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| {{otheruses1|the capital of France}} | |||
| {{French commune | |||
| |native_name = Ville de Paris | |||
| |common_name = Paris | |||
| |image = ] | |||
| |caption = The ] in Paris, as seen from the esplanade du ]. | |||
| |image_flag = Flag of Paris.svg | |||
| |image_flag_size = 85px | |||
| |image_coat_of_arms = Paris coa.png | |||
| |image_coat_of_arms_size = 120px | |||
| |flag_legend = City flag | |||
| |Coat_of_arms_legend = City coat of arms | |||
| |city_motto = '']''<br /><small> | |||
| (]: "Tossed by the waves, she does not sink")</small> | |||
| ]:''The City of Lights, The City of Eternal Love'' | |||
| |image_map = France_jms.png | |||
| |x = 141 | |||
| |y = 73 | |||
| |time zone = CET <small>(GMT +1)</small> | |||
| |lat_long = {{coor dms|48|52|0|N|2|19|59|E|type:city(2144700)_region:FR}} | |||
| |region = ] | |||
| |departement = Paris (75) | |||
| |mayor = ] | |||
| |party = ] | |||
| |mandat = 2001-2008 | |||
| |subdivisions_entry = ] | |||
| |subdivisions = ] | |||
| |area = <!-- later use 105.397<br /> -->86.9<ref name="area"> Excluding ] and ]</ref> | |||
| |date-population =2005 estimate | |||
| |population = 2,153,600 | |||
| |population-ranking=] | |||
| |date-density = 2005<ref name="area" /> | |||
| |density = 24,783 | |||
| |UU-area = 2 723 | |||
| |UU-area-date = 1999 | |||
| |UU-pop = 9 644 507 | |||
| |UU-pop-date =1999 | |||
| |AU-area = 14,518.3 | |||
| |AU-area-date = 1999 | |||
| |AU-pop = 12,067,000 | |||
| |AU-pop-date =2007 | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Paris''' (pronounced /paˈʁi/ in French; /ˈpaɹɪs/ in English) is the ] of ]. It is situated on the ], in northern France, at the heart of the ] ] ("Région parisienne"). Paris has an estimated population of 2,153,600 within its administrative limits.<ref name="paris_pop_2005">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/recensement/nouv_recens/resultats/grandes-villes.htm#P| title="Estimation de population pour certaines grandes villes"| author=]| accessdate=2006-04-10}}</ref> The Paris '']'' (or ]) is an area of unbroken urban growth that extends well beyond the administrative city limits, with a population of 9.93 million.<ref name="UU_2005">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/chifcle_fiche.asp?ref_id=CMPTEF01103&tab_id=18| title="Population des villes et unités urbaines de plus de 1 million d'habitants de l'Union Européenne"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-04-10}}</ref> Paris' ] area, or '']'', when joined with Paris and its ''unité urbaine'', completes the ] (or ]) that, with its population of 12 million,<ref name="paris_AU99_pop">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/wr_page.affiche?p_id_nivgeo=M&p_id_loca=001&p_id_princ=POP1&p_theme=ALL&p_typeprod=ALL&p_langue=FR| title="Aire Urbaine '99 - pop totale par sexe et âge"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-04-10}}</ref> is one of the most heavily populated areas in ].<ref name="urban_areas">{{cite web| url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&va=&pt=a| title="World Metropolitan Areas"| author=Stefan Helders, World Gazetteer| accessdate=2007-01-18}}</ref> | |||
| An important settlement for more than two millennia, Paris is today one of the world's leading ] and ] centres, and its influence in ], ], ], ], ], ] and the ] all contribute to its status as one of the world's major ].<ref name="GaWC">{{cite web| url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/citylist.html| title="Inventory of World Cities"| author=Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network, ]| accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref> The Paris Region (]) is France's foremost centre of economic activity. With €500.8 billion (US$628.9 billion), it produced more than a quarter of the ] (GDP) of France in 2006.<ref>{{fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/PIB_reg.xls| title=Produits Intérieurs Bruts Régionaux (PIBR) en valeur en millions d'euros|author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|format=XLS|accessdate=2007-09-01}}</ref> The Paris Region hosts 36 of the ] companies<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2007/countries/France.html| title=Global Fortune 500 by countries: France|author=]|accessdate=2007-11-03}}</ref> in several business districts, notably ], the largest purpose-built business district in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.logistics-in-europe.com/pidf-gb/index.html| title="Paris Ile-de-France, a head start in Europe"|author=Logistics-in-Europe.com, Vertical Mail |accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref> Paris also hosts many international organizations such as ], the ], the ] and the informal ]. | |||
| Paris is the most popular tourist destination in the world, with over 30 million foreign visitors per year.<ref name=tourism>{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/rfc/docs/bilan2004tour.pdf| title=Le tourisme se porte mieux en 2004 | author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| format=PDF| accessdate=2007-01-16}}</ref> There are numerous iconic landmarks among its many attractions, along with world famous institutions and popular parks. | |||
| {{TOClimit|limit=2}} | |||
| ==Etymology== | |||
| {{main|Name of Paris and its inhabitants}} | |||
| The name Paris, {{pronEng|ˈparɪs}} in ] and {{Audio-IPA|Paris1.ogg|}} in ], derives from that of its pre-Roman-era inhabitants, the ]ish tribe known as the '']''. The city was called '']'' ({{IPA|/lutetja/}}) (more fully, ''Lutetia Parisiorum'', "Lutetia of the Parisii"), during the first- to sixth-century Roman occupation, but during the reign of ] (361-363) the city was renamed as Paris. <ref>, official history of Paris by The Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau</ref> | |||
| Paris has many nicknames, but its most famous is "The City of Lights" (''La Ville-lumière''), a name it owes both to its fame as a centre of education and ideas and its early adoption of ]ing. <!-- The following should go to less generalistic article -->Paris since the early 20th century has also been known in Parisian ] as ''Paname'' ({{IPA|}}; {{Audio|Fr-moi-jsuis-dPaname.ogg|''Moi j'suis d'Paname''}}, i.e. "I'm from Paname"). | |||
| Paris' inhabitants are known in English as "Parisians" ({{IPA|}} or {{IPA|}}) and as ''Parisiens'' ({{Audio-IPA|Parisien2.ogg|}}) in ]. Parisians are often pejoratively called ''Parigots'' ({{Audio-IPA|Parigot.ogg|}}) by those living outside the Paris Region, but this is a term sometimes considered endearing by Parisians themselves. | |||
| :''See ] for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French.'' | |||
| ==History== | |||
| {{main|History of Paris}} | |||
| ===Early beginnings=== | |||
| The earliest archaeological signs of permanent habitation in the Paris area date from around 4200 ].<ref name="roman_chronology"> {{cite web| url=http://www.paris.culture.fr/en/ow_chrono.htm| author=Mairie de Paris|title=Paris, Roman City - Chronology| accessdate=2006-07-16}}</ref> The '']'', a sub-tribe of the ]ic ], known as boatsmen and traders{{Fact|date=November 2007}}, inhabited the area near the river Seine from around 250 BC{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. The ] conquered the Paris basin in 52 BC,<ref name="roman_chronology" /> with a permanent settlement by the end of the same century on the ] ] and the ] island. The ] town was originally called ], but later Gallicised to ''Lutèce''. It expanded greatly over the following centuries, becoming a prosperous city with a forum, palaces, baths, temples, theatres and an amphitheatre.<ref name="roman_city"> {{cite web| url=http://www.paris.culture.fr/en/| author=Mairie de Paris|title=Paris, Roman City - The City| accessdate=2006-07-16}}</ref> The collapse of the Roman empire and the third-century Germanic invasions sent the city into a period of decline. By 400 AD ''Lutèce'', by then largely abandoned by its inhabitants, was little more than a garrison town entrenched into the hastily fortified central island.<ref name="roman_chronology" /> The city reclaimed its original appellation of "Paris" towards the end of the Roman occupation. | |||
| ===Middle ages=== | |||
| ] castle from the 15th century ]]] | |||
| Around ] 500, Paris was the capital of the ] ] ], who commissioned the first ] and its first abbey dedicated to his contemporary, later ] of the city, ]{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. On the death of Clovis, the Frankish kingdom was divided, and Paris became the capital of a much smaller sovereign state{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. By the time of the ] dynasty (9th century), Paris was little more than a feudal county stronghold{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. The Counts of Paris gradually rose to prominence and eventually wielded greater power than the Kings of ]. ] was elected king in place of the incumbent ], namely for the fame he gained in his defence of Paris during the ] siege (]). Although the ] had survived the Viking attacks, most of the unprotected ] city was destroyed; rather than rebuild there, after drying marshlands to the north of the island, Paris began to expand onto the ]{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. In 987 AD, ], Count of Paris, was elected King of France, founding the ] which would raise Paris to become France's capital{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. | |||
| From 1190, King ] enclosed Paris on both banks with a wall that had the ] as its western fortress and in 1200 chartered the ] which brought visitors from across ]{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. It was during this period that the city developed a spatial distribution of activities that can still be seen: the central island housed government and ecclesiastical institutions, the left bank became a scholastic centre with the University and ]s, while the right bank developed as the centre of commerce and trade around the central ] marketplace{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. | |||
| Paris lost its position as seat of the French realm while occupied by the English-allied ] during the ], but regained its title when ] reclaimed the city in 1437; although Paris was capital once again, the Crown preferred to remain in its ] castles{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. During the ], Paris was a stronghold of the ], culminating in the ] (1572). King ] re-established the royal court in Paris in 1594 after he captured the city from the Catholic party{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. During the ], Parisians rose in rebellion and the royal family fled the city (1648). King ] then moved the royal court permanently to ] in 1682. A century later, Paris was the centre stage for the ], with the ] in 1789 and the ] of the monarchy in 1792{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. | |||
| ===Nineteenth century=== | |||
| The ], the ], and the '']'' brought Paris the greatest development in its history. From the 1840s, rail transport allowed an unprecedented flow of migrants into Paris attracted by employment in the new industries in the suburbs. The city underwent a massive renovation under ] and his '']'' ], who ] of narrow-winding medieval streets to create the network of wide avenues and neo-classical façades of modern Paris. This programme of 'Haussmannization' <!--I'm a Brit, and have read the BrEng/AmEng debate about this page, but you spell this particular neologism with a 'z'--> was designed to make the city both more beautiful and more sanitary for its inhabitants, although it did have the added benefit that in case of future revolts or revolutions, cavalry charges and rifle fire could be used to deal with the insurrection while the rebel tactic of barricading so often used during the Revolution would become obsolete.<ref>Jones, Colin (2005) ''Paris: The Biography of a City'' (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), pp. 318-319</ref> | |||
| ] epidemics in 1832 and 1849 affected the population of Paris — the 1832 epidemic alone claimed 20,000 of the then population of 650,000.<ref name="cholera">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.amicale-genealogie.org/Histoires_temps-passe/Epidemies/chol01.htm| title="Le Cholera"| author=Amicale Genealogie, La Petite Gazette Généalogique| accessdate=2006-04-10}}</ref> Paris also suffered greatly from the ] which ended the ] (1870-1871): in the chaos caused by the fall of Napoleon III's government, the ] (1871) sent many of Paris' administrative centres (and city archives) up in flames while 20,000 Parisians were killed by fighting between Commune and Government forces in what became known as the ''semaine sanglante'' (Bloody Week)<ref>Jones, Colin (2005) ''Paris: The Biography of a City'' (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), pp. 324-325 </ref>. | |||
| Paris recovered rapidly from these events to host the famous ]s of the late nineteenth century.<ref name=Jones334>Jones, Colin (2005) ''Paris: The Biography of a City'' (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), p. 334</ref> The ] was built for the French Revolution centennial ], as a "temporary" display of architectural engineering prowess but remained the world's tallest building until 1930, and is the city's best-known landmark, while the ] saw the opening of the first ] line. Paris' World's Fair years also consolidated its position in the tourist industry and as an attractive setting for international technology and trade shows.<ref name=Jones334/> | |||
| ===Twentieth century=== | |||
| ] soldiers in front of the ], occupied Paris, 1940]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| During ], Paris was at the forefront of the war effort, having been spared a German invasion by the French and British victory at the ] in 1914. In 1918-1919, it was the scene of ] victory parades and peace negotiations. In the ] Paris was famed for its cultural and artistic communities and its nightlife. The city became a gathering place of artists from around the world, from exiled Russian composer ] and Spanish painters ] and ] to American writer ].<ref>Jones, Colin (2005) Paris: The Biography of a City (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), pp. 388-391</ref> In June 1940, five weeks after the start of the ], Paris fell to German occupation forces who remained there until ] in August of 1944, two months after the Normandy invasion.<ref name="overy">{{cite book| author=Richard Overy| title=Why the Allies Won| pages=pp. 215-216| publisher=]| year=2006| isbn=1845950658}}</ref> | |||
| Central Paris endured ] practically unscathed, as there were no strategic targets for Allied bombers (train stations in central Paris are ]s; major factories were located in the suburbs), and also because of its cultural significance. German ] did not destroy all Parisian monuments before any German retreat, as ordered by ], who had visited the city in 1940.<ref name="historynet">{{cite web| url=http://www.historynet.com/magazines/world_war_2/3031316.html| title=Dietrich von Choltitz: Saved of Paris From Destruction During World War II| accessdate=2007-11-17| author=Kelly Bell| publisher=www.TheHistoryNet.com}}</ref> | |||
| In the post-war era, Paris experienced its largest development since the end of the '']'' in 1914. The suburbs began to expand considerably, with the construction of large social estates known as ''cités'' and the beginning of the business district ]. A comprehensive express subway network, the ], was built to complement the Métro and serve the distant suburbs, while a network of freeways was developed in the suburbs, centred on the '']'' expressway circling around the city{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. | |||
| Since the 1970s, many inner suburbs of Paris (especially the eastern ones) have experienced ], and the once-thriving ''cités'' have gradually become ghettos for immigrants and oases of unemployment{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. At the same time, the City of Paris (within its ''Périphérique'' ring) and the western and southern suburbs have successfully shifted their economic base from traditional manufacturing to high value-added services and high-tech manufacturing, generating great wealth for their residents whose per capita income is among the highest in Europe{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. The resulting widening social gap between these two areas has led to periodic unrest since the mid-1980s, such as the ] which largely concentrated in the northeastern suburbs.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/4417096.stm| title=Special Report: Riots in France| accessdate=2007-11-17| author=]| publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
| ==Geography== | |||
| {{Main|Topography of Paris}} | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the ] and includes two islands, the ] and the larger ], which form the oldest part of the city. Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest elevation is 35 metres (114 ft) above sea level. Paris has several prominent hills, of which the highest is ] at 130 ] (426 ]){{Fact|date=November 2007}}. | |||
| Paris, excluding the outlying parks of ] and ], covers an oval measuring 86.928 square kilometres (33.56 square miles) in area{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form, but created the twenty clockwise-spiralling ] (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of 78 km² (30.1 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally to {{convert|86.9|sqkm|sqmi|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} in the 1920s. In 1929 the ] and ] forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to its present 105.397 km² (40.69 sq mi){{Fact|date=November 2007}}. | |||
| Paris' real demographic size, or ], extends well beyond the city limits, forming an irregular oval with arms of urban growth extending along the Seine and ] rivers from the city's south-east and east, and along the Seine and ] rivers to the city's north-west and north{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. Beyond the main suburbs, population density drops sharply: a mix of forest and agriculture dotted with a network of relatively evenly dispersed ''éparpillement'' of satellite towns, this '']'' ], when combined with the Paris agglomeration, completes the Paris '']'' (or ], a sort of ]) that covers an oval 14,518 km² (5,605.5 sq mi){{Fact|date=January 2007}} in area, or about 138 times that of Paris itself{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. | |||
| ====Climate==== | |||
| Paris has an ] and is affected by the ], so the city has a temperate climate that rarely sees extremely high or low temperatures. The average yearly high temperature is about 15 ] (59 ]), and yearly lows tend to remain around an average of 7 °C (45 °F). The highest temperature ever, recorded on ] ], was 40.4 °C (104.7 °F), and the lowest was a −23.9 °C (−11.0 °F) temperature reached on ] ].<ref name="climate">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579| title="Géographie de la capitale - Le climat"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-05-24}}</ref> The Paris region has recently seen temperatures reaching both extremes, with the ] and ]. | |||
| Rainfall can occur at any time of the year, and Paris is known for its sudden showers. The city sees an average yearly precipitation of 641.6 mm (25.2 inches).<ref name="climate">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579| title="Géographie de la capitale - Le climat"| accessdate=2006-05-24}}</ref> Snowfall is a rare occurrence, usually appearing in the coldest months of January or February (but has been recorded as late as April), and almost never accumulates enough to make a covering that will last more than a day{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. | |||
| {{-}} | |||
| <!--Infobox begins-->{{Infobox Weather | |||
| |metric_first=Yes | |||
| |single_line=Yes<!--Yes or leave blank to separate metric/imperial--> | |||
| |location=Paris | |||
| |Jan_Hi_°C = 7 |Jan_REC_Hi_°C = | |||
| |Feb_Hi_°C = 9 |Feb_REC_Hi_°C = | |||
| |Mar_Hi_°C = 13 |Mar_REC_Hi_°C = | |||
| |Apr_Hi_°C = 16 |Apr_REC_Hi_°C = | |||
| |May_Hi_°C = 20 |May_REC_Hi_°C = | |||
| |Jun_Hi_°C = 23 |Jun_REC_Hi_°C = | |||
| |Jul_Hi_°C = 24 |Jul_REC_Hi_°C = | |||
| |Aug_Hi_°C = 25 |Aug_REC_Hi_°C = | |||
| |Sep_Hi_°C = 22 |Sep_REC_Hi_°C = | |||
| |Oct_Hi_°C = 16 |Oct_REC_Hi_°C = | |||
| |Nov_Hi_°C = 10 |Nov_REC_Hi_°C = | |||
| |Dec_Hi_°C = 8 |Dec_REC_Hi_°C = | |||
| |Year_Hi_°C= 15 |Year_REC_Hi_°C= | |||
