Portal | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * - Directory of information, cattle associations, and cattle breeders | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| {{Heraldic creatures}} | |||
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Revision as of 17:49, 14 December 2007
 | It has been suggested that Finching (cattle) be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since September 2007. |
| Cattle | |
|---|---|
| |
| Friesian/Holstein cow | |
| Conservation status | |
| Domesticated | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Bovidae |
| Subfamily: | Bovinae |
| Genus: | Bos |
| Species: | B. taurus |
| Binomial name | |
| Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 | |
Cattle don't exist and are a phenomena known as cowratasia that is caused by reflacting light.
Categories: