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| {{Infobox Painting| image_file=Mona Lisa.jpg | |||
| | image_size=230px | |||
| | title=Mona Lisa | |||
| | other_language_1=Italian | |||
| | other_title_1=La Gioconda | |||
| | other_language_2=French | |||
| | other_title_2=La Joconde | |||
| | artist=] | |||
| | year=circa ]–] | |||
| | type=] | |||
| | height=77 | |||
| | width=53 | |||
| | height_inch=30 | |||
| | width_inch=21 | |||
| | city=] | |||
| | museum=] | |||
| }} | |||
| '''''Mona Lisa''''', or '''''La Gioconda (La Joconde)''''' is a 16th-century ] painted in ] on a ] ] by ] during the ]. It is arguably the most famous painting in the world, and few other works of art have been subject to as much scrutiny, study, mythologizing and parody. It is owned by the ] and hangs in the ] in ], ] with the title '''''Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo'''''.<ref name="Louvre.fr">{{cite web|title=Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo|url=http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226503&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226503&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500816&bmUID=1155229237450&bmLocale=en|publisher=Musée du Louvre|accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref> The painting, a half-length portrait, depicts a woman whose gaze meets the viewer's with an expression often described as enigmatic.<ref name="paris1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/vinci/joconde/|title=Leonardo da Vinci - La Joconde|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 15|publisher=WebMuseum, Paris|year=2006|author=WebMuseum, Paris|language=English}}</ref><ref name="ns1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6056|title=Noisy secret of Mona Lisa's smile|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 15|publisher=NewScientist|year=2007|author=Philip Cohen|language=English}}</ref> It is considered by many to be Leonardo's ]. | |||
| ==Artist and early history == | |||
| {{main|Leonardo da Vinci}} | |||
| ] (1452–1519)]] | |||
| ] immediately liked the ''Mona Lisa'' and borrowed it in his '']'' (1506).]] | |||
| Leonardo da Vinci began painting the ''Mona Lisa'' in ] (during the Italian Renaissance) and, according to Vasari, "after he had lingered over it four years, left it unfinished...."<ref name=Clark /> He is thought to have continued to work on it for three years after he moved to France and to have finished shortly before he died in 1519.<ref name=BBC-Faces>{{cite news|author=Chaundy, Bob|title=Faces of the Week|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/5392000.stm|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|date=]|accessdate=2007-10-05}}</ref> | |||
| Leonardo took the painting from ] to ] in ] when King ] invited the painter to work at the ] near the king's castle in ]. The King bought the painting for 4,000 '']'' and kept it at ], where it remained until given to Louis XIV. | |||
| ] moved the painting to the ]. After the ], it was moved to the Louvre. ] had it moved to his bedroom in the ]; later it was returned to the Louvre. During the ] of ]–], it was moved from the Louvre to a hiding place elsewhere in France. | |||
| The painting was not well-known until the mid-19th century, when artists of the emerging ] movement began to appreciate it, and associated it with their ideas about feminine mystique. Critic ], in his ] essay on Leonardo, expressed this view by describing the figure in the painting as a kind of mythic embodiment of eternal femininity, who is "older than the rocks among which she sits" and who "has been dead many times and learned the secrets of the grave." | |||
| ==Title and subject== | |||
| {{main|Lisa del Giocondo}} | |||
| ] (1479–1542 or c. 1551)]] | |||
| ''Mona Lisa'' is named for ], the wife of a wealthy Florentine merchant.<ref name=Kemp /> Lisa was a member of the Gherardini family of ] and ] who married Francesco del Giocondo, a successful silk merchant. The painting was commissioned for their new home and to celebrate the birth of their second son, Andrea.<ref>{{cite book|author=Zöllner, Frank|title=Leonardo Da Vinci, 1452-1519|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fq8IHuJIKmoC&pg=PA72|date=2000|publisher=Taschen via Google Books limited preview|edition=also Slovart 2004, Edipresse Polska 2005 and Remzi 2005 and English via | |||
| Universität Leipzig Institut für Kunstgeschichte|pages=72|language=English|isbn=3-8228-5979-6|url=|accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref> The title stems from the description of the painting by ] in his biography of Leonardo da Vinci, published 31 years after the artist's death. "Leonardo undertook to paint, for Francesco del Giocondo, the portrait of Mona Lisa, his wife...."<ref name=Clark>{{cite journal|author=Clark, Kenneth|title=Mona Lisa|journal=The Burlington Magazine|publisher=The Burlington Magazine Publications via JSTOR|volume=115|issue=840|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0007-6287(197303)115%3A840%3C144%3AML%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z|date=March 1973|pages=144|issn=00076287|accessdate=2007-10-05}}</ref> (one version in {{Lang-it|Prese Lionardo a fare per Francesco del Giocondo il ritratto di mona Lisa sua moglie}}).<ref>{{cite book|author=Vasari, Giorgio|others=Gaetano Milanesi | |||
| Published 1879|title=Le vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori ed architettori|volume=IV|pages=39|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EroFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA39|location=Firenze|publisher=G.C. Sansoni|origyear=1550, rev. ed. 1568|date=1879|accessdate=2007-10-05}}</ref> | |||
| On ], ], Reuters reported that experts at the Heidelberg University library say dated notes scribbled in the margins of a book by its owner in October 1503 confirm once and for all that Lisa del Giocondo was indeed the model for one of the most famous portraits in the world. "All doubts about the identity of the Mona Lisa have been eliminated by a discovery by Dr. Armin Schlechter," a manuscript expert, the library said in a statement on Monday.<ref></ref> | |||
| Until then, only "scant evidence" from sixteenth-century documents had been available. "This left lots of room for interpretation and there were many different identities put forward," the library said." | |||
| In Italian, ''ma donna'' from ''donna'' meaning '']'' which became '']'', and its contraction ''mona''. ''Mona'' is thus a polite form of address, similar to ''Madam'' or ''my lady'' in English. In modern Italian, the short form of ''madonna'' is usually spelled ''Monna'', so the title is sometimes ''Monna Lisa'', rarely in English and more commonly in ] such as French and Italian. | |||
| At his death in 1525, Leonardo's assistant Salai owned the portrait named in his personal papers ''la Gioconda'' which had been bequeathed to him by the artist. Italian for jocund, happy or jovial, Gioconda was a nickname for the sitter, a pun on the feminine form of her married name Giocondo and her disposition.<ref name=Kemp>{{cite book|author=Kemp, Martin|title=Leonardo Da Vinci: The Marvellous Works of Nature And Man|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1-t_dJh-_mUC&pg=PA261|pages=261|publisher=Oxford University Press via Google Books limited preview|isbn=0-1928-0725-0|date=2006|accessdate=2007-10-05}}</ref><ref name="louvre1">{{cite book |author= Bartz, Gabriele |title=Louvre | series=Art and Architecture|publisher=3C Publishing |location= |year=2006 |pages=626 |isbn=3-8331-1943-8}}</ref> In French, the title ''La Joconde'' has the same double meaning. | |||
| == Aesthetics == | |||
| ] | |||
| Leonardo used a pyramid design to place the woman simply and calmly in the space of the painting. Her folded hands form the front corner of the pyramid. Her breast, neck and face glow in the same light that softly models her hands. The light gives the variety of living surfaces an underlying geometry of spheres and circles. Leonardo referred to a seemingly simple formula for seated female figure: the images of seated Madonna, which were widely spread at the time. He effectively modified this formula in order to create the visual impression of distance between the sitter and the observer. The armrest of the chair functions as a dividing element between ''Mona Lisa'' and us. The woman sits markedly upright with her arms folded, which is also a sign of her reserved posture. Only her gaze is fixed on the observer and seems to welcome him to this silent communication. Since the brightly lit face is practically framed with various much darker elements (hair, veil, shadows), the observer's attraction to ''Mona Lisa'''s face is brought to even greater extent. Thus, the composition of the figure evokes an ambiguous effect: we are attracted to this mysterious woman but have to stay at a distance as if she were a divine creature. There is no indication of an intimate dialogue between the woman and the observer as is the case in the Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione (Louvre) painted by Raphael about ten years after ''Mona Lisa'' and undoubtedly influenced by Leonardo's portrait. | |||
| ] | |||
| The painting was among the first ]s to depict the sitter before an imaginary landscape. The enigmatic woman is portrayed seated in what appears to be an open ] with dark pillar bases on either side. Behind her a vast landscape recedes to icy mountains. Winding paths and a distant bridge give only the slightest indications of human presence. The sensuous curves of the woman's hair and clothing, created through ], are echoed in the undulating imaginary valleys and rivers behind her. The blurred outlines, graceful figure, dramatic contrasts of light and dark, and overall feeling of calm are characteristic of Leonardo's style. Due to the expressive synthesis that Leonardo achieved between sitter and landscape it is arguable whether ''Mona Lisa'' should be considered as a traditional portrait, for it represents an ideal rather than a real woman. The sense of overall harmony achieved in the painting — especially apparent in the sitter's faint smile — reflects Leonardo's idea of the cosmic link connecting humanity and nature, making this painting an enduring record of Leonardo's vision and genius. | |||
| It is also notable that ''Mona Lisa'' has no visible facial hair at all - including eyebrows and eyelashes. Some researchers claim that it was common at this time for genteel women to pluck them off, since they were considered to be unsightly.<ref>Turudich, D. & Welch, L. (2003). Plucked, shaved and braided: Medieval and renaissance beauty and grooming practices 1000–1600. Leicester, England: Streamline Press. ISBN 1-930064-08-X</ref><ref>McMullen, R. (1975). Mona Lisa: The picture and the myth. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-333-19169-2</ref>. For modern viewers the missing eyebrows add to the slightly semi-abstract quality of the face. | |||
| The painting has been restored numerous times; ] examinations have shown that there are three versions of the ''Mona Lisa'' hidden under the present one. The thin poplar backing is beginning to show signs of deterioration at a higher rate than previously thought, causing concern from museum curators about the future of the painting. | |||
| <gallery> | |||
| Image:Mona Lisa detail background left.jpg|Detail of the background (left side) | |||
| Image:Mona Lisa detail mouth.jpg|Detail of the mouth | |||
| Image:Mona Lisa detail eyes.jpg|Detail of the eyes | |||
| Image:Mona Lisa detail face.jpg|Detail of the face, showing the subtle shading effect of sfumato, particularly in the shadows around the eyes | |||
| </gallery> | |||
| == Conservation == | |||
| The Mona Lisa has survived for more than 500 years, and an international commission convened in 1952 noted that "the picture is in a remarkable state of preservation."<ref name="mohen">{{cite book | last = Mohen | first = Jean-Pierre | title = Mona Lisa: inside the Painting | publisher = "Harry N. Abrams, Inc." | location = City | year = 2006 | pages=128|isbn = 0810943158 }}</ref> This is partly due to the result of a variety of conservation treatments the painting has undergone in its history. A detailed analysis of the picture in 1933 by Madame de Gironde revealed that earlier restorers had "acted with a great deal of restraint."<ref name="mohen" /> Nevertheless, applications of ] made to the painting had darkened even by the end of the 16th century, and an aggressive 1809 cleaning and re-varnish removed some of the uppermost portion of the paint layer, resulting in a washed-out appearance to the face of the figure. Despite these few unfortunate treatments, the Mona Lisa has been well cared for throughout its history, and the 2004-05 conservation team was optimistic about the future of the work.<ref name="mohen" /> | |||
| ] | |||
| ====Poplar panel==== | |||