| |Jan_Lo_°C = 4 |Jan_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Feb_Lo_°C = 4 |Feb_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Mar_Lo_°C = 6 |Mar_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Apr_Lo_°C = 9 |Apr_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |May_Lo_°C =12 |May_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Jun_Lo_°C =15 |Jun_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Jul_Lo_°C =16 |Jul_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Aug_Lo_°C =16 |Aug_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Sep_Lo_°C =12 |Sep_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Oct_Lo_°C = 8 |Oct_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Nov_Lo_°C = 4 |Nov_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Dec_Lo_°C = 4 |Dec_REC_Lo_°C = | |||
| |Year_Lo_°C= 7 |Year_REC_Lo_°C= | |||
| <!--**** use mm or cm but not both! ****--> | |||
| |Jan_Precip_cm = |Jan_Precip_mm = 7.2 | |||
| |Feb_Precip_cm = |Feb_Precip_mm = 10.5 | |||
| |Mar_Precip_cm = |Mar_Precip_mm = 12.9 | |||
| |Apr_Precip_cm = |Apr_Precip_mm = 33.3 | |||
| |May_Precip_cm = |May_Precip_mm = 27.2 | |||
| |Jun_Precip_cm = |Jun_Precip_mm = 14.2 | |||
| |Jul_Precip_cm = |Jul_Precip_mm = 7.9 | |||
| |Aug_Precip_cm = |Aug_Precip_mm = 8.2 | |||
| |Sep_Precip_cm = |Sep_Precip_mm = 15.4 | |||
| |Oct_Precip_cm = |Oct_Precip_mm = 16.6 | |||
| |Nov_Precip_cm = |Nov_Precip_mm = 9.3 | |||
| |Dec_Precip_cm = |Dec_Precip_mm = 23.2 | |||
| |Year_Precip_cm= |Year_Precip_mm=185.9 | |||
| |source= MSN Weather<ref name="msn-weather">{{cite web | |||
| |url= http://weather.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?&wealocations=wc%3aFRXX0076&setunit=C | |||
| |title= MSN Weather | |||
| |accessmonthday=Jan 30 |accessyear=2007 |publisher= |language= }}</ref> | |||
| |accessdate= Jan 30, 2007 | |||
| <!--|source2= <ref name="">{{cite web | |||
| |url= | |||
| |title= | |||
| |accessmonthday= |accessyear= |publisher= |language= }}</ref> | |||
| |accessdate2 = --> | |||
| }}<!--Infobox ends--> | |||
| ==Cityscape== | |||
| ] | |||
| ===Architecture=== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| "Modern" Paris is the result of a vast ]{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. For centuries it had been a labyrinth of narrow streets and ] houses, but beginning in 1852, the ]'s vast urbanisation levelled entire quarters to make way for wide avenues lined with neo-classical stone buildings of ''bourgeoise'' standing; most of this 'new' Paris is the Paris we see today. These ] plans are in many cases still in effect, as the city of Paris imposes the then-defined "''alignement''" law (imposed position defining a predetermined street width) on many new constructions. A building's height was also defined according to the width of the street it lines, and Paris' building code has seen few changes since the mid-19th century to allow for higher constructions. It is for this reason that Paris is mainly a "flat" city{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. | |||
| Paris' unchanging borders, strict building codes and lack of developable land have together contributed in creating a phenomenon called ''muséification'' (or "museumification") as, at the same time as they strive to preserve Paris' historical past, existing laws make it difficult to create within city limits the larger buildings and utilities needed for a growing population{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. Many of Paris' institutions and economic infrastructure are already located in, or are planning on moving to, the suburbs{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. The financial (]) business district, the main food wholesale market (]), major renowned schools ('']'', ], ], ], etc.), world famous research laboratories (in ] or ]), the largest sport stadium ('']''), and some ministries (namely the Ministry of Transportation) are located outside of the city of Paris. The National Archives of France are due to relocate to the northern suburbs before 2010{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. The need for a larger Paris is largely acknowledged by the French government. As of November 2007, discussions for such a larger Paris have begun, though which suburbs should be included in this larger Paris is unresolved. In any case, such an extension will not occur before the French city-hall elections, scheduled in the spring of 2008. | |||
| ===Districts and historical centres=== | |||
| {{main|Paris districts}} | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ] in the financial district]] | |||
| ====City of Paris==== | |||
| * ''']''' (4<sup>th</sup>, 11<sup>th</sup> and 12<sup>th</sup> arrondissements, right bank) being one of the most historic districts, being a location of an essential event of not only Paris, but the whole country of France. Because of its historical value the square is often used for political demonstrations, including the massive ]. | |||
| * ''']''' (8<sup>th</sup> arrondissement, right bank) is a seventeenth century garden-promenade turned avenue connecting the Concorde and ]. It is one of the many tourist attractions and a major shopping street of Paris. This avenue has been called "la plus belle avenue du monde" ("the most beautiful avenue in the world"). | |||
| * ''']''' (8<sup>th</sup> arrondissement, right bank) is at the foot of the Champs-Élysées, built as the "Place Louis XV", site of the infamous ]. The Egyptian obelisk is Paris' "oldest monument". On this place, on the two side of the ''Rue Royale'' live two identical stone buildings: the eastern houses the French Naval Ministry, the western the luxurious ]. Nearby ''']''' is famous for its fashionable and deluxe hotels (] and ]) and its jewellers. Many famous fashion designers have had their salons in the square. | |||
| * ''']''' (1<sup>st</sup> arrondissement, right bank) was formerly Paris' central meat and produce market, since the late 1970s a major shopping centre around an important ] connection station (Châtelet-Les Halles, the biggest in Europe). The past Les Halles was destroyed in 1971 and replaced by the ]. The central market of Paris, the biggest wholesale food market in the world, was transferred to ], in the southern suburbs. | |||
| * ''']''' (3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> arrondissements) is a trendy Right Bank district. With large ] and ]ish populations it is a very culturally open place. | |||
| * ''']''' (8<sup>th</sup> arrondissement), next to the Champs-Élysées, is home to luxury brand labels such as ], ] (]), ] and ]. | |||
| * ''']''' (18<sup>th</sup> arrondissement, right bank) is a historic area on the Butte, home to the ]. Montmartre has always had a history with artists and has many studios and cafés of many great artists in that area. | |||
| * ''']''' (14<sup>th</sup> arrondissement) is a historic Left Bank area famous for artists studios, music halls, and café life. The large ] '']'' station and the lone ] ] are located there. | |||
| * ''']''' (9<sup>th</sup> arrondissement, right bank) is the area around the ] is a home to the capital's densest concentration of both department stores and offices. A few examples are the ] and ] ''grands magasins'' (department stores), and the Paris headquarters of financial giants such as ] and ]. | |||
| * ''']''' (5<sup>th</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup> arrondissements, left bank) is a twelfth century scholastic centre formerly stretching between the Left Bank's Place Maubert and the ] campus. It is known for its lively atmosphere and many ]s. With various higher education establishments, such as the ], ] and the ] make it a major educational centre in Paris, which also contributes to its atmosphere. | |||
| * ''']''' (8<sup>th</sup> arrondissement, right bank) is one of Paris' high-fashion districts, home to labels such as ] and ]. | |||
| ====In the Paris area==== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| * ''']''' (straddling the ] of ], ], and ], 2.5 km/1.5 miles west of the City of Paris) is a ] of Paris and is one of the largest business centres in the world. Built at the western end of a westward extension of Paris' historical axis from the ], La Défense consists mainly of business ]s. Initiated by the French government in 1958, the district hosts 3.5 million m² of offices, making of it the largest district in Europe specifically developed for business. The ] (Great Arch) of la Défense, which houses a part of the French Transports Minister's headquarters, ends the central Esplanade around which the district is organised. | |||
| *''']''' (straddling the ] of ], ], and ], immediately north of the ], across the '']'' ring road) is a formerly derelict manufacturing area which has undergone massive regeneration in the last 10 years. It now hosts the ] around which is being built the new business district of LandyFrance<!-- do not detach these two words, that's the correct spelling -->, with two ] stations (on RER line ] and ]) and possibly some skyscrapers.<!--<ref>{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=? |title=May 11, 2006 edition of Paris Obs. Title: "Paris - Petite couronne : la bataille des tours"| author='']''}}</ref> --> In the Plaine Saint-Denis are also located most of France's ]s as well as some major ]s. | |||
| *''']''' (straddling the ] and the ] of ] and ] to the south-west of central Paris) is the new media hub of Paris and France, hosting the headquarters of most of France's TV networks (] in Boulogne-Billancourt, ] in the 15th arrondissement, ] and the international channels ] and ] in Issy-les-Moulineaux), as well as several telecommunication and ] companies such as ] in Boulogne-Billancourt or ]'s Europe, Africa & Middle East regional headquarters in Issy-les-Moulineaux. | |||
| ===Monuments and landmarks=== | |||
| {{main|List of visitor attractions in Paris}} | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| Three of the most famous Parisian ] are the twelfth century ] ] on the ], the nineteenth century ], and the ] ]. The Eiffel Tower was a "temporary" construction by Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 ] but the tower was never dismantled and is now an enduring symbol of Paris<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikitravel.org/en/Paris/7th_arrondissement#Landmarks |title=Paris/7th arrondissement |accessdate=2007-11-27 |publisher=]}}</ref>. It is visible from many parts of the city as are the ] skyscraper and the ] on the ] hill{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. | |||
| The ] is a line of monuments, buildings and thoroughfares that run in a roughly straight line from the city centre westwards: the line of monuments begins with the ] and continues through the ], the ] and the ] centred in the ] circus. From the 1960s the line was prolonged even further west to the ] business district dominated by square-shaped triumphal ] of its own; this district hosts most of the ] in the Paris ]. | |||
| The ] museum is the burial place for many great French soldiers, including ], and the ] church is where many of France's illustrious men and women are buried. The former ] prison held some prominent '']'' members before their deaths during the ]. Another symbol of the Revolution are the two ] located on the ] on the Seine and in the ]. A larger version of the statues was sent as a gift from France to ] in 1886 and now stands in ]'s harbour. | |||
| The ] built in the later ] period, houses the Paris Opera and the ], while the former palace of the ] now houses one of the most famous museums in the world. The ] is the most famous part of the ] and is based in the centre of the ]. Apart from Notre Dame de Paris, there are several other ecclesiastical masterpieces including the Gothic thirteenth century ] palace chapel and the ]. | |||
| ===Parks and gardens=== | |||
| {{main|List of parks and gardens in Paris}} | |||
| Two of Paris' oldest and famous ]s are the ], created from the 16th century for a palace on the banks of the ] near the ], and the ] ], another formerly private garden belonging to a château built for the ] in 1612. The ], created by ]'s doctor ] for the cultivation of medicinal plants, was Paris' first public garden. | |||
| A few of Paris' other large gardens are ] creations: the formerly suburban parks of ], ] and ] (formerly known as the "folie de Chartres"), were creations of ]'s engineer ] and the landscape and are enjoyed by all ages. Another project executed under the orders of ] was the re-sculpting of Paris' western ] forest-parklands; the ], to Paris' opposite eastern end, received a similar treatment in years following. | |||
| Newer additions to Paris' park landscape are the ], built by the architect ] on the location of Paris' former ]s, and gardens being lain to Paris' periphery along the traces of its former circular "]" railway line. | |||
| ===Cemeteries=== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| Paris' cemeteries were to its outskirts since Roman times, but this changed with the rise of ] and the appearance of inner-city churches and their adjoining burial grounds. City growth soon filled these cemeteries to overflowing, creating sometimes very unsanitary conditions; condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris' then suburban stone mines outside the "Porte d'Enfer" city gate (today ]'s place ]). As a more definitive solution than a first creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, ] decreed the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries to the outside of the city walls; Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of ], ], ], and later ]. | |||
| When Paris annexed its formerly suburban communes in 1860, it once again included cemeteries within its city walls. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: the largest of these are the ''Cimetière Parisien de ]'', the ''Cimetière Parisien de ]-]'', the ''Cimetière Parisien d']'' and the ''Cimetière Parisien de ].'' | |||
| ==Culture== | |||
| ====Entertainment==== | |||
| '''Opera'''<br /> | |||
| ]]] | |||
| Paris' largest opera houses are the 19th century ] and modern ]; the former tends towards the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern. | |||
| '''Theatre/Concert halls'''<br /> | |||
| Theatre traditionally has had a large place in Parisian culture. This still holds true today, although, perhaps strangely, many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. A few of Paris' major theatres are ], ] and the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse. Some Parisian theatres also doubled as concert halls. | |||
| Many of France's greatest musical legends such as ], ], ] and ] found their fame in Parisian concert halls: legendary yet still-showing examples of these are ], ], ], ] and ]. | |||
| The below-mentioned Élysées-Montmartre, much reduced from its original size, is a concert hall today. The New Morning is one of few Parisian clubs still holding jazz concerts, but the same also specialises in 'indie' music. More recently, the ] hall in Paris' ] quarter and a "''parc-omnisports''" stadium in ] serve as large-scale rock concert halls. | |||
| '''Dancehalls/Discotheques'''<br /> | |||
| ''Guinguettes'' and ''Bals-concerts'' were the backbone of Parisian entertainment before the mid-20th century. Early to mid-19th century examples were the ''Moulin de la Galette'' guinguette and the ''Élysées-Montmartre'' and ''Chateau-Rouge'' dancehalls-gardens. Popular orchestral fare gave way to the Parisian accordionists of lore whose music moved the ''Apollo'' and ''le Java'' faubourg du Temple and ] dance-hall crowds. Out of the clubs remaining from this era grew the modern ''discothèque'': Le Palace, although closed today, is Paris' most legendary example. Today, much of the clubbing in Paris happens in clubs like Le Queen, L'Etoile, Le Cab which are highly selective. Electronic music oriented clubs such as Le Rex, the Batofar (a boat converted into a club) or The Pulp are quite popular and some of the world's best DJs play there. | |||
| '''Cafés, restaurants and hotels'''<br/> | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| Cafés quickly became an integral part of French culture from their appearance, namely from the opening of the ] ] in 1689 and the ''café Régence'' at the ] one year earlier. The cafés in the gardens of the latter locale became quite popular through the 18th century, and can be considered Paris' first "terrace cafés"; these would not become widespread until sidewalks and boulevards began to appear from the mid-19th century. Cafés are an almost obligatory stop on the way to or from work for many Parisians, and especially during lunchtime. | |||
| Paris' culinary reputation has its base in the many origins of its inhabitants. With the early-19th century railways and ensuing industrial revolution came a flood of migration that brought with it all the gastronomical diversity of France's many different regions, and maintained through 'local speciality' restaurants catering to the tastes of people from all. "Chez Jenny" is a typical example of a restaurant specialising in the cuisine of the ] region, and "Aux Lyonnais" is another with traditional fare originating from its city name's region. Of course migration from even more distant climes meant an even greater culinary diversity, and today, in addition to a great number of North African and Asian establishments, in Paris one can find top-quality cuisine from virtually the world over. | |||
| Hotels were another result of widespread travel and ], especially Paris' late-19th century ] (World's Fairs). Of the most luxurious of these, the ] appeared in the ] from 1898, and the ] opened its doors on the north side of the ] from 1909. | |||
| '''Cinema'''<br/> | |||
| {{see also|List of films set in Paris}} | |||
| Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, that is to say with a dominance of Hollywood-generated film entertainment. French cinema comes a close second, with major directors (''réalisateurs'') such as ], ], ] and ], and the more slapstick/popular genre with director ] as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated. A specialty of Paris is its very large network of small movie theatres: on a given week the movie fan has the choice between around 300 old or new movies from all over the world. | |||
| Many of Paris' concert/dance halls were transformed into movie theatres when the media became popular from the 1930s. Later most of the largest cinemas were divided into multiple, smaller rooms: Paris' largest cinema today is by far '']'' theatre with 2800 seats, while other cinemas all have less than 1000 seats. There is now a trend toward modern multiplexes with more than 10 or 20 screens in the same building. | |||
| ====Tourism==== | |||
| {{main|List of museums in Paris}} | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| Paris had always been a destination for traders, students and those on religious pilgrimages, but its 'tourism' in the proper sense of the term began on a large scale only with the appearance of rail travel, namely from state organisation of France's rail network from 1848. One of Paris' first 'mass' attractions drawing international interest were, from 1855, the above-mentioned ] that would bring Paris many new monuments, namely the ] from 1889. These, in addition to the Capital's ] embellishments, did much to make the city itself the attraction it is today. | |||
| Paris' museums and monuments are by far its highest-esteemed attractions, and tourist interest has been nothing but a benefit to these; tourism has even motivated both city and State to create new ones. The city's most prized museum, the ], sees over 8 million visitors a year, being by far the world's most visited art museum. Paris' cathedrals are another main attraction: its ] and ] basilica receive 12 million and 8 million visitors respectively. The ], by far Paris' most famous monument, averages over 6 million visitors per year and more than 200 millions since its construction. ] is a major tourist attraction not only for visitors to Paris, but to Europe as well, with 12.4 million visitors in 2004. | |||
| The ] is one of the largest and most famous museums, housing many works of art, including the '']'' (''La Joconde'') and the '']'' statue. Works by ] and ] are found in ] and ] respectively, while the ] is chronicled at the ]. Starkly apparent with its service-pipe exterior, the ], also known as ''Beaubourg'', houses the ]. Lastly, art and artefacts from the ] and ] eras are kept in ] and ] respectively, the former with the prized tapestry cycle '']''. | |||