| At some point in its history, the Mona Lisa was removed from its original frame. The unconstrained ] was allowed to warp freely with changes in humidity, and as a result, a crack began to develop near the top of the panel. The crack extends down to the hairline of the figure. In the mid 18th to early 19th century, someone attempted to stabilize the crack by inlaying two butterfly shaped walnut braces into the back of the panel to a depth of about 1/3 the thickness of the panel. This work was skillfully executed, and has successfully stabilized the crack. Sometime between 1888 and 1905, or perhaps at some point during the picture's theft, the upper brace fell out. A later restorer glued and lined the resulting socket and crack with cloth. | |||
| The picture is currently kept under strict, climate controlled conditions in its bullet-proof glass case. The humidity is maintained at 50% ±10%, and the temperature is maintained between 18 and 21°C. To compensate for fluctuations in relative humidity, the case is supplemented with a bed of ] treated to provide 55% relative humidity.<ref name="mohen" /> | |||
| ====Frame==== | |||
| Because the Mona Lisa's poplar support expands and contracts with changes in humidity, the picture has experienced some warping. In response to warping and swelling experienced during its storage during World War II, and to prepare the picture for an exhibit to honor the anniversary of Da Vinci's 500th birthday, the Mona Lisa was fitted in 1951 with a flexible oak frame with beech crosspieces. This flexible frame, which is used in addition to the decorative frame described below, exerts pressure on the panel to keep it from warping further. In 1970, the beech crosspieces were switched to maple after it was found that the beech wood had been infested with insects. In 2004-05, a conservation and study team replaced the maple crosspieces with sycamore ones, and an additional metal crosspiece was added for scientific measurement of the panel's warp. | |||
| The Mona Lisa has had many different decorative frames in its history, owing to changes in taste over the centuries. In 1906, the picture was given its current frame by the countess of Béarn, a Renaissance frame consistent with the historical period of the Mona Lisa. The edges of the painting have been trimmed at least once in its history to fit the picture into various frames, but none of the original paint layer has been trimmed.<ref name="mohen" /> | |||
| ====Insect treatment==== | |||
| In 1977, a new insect infestation was discovered in the back of the panel as a result of crosspieces installed to keep the painting from warping. This was treated on the spot with ], and later with an ] treatment. In 1985, the spot was again treated with carbon tetrachloride as a preventive measure.<ref name="mohen" /> | |||
| ====Cleaning and touch-up==== | |||
| The first and most extensive recorded cleaning, revarnishing, and touch up of the Mona Lisa was an 1809 wash and re-varnish undertaken by Jean-Marie Hooghstoel, who was responsible for restoration of paintings for the galleries of the ]. The work involved cleaning with spirits, touch up of color, and revarnishing the painting. In 1906, Louvre restorer ] performed watercolor retouches on areas of the paint layer disturbed by the crack in the panel. Denizard also retouched the edges of the picture with varnish, to mask areas that had been covered initially by an older frame. In 1913, when the painting was recovered after its theft, Denizard was again called upon to work on the Mona Lisa. Denizard was directed to clean the picture without ], and to lightly touch up several scratches to the painting with watercolor. In 1952, the varnish layer over the background in the painting was evened out. After the second 1956 attack, restorer Jean-Gabriel Goulinat was directed to touch up the damage to Mona Lisa's left elbow with watercolor.<ref name="mohen" /> | |||
| ] | |||
| ====Infrared scan==== | |||
| In 2004 experts from the ] conducted a three-dimensional ] scan. Because of the aging of the varnish on the painting it has been difficult to discern details. Data from the scan and infrared ] were later used by Bruno Mottin of the French Museums' "Center for Research and Restoration" to argue that the transparent gauze veil worn by the sitter is a ], typically used by women while pregnant or just after giving birth. A similar guarnello was painted by ] in his ''Portrait of Smeralda Brandini'' (1470), depicting a pregnant woman (] in London]). Furthermore, this reflectography revealed that ''Mona Lisa'''s hair is not loosely hanging down, but seems attached at the back of the head to a bonnet or pinned back into a ] and covered with a veil, bordered with a sombre rolled hem. In the 16th century, hair hanging loosely down on the shoulders was the customary ] of unmarried young women or prostitutes. This apparent contradiction with her status as a married woman has now been resolved. | |||
| Researchers also used the data to reveal details about the technique used and to predict that the painting will degrade very little if current conservation techniques are continued.<ref>CBC. (2006, September 26) Retrieved on September 27, 2006. </ref><ref>CNN. (2006, September 26). Retrieved on September 25, 2006.</ref><ref>Edmonton Journal (September 23) Retrieved on September 27, 2006</ref> During 2006, ''Mona Lisa'' underwent a major scientific observation that proved through infrared cameras she is wearing a bonnet and clenching her chair (something that Leonardo decided to change as an afterthought).<ref>{{cite news |first= Ian|last= Austen|title= New Look at ‘Mona Lisa’ Yields Some New Secrets |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/27/arts/design/27mona.html?ex=1317009600&en=9b5bc3405c3c4c03&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss |work=] |publisher=] |date=2006-09-27 |accessdate=2007-06-08}}</ref> | |||
| ====Display==== | |||
| On ], ] — following a period of curatorial maintenance, recording, and analysis — the painting was moved, within the Louvre, to a new home in the museum's Salle des États. It is displayed in a purpose-built, climate-controlled enclosure behind bullet proof glass.<ref>BBC News. (2005, April 6). Retrieved on June 20, 2006.</ref> About 6 million people view the painting at the Louvre each year.<ref name=BBC-Faces /> | |||
| ==Theft and vandalism== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| The Mona Lisa painting now hangs in the Musée du Louvre in Paris, France. The painting's increasing fame was further emphasized when it was ] on ], ]. The next day, Louis Béroud, a painter, walked into the Louvre and went to the Salon Carré where the ''Mona Lisa'' had been on display for five years. However, where the ''Mona Lisa'' should have stood, he found four iron pegs. | |||