| Many of Paris' once-popular local establishments have metamorphised into a parody of French culture, in a form catering to the tastes and expectations of tourist capital. ], The ] cabaret-dancehall, for example, are a staged dinner theatre spectacle, a dance display that was once but one aspect of the cabaret's former atmosphere. All of the establishment's former social or cultural elements, such as its ballrooms and gardens, are gone today. Much of Paris' hotel, restaurant and night entertainment trades have become heavily dependent on tourism, with results not always positive for Parisian culture. | |||
| <!-- activate with tourism section {| border="0" align="right" cellpadding="1px" style="border: 1px solid #999; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-size:80%; margin: 5px 0px 5px 5px" | |||
| ! colspan=2 align="center" style="background-color:#cccccc;font-weight:bold;"| Tourist attractions by visitor numbers (2004)<ref name="tourism>{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.ortif.info/documents/uploaded/CC2005.pdf#5| title="Chiffres clés du tourisme 2004 en Île-de-France"| author= ORTIF (Observatoire Régional du Tourisme d'Ile-de-France)| accessdate=2006-04-10| format=PDF}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] ] ||12,800,000 | |||
| |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | |||
| | ] ||12,400,000 | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 8,000,000 | |||
| |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | |||
| | ] || 6,600,398 | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 6,229,993 | |||
| |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | |||
| | ] || 5,368,548 | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 3,300,200 | |||
| |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | |||
| | ],<br />] || 2,795,000 | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] || 2,590,316 | |||
| |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | |||
| | ] || 1,800,000<ref name="parc_asterix>{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://cultureetloisirs.france2.fr/loisirs/9729459-fr.php| title="Ouverture du Parc Astérix pour sa 17e saison"| author=France 2, Culture et Loisirs| accessdate=2006-04-10}}</ref> | |||
| |} --> | |||
| ====Sports==== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| Paris' main sport clubs are the ] club ], the ] team ] and the ] club ]. The 80,000-seat ] was built for the ] and is used for football and rugby union, and is used annually for ]'s home matches of the ] and sometimes for big matches for the Stade Français rugby team. ] (who now play in ]) is another rugby team, which actually contested the first ever final against Stade Français in 1892. Paris also hosted the ] and ] Olympic Games and was venue for the ] and 1998 ]s. | |||
| Although the starting point and the route of the famous ] varies each year, the final stage always finishes in Paris and since 1975, the race has finished on the Champs-Elysées. ] is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France. The ], held every year on the red clay of the '']'' National Tennis Centre near the '']'', is one of the four '']'' events of the world professional tennis tour. The ] between ] and ] was played in the ]. Paris hosted the ] final at Stade de France on ], ]. | |||
| ==Economy== | |||
| {{main|Economy of Paris}} | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| With a 2005 ] of €478.7 billion<ref name="idf_gdp">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/PIB_reg.xls| title="Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux en valeur de 1990 à 2005"|author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| format=XLS| accessdate=2006-09-12}}</ref> (US$595.3 billion),<ref name="PPP">At real exchange rates, not at ]</ref> the Paris Region has one of the highest GDPs in Europe, making it an engine of the global economy: were it a country, it would rank as the fourteenth largest economy in the world.<ref name="gdp_rank">{{cite web| url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf| title="Total GDP 2005"| author=World Bank| format=PDF| accessdate=2006-09-12}}</ref> The Paris Region is France's premier centre of economic activity: while its population accounted for 18.7% of the total population of ] in 2005,<ref name="idf_pop_2005">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/chifcle_fiche.asp?ref_id=CMRSOS02138&tab_id=471| title="Estimations de la population des régions au 1er janvier "| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-09-12}}</ref> its GDP was about 28.5% of the same.<ref name="idf_gdp">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/PIB_reg.xls| title="Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux en valeur de 1990 à 2005"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| format=XLS| accessdate=2006-09-12}}</ref> Activity in the ], though diverse, doesn't have a leading specialised industry (such as Los Angeles with entertainment industries or London and New York with financial industries in addition to their other activities). Recently the Paris economy has been shifting towards high value-added service industries (finance, IT services, etc.) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc). | |||
| The Paris Region's most intense economic activity through the central ] ] and suburban ] business district places Paris' economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the ], ] and the ]. Paris' administrative borders have little consequences on the limits of its economic activity: although most workers commute from the suburbs to work in the city, many commute from the city to work in the suburbs. At the 1999 census, 47.5% of the 5,089,170 people in employment in the ] worked in the city of Paris and the Hauts-de-Seine ''département'', while only 31.5% worked exclusively in Paris{{Fact|date=January 2007}}. <!-- hard to define the purpose of this last phrase - selective, and of little informative value - only these regions matter? If so, why? Few will know where Hauts-de-Seine is offhand. To fix --> | |||
| Although the Paris economy is largely dominated by ], it remains an important manufacturing powerhouse of Europe, especially in industrial sectors such as automobiles, aeronautics, and electronics. Over recent decades, the local economy has moved towards high value-added activities, in particular business services. | |||
| The 1999 census indicated that of the 5,089,170 persons employed in the ], 16.5% worked in business services, 13.0% in commerce (] and wholesale trade), 12.3% in manufacturing, 10.0% in ]s and ], 8.7% in ] services, 8.2% in ] and ]s, 6.6% in ], and the remaining 24.7% in many other economic sectors. Among the ] sector, the largest employers were the ] and ] industry (17.9% of the total manufacturing workforce in 1999) and the ] and ] industry (14.0% of the total manufacturing workforce), with the remaining 68.1% of the manufacturing workforce distributed among many other industries. ] and tourist related services employ 6.2% of Paris' workforce, and 3.6% of all workers within the ].<ref name="workforce">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/rfc/docs/alapage234.pdf| title="Les emplois dans les activités liées au tourisme: un sur quatre en Ile-de-France"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-04-10| format=PDF}}</ref> | |||
| ==Demography== | |||
| {| border="0" style="border: 1px solid #999; background-color:#ffffff;width:280px;clear:right;font-size:90%;line-height:130%;margin-left:8px;" align="right" | |||
| |+ '''Demographics within the Paris Region'''<br /><small>''(according to the INSEE 2005 estimates)''</small> | |||
| |- bgcolor=#fbfbfb | |||
| | colspan="5"|] | |||
| |- bgcolor=#cccccc | |||
| | colspan="5" style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold;font-size:105%;"| Ile-de-France ''départements'' | |||
| |- bgcolor=#BDBBD7 style="color:#000080;text-align:center;font-size:105%;" | |||
| |style="padding:3px;"| '''Areas'''||style="padding:3px;"|'''Population'''</br><small>2005 est.</small> ||style="padding:3px;"|'''Area'''<br /><small></small>||style="padding:3px;"|'''Density'''<br /><small></small>||style="padding:5px;white-space:nowrap;"|'''1999-2005'''</br>'''pop. growth''' | |||
| |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | |||
| | '''City of Paris'''<br /><small> (] '''75''')</small>|| align=right | 2,153,600 || align=right | {{convert|105|sqkm|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}|| align=right | {{PD km2 to mi2|20433|abbr=yes|precision=0}}|| align=right | +1.33% | |||
| |- bgcolor=#fbfbfb | |||
| | style="white-space:nowrap;"|'''Inner ring''' <br /><small>''(Petite Couronne)'' <br />(''Depts.'' ], ], ])</small>|| align=right | 4,254,600 || align=right | {{convert|657|sqkm|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} || align=right | {{PD km2 to mi2|6477|abbr=yes|precision=0}} || align=right | +5.34% | |||
| |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | |||
| | style="white-space:nowrap;"|'''Outer ring''' <br /><small>''(Grande Couronne)'' <br />(''Depts.'' ], ], ], ])</small>|| align=right | 4,991,100 || align=right | {{convert|11249|sqkm|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} || align=right | {{PD km2 to mi2|426|abbr=yes|precision=0}} || align=right | +4.25% | |||
| |- bgcolor=#fbfbfb | |||
| | ''']'''<br /><small>''(entire ])''</small>|| align=right | 11,399,300 || align=right | {{convert|12011|sqkm|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} || align=right | {{PD km2 to mi2|949|abbr=yes|precision=0}} || align=right | +4.08% | |||
| |- bgcolor=#cccccc | |||
| | colspan="5" style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold;font-size:105%;"| Statistical Growth (INSEE 1999 census) | |||
| |- bgcolor=#BDBBD7 style="color:#000080;text-align:center;font-size:105%;" | |||
| |style="padding:3px;"| '''Areas'''||style="padding:3px;"|'''Population'''</br><small>1999 census</small> ||style="padding:3px;"|'''Area'''<br /><small>(km²)</small>||style="padding:3px;"|'''Density'''<br /><small></small>||style="padding:5px;white-space:nowrap;"|'''1990-1999'''</br>'''pop. growth''' | |||
| |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | |||
| | ''']'''<br /><small>''(Paris ])'' </small>|| align=right | 9,644,507 || align=right | {{convert|2723|sqkm|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}|| align=right | {{PD km2 to mi2|3542|abbr=yes|precision=0}}|| align=right | +1.85% | |||
| |- bgcolor=#fbfbfb | |||
| | ''']'''<br /><small>''(Paris ])''</small> || align=right | 11,174,743 || align=right | {{convert|14518|sqkm|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}|| align=right | {{PD km2 to mi2|770|abbr=yes|precision=0}}|| align=right | +2.90% | |||
| |} | |||
| {{main|Demographics of Paris}} | |||
| The population of the city of Paris was 2,125,246 at the 1999 ], lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921. The city's population loss mirrors the experience of most other core cities in the developed world that have not expanded their boundaries. The principal factors in the loss were a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic outmigration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the outmigration included de-industrialisation, high rent, the ] of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices and improved affluence among working families. The city's population loss was one of the most severe among international municipalities and the largest for any that had achieved more than 2,000,000 residents. These losses are generally seen as negative for the city; the city administration is trying to reverse them with some success, as the population estimate of July 2004 shows a population increase for the first time since 1954 reaching a total of 2,144,700 inhabitants. | |||
| ====Density==== | |||
| Paris is the most densely populated city of more than 1,000,000 population in the ]{{Fact|date=May 2007}}. Its density, excluding the outlying woodland parks of ] and ], was 24,448 inhabitants per square kilometre (63,320/sq mi) in the 1999 official census. Even including the two woodland areas its population density was 20,164 inhabitants per square kilometre (52,224.5/sq mi), the fifth most densely populated commune in France following ], ], ], and ], all of which border the city proper. The most sparsely populated quarters are the western and central office and administration-focussed '']s''. The city's population is densest in the northern and eastern arrondissements; the ] had a density of 40,672 inhabitants per square kilometre (105,340/sq mi) in 1999, and some of the same arrondissement's eastern quarters had densities close to 100,000/km² (260,000/sq mi) in the same year. | |||
| ====The Paris agglomeration==== | |||
| The city of Paris' administrative limits describe an area much smaller than its real urban growth. At present, the real extent of the dense urbanisation of which Paris is only a core, defined by the '']'' (]) statistical area, covers 2,723 km² (1,051.4 sq mi),<ref name="UU_superficie">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/zoom/chif_cles/uu99/fuu9900851.htm| title="Chiffres-Clefs - Unité Urbaine - Paris"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-05-28}}</ref>, or an area about 26 times larger than the city itself. Surrounding the Paris ''pôle urbain'' is the ''couronne peri-urbaine'' commuter belt area that completes the Paris '']'' (a unit similar to a North American ]) covering 14,518 km² (5,605.5 sq mi) {{Fact|date=January 2007}}, or an area about 138 times that of Paris itself. | |||
| The administration of Paris' urban growth is divided between itself and its surrounding ''départements'': Paris' closest ring of three adjoining departments, or ''petite couronne'' ("small ring") are fully saturated with urban growth, and the ring of four departements outside of these, the ''grande couronne'' '']'', are only covered in their inner regions by Paris' urbanisation. These eight ] form the larger administrative ] '']''; most of this region is filled, and overextended in places, by the Paris ''aire urbaine''. | |||
| The Paris agglomeration has shown a steady rate of growth since the end of the late 16th century ], save brief setbacks during the ] and ]{{Fact|date=January 2007}}. Suburban development has accelerated in recent years: with an estimated total of 11.4 million inhabitants for 2005, the ] '']'' shows a rate of growth double that of the 1990s.<ref name="99_05">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/IP061058.pdf| title="Enquêtes annuelles de recensement 2004 et 2005"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-04-10| format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="90_99">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/IP1000.pdf| title="Enquêtes annuelles de recensement: premiers résultats de la collecte 2004"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-04-10| format=PDF}}</ref> | |||
| ====Immigration==== | |||
| By law, French censuses do not ask questions regarding ethnicity or religion, but do gather information concerning country of birth. From this it is still possible to determine that the Paris and its '']'' (metropolitan area) is one of the most multi-cultural in Europe: at the 1999 census, 19.4% of its total population was born outside of ].<ref name="foreign born">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/wr_page.affiche?p_id_nivgeo=M&p_id_loca=001&p_id_princ=MIG3&p_theme=ALL&p_typeprod=ALL&p_langue=FR| title="Aire urbaine 99 : Paris - Migrations (caractère socio-économique selon le lieu de naissance)"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-07-06}}</ref> At the same census, 4.2% of the Paris ''aire urbaine'''s population were recent immigrants (i.e people who migrated to France between the 1990 and 1999 censuses),<ref name="recent migrants">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/wr_page.affiche?p_id_nivgeo=M&p_id_loca=001&p_id_princ=MIG2&p_theme=ALL&p_typeprod=ALL&p_langue=FR| title="Aire urbaine 99 : Paris - Migrations (caractère démographique selon le lieu de résidence au 01/01/90)"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-07-06}}</ref> in their majority from ] and ].<ref name="current immigration">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/chifcle_fiche.asp?tab_id=498| title="Flux d'immigration permanente par motif en 2003"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-06-25}}</ref> | |||
| The first wave of international migration to Paris started as early as in 1820 with the arrivals of German peasants fleeing the agricultural crisis in Germany. Several waves of immigration followed continuously until today: Italians and central European Jews during the 19th century; Russians after the ]; colonial citizens during ] and later; Poles between the two world wars; Spaniards, Portuguese and North Africans from the 1950s to the 1970s; North African Jews after the independence of those countries; Africans and Asians since then.<ref name="past immigration">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.histoire-immigration.fr/index.php?lg=fr&nav=14&flash=0| title="Histoire de l'immigration en France"| author=Cité Nationale de l'Histoire de l'Immigration| accessdate=2006-06-25}}</ref> The majority of these today are naturalised French without any distinction, due to the principle of equality among French citizens. | |||
| ==Administration== | |||
| ====Capital of France==== | |||
| Paris is the capital of France, and therefore is the seat of France's national government. | |||
| For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. ] resides at the ] in the '']'', while the ]'s seat is at the ] in the '']''. Government ministries are located in various parts of the city - many are located in the '']'', near the Matignon. | |||
| The two houses of the French Parliament are also located on the ]. The upper house, the ], meets in the ] in the '']'', while the more important lower house, the '']'', meets in the ] in the ''VIIe''. The ], the second highest public official in France after the President of the Republic, resides in the "Petit Luxembourg", a smaller palace annex to the ]. | |||
| France's highest courts are located in Paris. The ], the highest court in the judicial order, which tries most criminal and civil cases, is located in the ] on the '']'', while the ], which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the ] in the '']''. | |||
| The ], which is an advisory body which is the ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, also meets in the ]. | |||
| ====City government==== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| {{main|Paris mayors|Arrondissements of Paris}} | |||
| Paris has been a '']'' (municipality) since 1834 (and also briefly between 1790 and 1795). At the 1790 division (during the ]) of France into communes, and again in 1834, Paris was a city only half its modern size, but in 1860 it annexed bordering communes, some entirely, to create the new administrative map of twenty '']'' the city still has today. These municipal subdivisions describe a clockwise spiral outward from its most central ]. | |||
| In 1790, Paris became the '']'' (seat) of the ] '']'', which covered much of the Paris region. In 1968, it was split into four smaller ones: the city of Paris became a distinct ''département'' of its own, retaining the Seine's departmental number of 75 (originating from the Seine ''département'''s position in France's alphabetical list), while three new ''départements'' of ], ] and ] were created and given the numbers 92, 93 and 94 respectively. The result of this division is that today Paris' limits as a ''département'' are exactly those of its limits as a ''commune'', a situation unique in France. | |||
| ====Municipal offices==== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| Each of Paris' 20 arrondissements has a directly-elected council (''conseil d'arrondissement''), which in turn elects an arrondissement mayor. A selection of members from each arrondissement council form the ] (''conseil de Paris''), which in turn elects the ]. | |||
| In ] times Paris was governed by a merchant-elected municipality whose head was the ]: in addition to regulating city commerce, the provost of the merchants was responsible for some civic duties such as the guarding of city walls and the cleanliness of city streets. The creation of the ] from the 13th century diminished the merchant Provost's responsibilities and powers considerably: a direct representative of the king, in a role resembling somewhat the ''préfet'' of later years, the Provost of Paris oversaw the application and execution of law and order in the city and its surrounding ''prévôté'' (county). Many functions from both provost offices were transferred to the office of the crown-appointed ] upon its creation in 1667. | |||