| Béroud contacted the section head of the guards, who thought the painting was being photographed for marketing purposes. A few hours later, Béroud checked back with the section head of the museum, and it was confirmed that the ''Mona Lisa'' was not with the photographers. The Louvre was closed for an entire week to aid in investigation of the theft. | |||
| French poet ], who had once called for the ] to be "burnt down," came under suspicion; he was arrested and put in jail. Apollinaire pointed to his friend ], who was also brought in for questioning, but both were later exonerated.<ref name="monalisa25">{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Top 25 Crimes of the Century: Stealing the Mona Lisa, 1911 |url=http://www.time.com/time/2007/crimes/2.html |quote=She had been the chattel of French monarchs. Francois I bought her. Louis XIV set her up in Versailles. Napoleon moved her into his bedroom. She was Italian, created by Leonardo da Vinci over four years' labor in Florence, but France was her home and there she stayed for four centuries. Then on ], ], the space she occupied on the walls of the Louvre was discovered bare. |language=English|author=Time Magazine|publisher=] |date=2007 |accessdate=2007-09-15 }}</ref> | |||
| At the time, the painting was believed to be lost forever, and it would be two years before the real thief was discovered. Louvre employee ] stole it by entering the building during regular hours, hiding in a broom closet and walking out with it hidden under his coat after the museum had closed.<ref name="louvre1" /> Peruggia was an ] patriot who believed ] painting should be returned to Italy for display in an Italian museum. Peruggia may have also been motivated by a friend who sold copies of the painting, which would skyrocket in value after the theft of the original. After having kept the painting in his apartment for two years, Peruggia grew impatient and was finally caught when he attempted to sell it to the directors of the ] in ]; it was exhibited all over Italy and returned to the Louvre in ]. Peruggia was hailed for his patriotism in Italy and only served a few months in jail for the crime.<ref name="monalisa25" /> | |||
| During ], the painting was again removed from the Louvre and taken safely, first to ], then to the ] and finally to the ] in ]. | |||
| In ], the lower part of the painting was severely damaged when someone doused it with acid. On ] of that same year, Ugo Ungaza Villegas, a young ], damaged the painting by throwing a rock at it. This resulted in the loss of a speck of pigment near the left elbow, which was later painted over. The painting is now covered with bulletproof security glass. | |||
| ==Tours== | |||
| ], Mrs. Malraux, ] French Minister of Culture, ], and ] with ''Mona Lisa'' at the ] in the United States]] | |||
| ''Mona Lisa'' was used as an instrument of ].<ref name=BBC-Faces /> From ] ] to March of ], the French government lent the painting to the ] to be displayed at the ] in ] and the ] in ]. In ], the painting was exhibited at the ] in ], ], and the ] in ], ]. About 3.6 million visitors viewed the ''Mona Lisa'' during its travels outside France.<ref>{{cite web|author=|title=Treasures of the World: Mona Lisa Timeline|url=http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/mona_lisa/mlevel_1/mtimeline.html|publisher=Stoner Productions via Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)|date=1999|accessdate=2007-10-05}}</ref> | |||
| ==Value== | |||
| Prior to the 1962–1963 tour, the painting was assessed for insurance purposes at $100 million. According to the '']'', this makes the ''Mona Lisa'' the most valuable painting ever insured. As an ], it has only recently been surpassed (in terms of actual dollar price) by three other paintings, the '']'' by ], which was sold for $135 million (£73 million), the '']'' by ] sold for $137.5 million in November of 2006, and most recently '']'' by ] sold for a record $140 million on ], 2006. Although these figures are greater than that which the ''Mona Lisa'' was insured for, the comparison does not account for the change in prices due to inflation -- $100 million in 1962 is approximately $670 million in 2006 when adjusted for inflation using the US Consumer Price Index.<ref>E.H. Net. Accessed on June 20, 2006.</ref> | |||
| ==Fame== | |||
| ] 2005. Visitors generally spend about 15 seconds viewing the ''Mona Lisa''.<ref>{{cite news|author=Gentleman, Amelia|title=Smile, please|url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1330413,00.html|work=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian News and Media|date=] ]|accessdate=2007-10-13}}</ref>]] | |||
| Historian Donald Sassoon cataloged the growth of the painting's fame. During the mid-1800s, ] and the ] poets were able to write about ''Mona Lisa'' as a '']'' because Lisa was an ordinary person. ''Mona Lisa'' "...was an open text into which one could read what one wanted; probably because she was not a religious image; and, probably, because the literary gazers were mainly men who subjected her to an endless stream of male fantasies." During the 20th century, the painting was stolen, an object for mass reproduction, merchandising, lampooning and speculation, and was reproduced in "300 paintings and 2,000 advertisements".<ref name=Sassoon>{{cite journal|author=Sassoon, Donald |title=Mona Lisa: the Best-Known Girl in the Whole Wide World|journal=]|publisher=]|date=2001|volume=2001|issue=51|issn=1477-4569|pages=|url=http://hwj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/2001/51/1|accessdate=2007-10-09}}</ref> The subject was described as deaf, in mourning,<ref>{{cite book|Littlefield, Walter|title=The Two "Mona Lisas"|publisher=The Century: A Popular Quarterly by Making of America Project via Google Books scan from University of Michigan copy|date=1914|pages=525|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ux0MAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA525&vq=mona+lisa#PPA528,M1|accessdate=2007-10-09}}</ref> toothless, a "highly-paid tart", various people's lover, a reflection of the artist's neuroses, and a victim of syphilis, infection, paralysis, palsy, cholesterol or a toothache.<ref name=Sassoon /> Scholarly as well as amateur speculation assigned Lisa's name to at least four different paintings<ref>{{cite journal|author=Stites, Raymond S.