| Paris' last '']'' was assassinated the afternoon of the ] 1789 uprising that was the ] ]. Paris became an official "commune" from the creation of the administrative division on December 14 the same year, and its provisional "Paris commune" revolutionary municipality was replaced with the city's first municipal constitution and government from October 9, 1790.<ref name="1790_municipality">{{cite web| url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762%28190501%2910%3A2%3C280%3AIAGIPI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V&size=LARGE| author=JSTOR Journal Archive| title="Improvising a Government in Paris in July 1789"| accessdate=2006-09-14}}</ref> Through the turmoil of the 1794 ], it became apparent that revolutionary Paris' political independence was a threat to any governing power: the office of mayor was abolished the same year, and its municipal council one year later. | |||
| Although the municipal council was recreated in 1834, Paris spent most of the 19th and 20th centuries, along with the larger ] '']'' of which it was a centre, under the direct control of the State-appointed '']'' of the Seine, in charge of general affairs there; the state-appointed ] was in charge of police in the same jurisdiction. Paris, save for a few brief occasions, would have no mayor until 1977, and the Paris Prefecture of Police is still under state control today. | |||
| Despite its double existence as ''commune'' and ''département'', Paris has a unique council to governing both; the Council of Paris, presided by the mayor of Paris, meets either as a municipal council (''conseil municipal'') or as a departmental council (''conseil général'') depending on the issue to be debated. | |||
| Paris' modern administrative organisation still retains some traces of the former Seine ''département'' jurisdiction. The '']'' (also directing Paris' fire brigades), for example, has still a jurisdiction extending to Paris' ''petite couronne'' of bordering three ''départements'' for some operations such as fire protection or rescue operations, and is still directed by France's national government. Paris has no municipal police force, although it does have its own brigade of traffic wardens. | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ====Capital of the Île-de-France ''région''==== | |||
| As part of a 1961 nation-wide administrative effort to consolidate regional economies, Paris as a '']'' became the capital of the new '']'' of the District of Paris, renamed the ] '']'' in 1976. It encompasses the Paris ''département'' and its seven closest ''départements''. Its regional council members, since 1986, have been chosen by direct elections. The prefect of the Paris ''département'' (who served as the prefect of the Seine ''département'' before 1968) is also prefect of the Île-de-France ''région'', although the office lost much of its power following the creation of the office of mayor of Paris in 1977. | |||
| ====Intercommunality==== | |||
| Few of the above changes have taken into account Paris' existence as an ]. Unlike in most of France's major urban areas such as ] and ], there is no ] entity in the Paris urban area, no intercommunal council treating the problems of the region's dense urban core as a whole; Paris' alienation of its suburbs is indeed a problem today, and considered by many to be the main causes of civil unrest such as suburban riots in 2005. A direct result of these unfortunate events were propositions for a more efficient metropolitan structure to cover the city of Paris and some of the suburbs, ranging from a socialist idea of a loose "metropolitan conference" (''conférence métropolitaine'') to the right-wing idea of a more integrated ''Grand Paris'' ("Greater Paris"). | |||
| ==Education== | |||
| In the early 9th century, emperor ] mandated all churches to give lessons in reading, writing and basic arithmetic to their parishes, and cathedrals to give a higher education in the finer arts of language, physics, ] and ]. Paris was already one of France's major cathedral towns and began its rise to fame as a scholastic centre. By the early 13th century the ] ] cathedral school had many famous teachers, and the controversial teachings of some of these led to the creation of a separate Left-Bank ] University that would become the centre of Paris' scholastic ] best represented by the ] university. | |||
| Twelve centuries later, education in Paris and the Paris region (] '']'') employs approximately 330,000 persons, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors teaching approximately 2.9 million children and students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions.<ref name="idf_education">{{fr icon}} {{cite web | url=http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm| author=La Préfecture de la Région d'Ile-de-France| title=L'enseignement | accessdate=2007-10-09}}</ref> | |||
| ====Primary and secondary education==== | |||
| {{Expand-section|date=January 2007}} | |||
| Paris is home to several of France's most prestigious high-schools such as ] and ]. Other high-schools of international renown in the Paris area include the ] and the ]. | |||
| ====Higher education==== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| As of the academic year 2004-2005, the Paris Region's 17 public universities, with its 359,749 registered students,<ref name="StudentNumbers">{{cite web| author=Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Paris – Île-de-France| year=2006 | url=http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/pdf/eco_regionale/chiffres_cles/2006/anglais/cc_2006_en_15-21.pdf| title=Paris Region : key figures 2006 | format=]| accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> is the largest concentration of university students in Europe.<ref name="EuropeanStudents">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| author=Céline Rozenblat, Patricia Cicille, Delegation for Spatial Planning and Regional Action (Datar)| year=2006| url=http://www.diact.gouv.fr/Datar_Site/DATAR_Metropoles.nsf/76f84e7666af90b6c125655a0046b83c/30207c6b28edd873c1256e59003d0619/$FILE/Villes%20europ%C3%A9ennes.pdf | title=Les villes européennes – Analyse comparative (page 42)| format=]| accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> The Paris Region's prestigious '']'' and scores of university-independent private and public schools have an additional 240,778 registered students, that together with the university population creates a grand total of 600,527 students in higher education that year.<ref name="StudentNumbers" /> | |||
| ====Universities==== | |||
| The cathedral of ] was the first centre of higher education before the creation of the ]. The ''universitas'' was chartered by King ] in 1200, as a corporation granting teachers (and their students) the right to rule themselves independently from crown law and taxes. At the time, many classes were held in open air. Non-Parisian students and teachers would stay in hostels, or "colleges", created for the ''boursiers'' coming from afar. Already famous by the 13th century, the University of Paris had students from all of Europe. Paris' ] ] centre, dubbed "]" as classes were taught in Latin then, would eventually regroup around the college created by ] from 1257, the ]. The University of Paris in the nineteenth century had six faculties: law, science, medicine, pharmaceutical studies, literature and theology. | |||
| Following the ], there was an extensive reform of the University of Paris, in an effort to disperse the centralised student body. The following year, the formerly unique University of Paris was split between thirteen autonomous universities ("Paris I" to "Paris XIII") located throughout the City of Paris and its suburbs. Each of these universities inherited only some of the departments of the old University of Paris, and are not generalist universities. Paris I, II, V and X, inherited the Law School; Paris V inherited the School of Medicine as well; Paris VI and VII inherited the scientific departments; etc. | |||
| In 1991, four more universities were created in the suburbs of Paris, reaching a total of seventeen public universities for the Paris (]) '']''. These new universities were given names (based on the name of the suburb in which they are located) and not numbers like the previous thirteen: ], ], University of Marne-la-Vallée and ]. Other institutions include the ]'s ], the ], and the ]. | |||
| ====Grandes écoles==== | |||
| The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the prestigious '']'', which are specialised centres of higher education outside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered '']''. Most of the ''grandes écoles'' were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded City of Paris, though the ] has remained on rue d'Ulm in the ]. The Paris area has a high number of engineering schools, led by the prestigious Paris Institute of Technology (]) which comprises several colleges such as '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''. There are also many business schools, including ], ], ], and ]. Although the elite administrative school ] has been relocated to ], the political science school ] is still located in Paris' ] ]. | |||
| The grandes écoles system is supported by a number of preparatory schools which offer courses of two to three years duration called ], also known as "classes prépas" or just "prépas". These courses provide entry to the grandes écoles. Many of the best prépas are located in Paris, including ], ] and ]. Two other top-ranking prépas (] and ]) are located in ], near Paris. Student selection is based on the school grades and the teacher remarks. Prépas attract most of the academically best students in France and are known to be very demanding in terms of work load and psychological stress. | |||
| ==Infrastructure== | |||
| ] with destinations to ], ] and ]]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ====Transport==== | |||
| {{main|Transport in Paris|Transport in France}} | |||
| {{seealso|List of railway stations in Paris}} | |||
| The role of Paris as an international trade centre has brought its transportation system to considerably develop over History, and it continues its growth at a fast pace today. In only few decades, Paris has become the centre of a motorway and freeway system, a high-speed train network and, through its two major airports, an international air travel hub. | |||