|title=Mona Lisa--Monna Bella|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1543-6314(193601)8%3A1%3C7%3AMLB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5|journal=Parnassus|volume=8|issue=1|pages=7-10+22-23|publisher=College Art Association via JSTOR|date=January 1936|doi=10.2307/771197|accessdate=2007-10-06}} and {{cite book|Littlefield, Walter|title=The Two "Mona Lisas"|publisher=The Century: A Popular Quarterly by Making of America Project via Google Books scan from University of Michigan copy|date=1914|pages=525|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ux0MAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA525&vq=mona+lisa#PPA528,M1|accessdate=2007-10-09}} and {{cite book|author=Wilson, Colin|title=The Mammoth Encyclopedia of the Unsolved|publisher=Carroll & Graf via Google Books limited preview|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Mf7ujOGDzZ8C&pg=PA364|date=2000|pages=364–366|isbn=0-7867-0793-3}}</ref> and the sitter's identity to at least ten different people.<ref>{{cite news|author=Debelle, Penelope|title=Behind that secret smile|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/06/24/1088046208817.html|work=The Age|publisher=The Age Company|date=]|accessdate=2007-10-06}} and {{cite news|author=Johnston, Bruce|title= Riddle of Mona Lisa is finally solved: she was the mother of five|work=Telegraph.co.uk|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/08/01/wmona01.xml&sSheet=/news/2004/08/01/ixworld.html|date=]|accessdate=2007-10-06}} and {{cite news|author=Nicholl, Charles (review of Mona Lisa: The History of the World's Most Famous Painting by Donald Sassoon)|title=The myth of the Mona Lisa|work=Guardian Unlimited|publisher=London Review of Books via Guardian News and Media|url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/lrb/articles/0,6109,675653,00.html|date=]|accessdate=2007-10-06}} and {{cite news|author=Chaundy, Bob|title=Faces of the Week|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/5392000.stm|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|date=]|accessdate=2007-10-05}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| Until the 20th century, ''Mona Lisa'' was one among many and certainly not the "most famous painting"<ref>{{cite news|author=Riding, Alan|title=In Louvre, New Room With View of 'Mona Lisa'|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/06/arts/design/06lisa.html|work=The New York Times|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=]|accessdate=2007-10-07}}</ref> in the world as it is termed today. Among works in the Louvre, in 1852 its market value was 90,000 francs compared to works by Raphael valued at up to 600,000 francs. In 1878, the ] guide called it "the most celebrated work of Leonardo in the Louvre". Between 1851 and 1880, artists who visited the Louvre copied ''Mona Lisa'' roughly half as many times as certain works by ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name=Sassoon /> | |||
| == References in art == | |||
| The ] art world has also taken note of the undeniable fact of the ''Mona Lisa's'' popularity. Because of the painting's overwhelming stature, ]ists and ] often produce modifications and ]s. In ], ], one of the most influential Dadaists, made a ''Mona Lisa'' ] by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and a goatee, as well as adding the rude inscription L.H.O.O.Q., when read out loud in ] sounds like "Elle a chaud au cul" (translating to "she has a hot arse" as a manner of implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and availability). This was intended as a Freudian joke, referring to Leonardo's alleged ]. According to Rhonda R. Shearer, the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.<ref name="asrl">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artscienceresearchlab.org/articles/panorama.htm|title=Mona Lisa: Who is Hidden Behind the Woman with the Mustache?|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 15|publisher=Art Science Research Laboratory|year=2003|author=Marco De Marting - Translated by Camillo Olivetti|language=English}}</ref> ], famous for his pioneering surrealist work, painted ''Self portrait as Mona Lisa'' in ]. | |||
| In ], ]ist ] started making colorful ] prints of the ''Mona Lisa''. Warhol thus consecrated her as a modern icon, similar to ] or ]. At the same time, his use of a stencil process and crude colors implies a criticism of the debasement of aesthetic values in a society of mass production and mass consumption. | |||
| A reproduction of the Mona Lisa was discovered painted onto a hillside near ] on August 15th, 2006. It was created by artist Samuel Clemens using a tarp stencil and water-based paint. <ref name="seattlepi">{{Cite web|url=http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/281739_monalisa18.html|title=Artist brings 'Mona Lisa' smile to an Oregon hillside|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 15|publisher=Seattle Post Intelligencer|year=2006|author=Associated Press|language=English}}</ref> | |||
| ==Theories and speculation== | |||
| ===Columns and trimming=== | |||
| ], Baltimore]] | |||
| It has for a long time been argued that after Leonardo's death the painting was cut down by having part of the panel at both sides removed. Early copies depict columns on both sides of the figure. Only the edges of the bases can be seen in the original.<ref name="vern">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kleio.org/monalisa/mlpics/787ae.htm|title=The Mona Lisa of the Vernon Collection is still showing the columns|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 15|publisher=kleio.org|year=2007|author=Maike Vogt-Luerssen|language=English}}</ref><ref name="walt">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thewalters.org/wcontent/files/pages_new/mona_lisa.aspx|title=The Walters' Mona Lisa|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 15|publisher=The Walters Art Museum|year=2007|author=The Walters Art Museum|language=English}}</ref> However, some art historians, such as ], now argue that the painting has not been altered, and that the columns depicted in the copies were added by the copyists. The latter view was bolstered during 2004 and 2005 when an international team of 39 specialists undertook the most thorough scientific examination of the ''Mona Lisa'' yet undertaken. Beneath the frame (the current one was fitted to the ''Mona Lisa'' in 2004) there was discovered a "reserve" around all four edges of the panel. A reserve is an area of bare wood surrounding the ] and painted portion of the panel. That this is a genuine reserve, and not the result of removal of the gesso or paint is demonstrated by a raised edge still existing around the gesso, the result of build up from the edge of brush strokes at the edge of the gesso area. | |||
| The reserve area, which was likely to have been as much as 20 mm originally appears to have been trimmed at some point probably to fit a frame (we know that in the 1906 framing it was the frame itself which was trimmed, not the picture, so it must have been earlier), however at no point has any of Leonardo's actual paint been trimmed. Therefore the columns in early copies must be inventions of those artists, or copies of another (unknown) studio version of ''Mona Lisa''. The round objects each side of the sill remain as mysterious as so much of this painting. | |||
| ===Other versions=== | |||
| It has been suggested that Leonardo created more than one version of the painting. The owners of the version known as the '']'' claim that it is an original, though the great majority of art historians believe it to be a later copy by an unknown artist. The same claim has been made for a version in the Vernon collection.<ref name="lair">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lairweb.org.nz/leonardo/mona.html |title=Mona Lisa|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 15|publisher=Loadstar's Lair| year=2007|author=Loadstar's Lair|language=English}}</ref> Another version, dating from c.1616 was given in c.] to ] by the ] in exchange for a Reynolds self-portrait. Reynolds thought it to be the real painting and the French one a copy, which has now been disproved. It is, however, useful in that it was copied when the original's colors were far brighter than they are now, and so it gives some sense of the original's appearance 'as new'. It is in a private collection, but was exhibited in 2006 at the ].<ref name="guard">{{Cite web|url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1879254,00.html|title=Unveiled: early copy that reveals Mona Lisa as her creator intended|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 15|publisher=The Guardian Unlimited|year=2006|author=Charlotte Higgins|language=English}}</ref> There are also copies of the image in which the figure appears nude. These have also led to speculation that they were copied from a lost Leonardo original depicting Lisa naked.<ref name="nigel">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigel-cawthorne.com/projects.htm|title=Mona Lisa Nude - Nigel Cawthorne.com|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 15|publisher=Nigel Cawthorne.com|year=2002|author=Nigel Cawthorne.com|language=English}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| ===Smile=== | |||
| ''Mona Lisa'''s smile has repeatedly been a subject of many - greatly varying - interpretations. ] interpreted the 'smile' as signifying Leonardo's erotic attraction to his mother.<ref name="virg">{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.virginia.edu/~djr4r/freud.html|title=Leonardo Da Vinci and a Memory of his Childhood|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 15|publisher=Damian Judge Rollison - Department of English, University of Virginia|author=Sigmund Freud|language=English}}</ref> Others have described the smile as both innocent and inviting. | |||
| Many researchers have tried to explain why the smile is seen so differently by people. The explanations range from scientific theories about human vision to curious supposition about ''Mona Lisa's'' identity and feelings. Professor Margaret Livingstone of ] has argued that the smile is mostly drawn in low ], and so can best be seen from a distance or with one's ].<ref name="bbc">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2775817.stm|title=Mona Lisa smile secrets revealed|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 15|publisher=BBC News|year=2003|author=BBC News|language=English}}</ref> Thus, for example, the smile appears more striking when looking at the portrait's eyes than when looking at the mouth itself. Christopher Tyler and Leonid Kontsevich of the ] in ] believe that the changing nature of the smile is caused by variable levels of random noise in human ].<ref name="ns1" /> Dina Goldin, Adjunct Professor at ], has argued that the secret is in the dynamic position of ''Mona Lisa's'' facial muscles, where our mind's eye unconsciously extends her smile; the result is an unusual dynamicity to the face that invokes subtle yet strong emotions in the viewer of the painting.<ref name="goldin">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cse.uconn.edu/~dqg/papers/monalisa.htm|title=Mona Lisa's Secret Revealed|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 15|publisher=Brown University Faculty Bulletin|year=2002|author=Dina Q. Goldin|language=English}}</ref> | |||
| In late 2005, Dutch researchers from the University of Amsterdam ran the painting's image through "emotion recognition" computer software developed in collaboration with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The technology demonstration found the smile to be 83% happy, 9% disgusted, 6% fearful, 2% angry, less than 1% neutral, and 0% surprised.<ref>{{cite web|title="Mona Lisa 'happy', computer finds"|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4530650.stm|accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref><ref name="livescience">{{cite web|last=Sterling|first=Toby|publisher=Associated Press|accessdate=2007-08-17|url=http://www.livescience.com/history/ap_051215_mona_lisa.html|title="Mona LIsa Was 83 Percent Happy"|date=2007-12-27}} </ref> | |||
| There are many speculations regarding Mona Lisa and Her smile, and many new artists tend to agree that the reason behind her smile is to be questioned. By looking at her eyes; before the smile, the thought that comes first, to many minds, is that her eyes hold a certain sadness, again which reason is left for discussion. However, this leads people to question whether her smile was of a positive reason, and it leads many critics to suggest more deeper reasoning into Mona Lisa and her smile. | |||
| ===Eyebrows and eyelashes=== | |||
| One long-standing mystery of the painting is why Mona Lisa apparently does not have any eyebrows or eyelashes. In October 2007, Pascal Cotte, a French engineer and inventor, says that he discovered with a high-definition camera that Leonardo da Vinci originally did paint eyebrows and eyelashes. Creating an ultra-high resolution close-up that magified Mona Lisa's face 24 times, Cotte says he found a single brushstroke of a single hair above the left brow. "One day I say, if I can find only one hair, only one hair of the eyebrow, I will have definitively the proof that originally Leonardo da Vinci had painted eyelash and eyebrow," said Cotte. The engineer claims that other eyebrows that potentially could have appeared on the painting may have faded or been inadvertently erased by a poor attempt to clean the painting. In addition, Cotte says his work uncovered proof that her hands were originally painted in a slightly different position than in the final portrait. <ref>{{cite web|title="High resolution image hints at 'Mona Lisa's' eyebrows"|publisher=CNN|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/10/17/monalisa.mystery/index.html}}</ref> | |||
| ]''.]] | |||
| ===Subject=== | |||
| Various alternatives to the traditional identification of the sitter have been proposed. During the last years of his life, Leonardo spoke of a portrait "of a certain Florentine lady done from life at the request of the magnificent ]." No evidence has been found that indicates a link between Lisa del Giocondo and Giuliano de' Medici, but then the comment could instead refer to one of the two other portraits of women executed by Leonardo. A later anonymous statement created confusion when it linked the ''Mona Lisa'' to a portrait of Francesco del Giocondo himself — perhaps the origin of the controversial idea that it is the portrait of a man. | |||
| Dr. ] of ] suggests that the ''Mona Lisa'' is actually a self-portrait. She supports this theory with the results of a digital analysis of the facial features of Leonardo's face and that of the famous painting. When flipping a self-portrait drawing by Leonardo and then merging that with an image of the ''Mona Lisa'' using a computer, the features of the faces align perfectly.<ref></ref> Critics of this theory suggest that the similarities are due to both portraits being painted by the same person using the same style. Additionally, the drawing on which she based the comparison may not be a self-portrait. | |||
| ], in his biography of Leonardo, discusses the possibility that the portrait depicts the artist's mother Caterina. This would account for the resemblance between artist and subject observed by Dr. Schwartz, and would explain why Leonardo kept the portrait with him wherever he traveled, until his death. | |||
| ] ]] | |||
| Art historians have also suggested the possibility that the ''Mona Lisa'' may only resemble Leonardo by accident: as an artist with a great interest in the human form, Leonardo would have spent a great deal of time studying and drawing the human face, and the face most often accessible to him was his own, making it likely that he would have the most experience with drawing his own features. The similarity in the features of the people depicted in paintings such as the ''Mona Lisa'' and ''St. John the Baptist'' may thus result from Leonardo's familiarity with his own facial features, causing him to draw other, less familiar faces in a similar light. | |||
| The art expert Dr. Henry Pulitzer suggested that the portrait was possibly that of ], duchess of ], a patroness of Leonardo, and mistress of Giuliano de Medici. D'Avalos, coincidentally, was also nicknamed 'La Gioconda'.<ref name="pol">{{Cite web|url=http://www.politicaonline.net/forum/showthread.php?t=45653|title= La Gioconda Di Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1510)|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 15|publisher=Politica Online Forums|year=2003|author=Politica Online Forum Moderator|language=Italian}}</ref> | |||
| Maike Vogt-Lüerssen argues that the woman behind the famous smile is ], the ]. Leonardo was the court painter for the Duke of Milan for 11 years. The pattern on ''Mona Lisa's'' dark green dress, Vogt-Lüerssen believes, indicates that she was a member of the ]. Her theory is that the ''Mona Lisa'' was the first official portrait of the new Duchess of Milan, which requires that it was painted in spring or summer ] (and not ]). This theory is allegedly supported by another portrait of Isabella of Aragon, painted by ], (Doria Pamphilj Gallery, ]). | |||
| Historian Giuseppe Pallanti published ''Monna Lisa, Mulier Ingenua'' (''Mona Lisa: Real Woman'', published in English under the title ''Mona Lisa Revealed: The True Identity of Leonardo's Model'').<ref name="pallanti">{{cite book |author=Giuseppe Pallanti |title=Mona Lisa Revealed: The True Identity of Leonardo's Model |publisher=Skira |location=Geneve |year= |pages= |isbn=88-7624-659-2 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref> The book gathered archival evidence in support of the traditional identification of the model as Lisa. According to Pallanti, the evidence suggests that Leonardo's father was a friend of del Giocondo. "The portrait of ''Mona Lisa'', done when Lisa del Giocondo was aged about 24, was probably commissioned by Leonardo's father himself for his friends as he is known to have done on at least one other occasion."<ref name="teleg">{{Cite web|url=http://news.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/08/01/wmona01.xml|title= Riddle of Mona Lisa is finally solved: she was the mother of five|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 15|publisher=Telegraph.co.uk|year=2004|author=Bruce Johnston|language=English}}</ref> <ref name="convent">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dominicantoday.com/app/article.aspx?id=21684|title='Mona Lisa' died in 1542, was buried in convent|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 15|publisher=The Dominican Republic News|year=2007|author=Giuseppe Pallanti / Associated Press|language=English}}</ref> In 2007, genealogist Domenico Savini identified the princesses Natalia and Irina Strozzi as descendants of Lisa del Giocondo.<ref name="indep">{{Cite web|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article2192983.ece|title= The prince, the PM and the Mona Lisa|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 15|publisher=The Independent|year=2007|author=Peter Popham|language=English}}</ref> Scan data obtained in 2004 suggested that the painting dated from around 1503 and commemorated the birth of the Giocondo's second son.<ref name="nrcc">{{Cite web|url=http://iit-iti.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/projects-projets/monalisa-lajoconde_e.html|title=3D Examination of the Mona Lisa|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 15|publisher=Nataional Research Council of Canada|year=2006|author=Nataional Research Council of Canada|language=English}}</ref><ref name="edmonton">{{Cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/story.html?id=45cc0dcc-7a3d-4256-8c67-2a4e5d1645d3&k=75720|title=Canadian researchers set to reveal Mona Lisa mysteries|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 15|publisher=The Edmonton Journal|year=2006|author=Randy Boswell|language=English}}</ref> | |||
| ===Other theories=== | |||
| ''Mona Lisa'' certainly never belonged to the Giocondi, as Leonardo had it with him in France and it was sold to King ] there. Why Leonardo should have painted it remains unclear; it would have been an unusual portrait commission from a family such as the Giocondi at this date - most portraits of the "borghesia", even the ], were still much smaller and simpler. | |||
| == In popular culture == | |||
| {{Listcruft}} | |||
| ]''', '''How To Explain Great Art in The Age of Sports (Mona Lisa)''', 30 x 50”, Mixed Media on Canvas, Ed of 10.]] | |||
| The ''Mona Lisa'' has acquired an iconic status in ]. In "The Mountain Eaters", an episode of the British radio show '']'' broadcast on ] ], the character Neddy Seagoon signed an ] on the ''Mona Lisa''. Today the ''Mona Lisa'' is frequently reproduced, finding its way on to everything from carpets to mouse pads. | |||
| It has been a subject of many songs, including: | |||
| * '']'', a song from ] by ]. | |||
| * "Mona Lisa", the first track on ] singer ]'s ] album, '']''. The album rose to #1 on the ] Top Country Albums chart.<!-- Invalid reference<ref>Vitous, P., Pikora, V., Frantik, F., & Gololobov, M. (completion). (1999–2006). Retrieved on June 20, 2006.</ref>Invalid reference--> | |||
| * "]" was recorded by ] for his album ]. | |||
| * '']'' (ISBN 0-8362-1831-0) by ] features a ] version of the painting. | |||
| * "A Mona Lisa", an unreleased song by the ] ]. It was written by ] ] and recorded in ].<ref name="boot">{{Cite web|url=http://users.rcn.com/rfuss/ccboots1.html|title=Counting Crows bootleg guide|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 15|publisher=Fuss, R. (compiler)|year=2002|author=Richard Fuss|language=English}}</ref> | |||
| * The 1995 "Mona Lisa And The Last Supper" is a song by ] encompassing two of Leonardo's most famous works. | |||
| * "]" is also a rare song by ]. | |||
| * ], directed by Mike Newell and featuring Julia Roberts, Kirsten Dunst, and Maggie Gyllenhaal, was released in 2003. | |||
| * Song by Wyclef Jean | |||
| * "Mona Lisa", a song by the ] music group ] suggests her smile is the result of the singer's hand underneath her skirt.<ref>Unheilig. (2003). . Official website. Retrieved on June 21, 2006. (Choose "Das 2. Gebot" under "LYRICS"). An audio sample can be heard at ASIN B00008K4EL</ref><ref>Unheilig. (2003). . Retrieved on June 21, 2006.</ref> | |||
| * Song by Chris Clouse. | |||
| In 1979 BBC TV series ] spoofed the painting's 1911 robbery in ], a storyline involving an alien forcing Leonardo to paint 6 extra copies of the Mona Lisa back in 1505. He then steals the original from the Louvre to sell to 7 different contemporary black market art collectors. | |||
| In the 1990 film ], an innocent first year student Clark Kellogg, played by ], is stunned to see the Mona Lisa hanging in the living room of his new employer, Carmine Sabatini, aka Jimmy The Toucan, played by ]. Carmine's daughter, Tina Sabatini, played by ], matter-of-factly states it to be the real one, and the one in Paris being a expert copy. | |||
| The ], ] edition of '']'' ran for its cover Dean Rohrer's Mona Monica,<ref name="newyorker">{{Cite web|url=http://www.studiolo.org/Mona/images/NewYorkerMonaMonicaA.jpg|title=New Yorker Cover image|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 15|publisher=Robert A. Baron|author=Robert A. Baron|language=English}}</ref> an amalgamation of the ''Mona Lisa'' and ]. | |||
| In 2005, ], along with ], published '''' which features the Mona Lisa painting as a football play diagram -- and poses the question: "What if Art Lovers were as serious about art as sports fans are about sports?" | |||
| The painting plays a role in both the book and the movie versions of the fictional '']'' by ]. The novel says that the Mona Lisa is named so because it is an anagram of ], Egyptian god of male fertility, and L'Isa, the French name for ], Egyptian goddess of female fertility. | |||
| In the 1990s PBS game show '']'' Vic the Slick stole the Mona Lisa from the ]. | |||
| Parody and imitative versions of the Mona Lisa include a cow, gorilla, mouse, rabbit, and ] as Mona Lisa.<ref name="farside">{{Cite web|url=http://www.studiolo.org/Mona/MONASV07.htm|title=Mona Lisa Images for a Modern World - 7|accessyear=2007|accessmonthday=September 15|publisher=Robert A. Baron Arts Information Consultant|year=2007|author=Robert A. Baron|language=English}}</ref> | |||
| In the television show '']'', several episodes were named after the Mona Lisa, including "Moaning Lisa" and "Moe'N'a Lisa". | |||
| In the ] one artist used ] as a model for a rather busty--for Betty, anyway--version of the subject. | |||
| ''] Magazine'' ran an article suggesting how the ''Mona Lisa'' would look if modern cartoonists had drawn her: The high-cheekboned "Dragon Lady" of ]'s "Terry and the Pirates"; the macabre Morticia Addams of ]; the hatchet-faced Maggie of ]' "Bringing Up Father," etc. | |||
| The tabloid '']'' ran a Mona Lisa look-alike contest. A ''male'' entrant came in second. | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| <!-- READ ME!! PLEASE DO NOT JUST ADD NEW NOTES AT THE BOTTOM. See the instructions above on ordering. --> | |||
| == External links == | |||
| {{portal|Visual arts}} | |||
| {{Commonscat|Mona Lisa}} | |||
| *{{cite web|title=Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo|url=http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226503&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226503&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500816&bmUID=1155229237450&bmLocale=en|publisher=Musée du Louvre|accessdate=2007-10-04}} | |||
| * | |||
| * , a large Mona Lisa fan site | |||
| * , from the ] website for ''Treasures Of The World'' | |||
| * , an April 2004 ] article | |||
| * , another BBC article | |||
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| * , ''Cosmos'' magazine, September 2006 | |||
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Revision as of 03:30, 15 January 2008
Mona Lisa was a dirty mexican slut bag