| The public transit networks of the Paris region are coordinated by the Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France<ref name="stif>{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.stif-idf.fr| title="Le web des voyageurs franciliens"| author=Syndicat des Transports d'Ile-de-France (STIF)| accessdate=2006-04-10}}</ref> (STIF), formerly ''Syndicat des transports parisiens'' (STP). The members of this syndicate include the ] (operating 654 ] lines, the ], 3 ] lines, and sections of the ]), the ] (operating ], a tramway line and the other sections of the RER) and the ] consortium of private operators managing 1,070 minor bus lines. | |||
| The ] is one of Paris' most important transportation system. The system, with 380 stations connected by {{convert|221.6|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} of rails, comprises 16 lines, identified by numbers from 1 to 14, with two minor lines, 3bis and 7bis, numbered thus because they used to be branches of their respective original lines and only later became independent. In October 1998, the new ] was inaugurated after a 70-year hiatus in inaugurating fully new métro lines. Because of the short distance between stations on the Métro network, lines were too slow to be extended further in the suburbs as is the case in most other cities. As such, an additional express network, the ], has been created since the 1960s to connect more distant parts of the urban area. The RER consists in the integration of modern city-centre subway and pre-existing suburban rail. Nowadays, the RER network comprises 5 lines, 256 stops and {{convert|587|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of rails. | |||
| Additionally, Paris is served by a ] network of 4 lines, the ]: Line T1 runs from ] to ], line T2 runs from ] to ], line T3 runs from Pont de Garigliano to Porte d'Ivry, line T4 runs from ] to ]. | |||
| Paris is a central hub of the national rail network. The six major railway stations, ], ], ], ], ], and ], are connected to three networks: the ] serving 4 ] lines, the normal speed ] trains, and the suburban rails (]). | |||
| Since mid-July Paris offers a ] system called ] with more than 10.000 public ]s distributed at 750 parking station which can be rented for short and medium distances including ] drives. | |||
| Furthermore, Paris is served by two major airports: ], which is south of Paris, and the ], nearby ], which is one of the busiest in the world. A third and much smaller airport, in the town of ], 70 km (45 mi) to the north of the city, is used by charter and low-cost airlines. The fourth airport, ] nowadays only hosts business jets, air trade shows and the aerospace museum. | |||
| The city is also the most important hub of France's ] network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the ] which follows the approximate path of 19th century fortifications around Paris, the ] motorway in the inner suburbs, and finally the '']'' motorway in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over 2000 kilometres of highways and motorways. By road Brussels can be reached in three hours, Frankfurt in 6 hours and Barcelona in 12 hours. | |||
| ====Water and sanitation==== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| Paris in its early history had only the Seine and Bièvre rivers for water. Later forms of irrigation were: a first-century Roman aqueduct from southerly Wissous (later left to ruin); sources from the Right bank hills from the late 11th century; from the 15th century an aqueduct built roughly along the path of the first; finally, from 1809, the ] began providing Paris with water from less polluted rivers away from the Capital. Paris would only have its first constant and plentiful source of drinkable water from the late 19th century: from 1857, under ]'s ] ], the civil engineer ] oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that would bring sources from distant locations to reservoirs built in the highest points of the Capital. The new sources became Paris' principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then dedicated to the cleaning of Paris' streets. This system is still a major part of Paris' modern water supply network. | |||
| Paris has over 2,400 km of underground passageways<ref name="sewers"> {{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/Environnement/Portal.lut?page_id=1313&document_type_id=5&document_id=2158&portlet_id=3139|title="Les égouts parisiens"| author=Mairie de Paris| accessdate=2006-05-15}}</ref> dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes. Most of these date from the late 19th century, a result of the combined plans of the ] ] and the civil engineer ] to improve the then very unsanitary conditions in the Capital. Maintained by a round-the-clock service since their construction, only a small percentage of Paris' sewer ''réseau'' has needed complete renovation. The entire Paris network of sewers and collectors has been managed since the late 20th century by a computerised network system, known under the acronym "G.A.AS.PAR", that controls all of Paris' water distribution, even the flow of the river Seine through the capital. | |||
| ==International relations== | |||
| {{Infobox World Heritage Site | |||
| | Name = Paris, Banks of the Seine | |||
| | infoboxwidth = 250px | |||
| | Image = <!--]--> | |||
| | State_Party = {{FRA}} | |||
| | Type = Cultural | |||
| | Criteria = i, ii, iv | |||
| | ID = 600 | |||
| | Region = ] | |||
| | Year = 1991 | |||
| }} | |||
| Paris has one ] and a number of partner cities.<ref name="partners1">{{cite web| url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 | author=Mairie de Paris |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération| accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref><ref name="partners2">{{cite web| url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp | author=Mairie de Paris |title=International relations : special partners| accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref> | |||
| '''Sister city''': | |||
| * {{flagicon|Italy}} ], ], (1956) (''Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris'' /''Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; Solo Roma è degna di Parigi'' /"Only Paris is worthy of Rome; Only Rome is worthy of Paris"). | |||
| '''Partner cities''' | |||
| {| | |||
| | valign="top" | | |||
| * {{flagicon|Algeria}} ], ], (2003) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Jordan}} ], ], (1987) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Greece}} ], ], (2000) | |||
| * {{flagicon|China}} ], ], (1997) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Lebanon}} ], ], (1992) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Germany}} ], ], (1987) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Argentina}} ], ], (1999) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Egypt}} ], ], (1985) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Morocco}} ], ] (2004) | |||
| * {{flagicon|USA}} ], ], (1996) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Denmark}} ], ], (2005) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Switzerland}} ], ], (2002) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} ], ], (1995) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Japan}} ], ], (1958) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Portugal}} ], ], (1998) | |||
| * {{flagicon|UK}} ], ], (2001) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Spain}} ], ], (2000) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Mexico}} ], ], (1999) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Canada}} ], ], (2006) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Russia}} ], ], (1992) | |||
| | valign="top" | | |||
| * {{flagicon|Brazil}} ], ], (2001) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} ], ], (1997) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Canada}} ], ], (2003) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Morocco}} ], ], (2004) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} ], ], (1997) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Russia}} ], ], (1997) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Yemen}} ], ], (1987) | |||
| * {{flagicon|USA}} ], ], (1996) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Chile}} ], (1997) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Brazil}} ], ], (2004) | |||
| * {{flagicon|South Korea}} ], ], (1991) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} ], ], (1998) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Australia}} ], ], (1998) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Georgia}} ], ], (1997) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Japan}} ], ], (1982) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Tunisia}} ], ], (2004) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Poland}} ], ], (1999) | |||
| * {{flagicon|USA}} ], ], (2000) | |||
| * {{flagicon|Armenia}} ], ], (1998) | |||
| |} | |||
| '''Other''': | |||
| * {{flagicon|UK}} ], ], ] claims to be twinned with Paris.<ref>{{cite web| author=United Kingdom Parliament, Westminster, London| url=http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm199293/cmhansrd/1992-12-11/Debate-3.html| title=House of Commons Hansard Debate for 11 Dec 1992| accessdate=2007-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,939491,00.html| author=Guardian News and Media Limited| title=Smallweed| accessdate=2007-10-09}}</ref> | |||
| *{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}} ''']''', ] (twinned) | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==Bibliography== | |||
| '''History'''<br /> | |||
| * {{fr icon}} {{cite book| author=Jean Favier | title=Paris| publisher=Fayard | year=April 23, 1997| id=ISBN 2-213-59874-6}} | |||
| * {{fr icon}} {{cite book| author=Jacques Hillairet| title=Connaissance du Vieux Paris| publisher=Rivages| year=April 22, 2005| id=ISBN 2-86930-648-2}} | |||
| * {{cite book |author=Colin Jones |title=Paris: The Biography of a City |publisher=(New York, NY: Penguin Viking) |year= 2004 |id=ISBN 0670033936}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{portal}} | |||
| {{sisterlinks}} | |||
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| * {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/France/Regions/Ile-de-France/Paris}} | |||
| * {{wikitravel}} | |||
| * {{wikia|world:Paris|Paris}} | |||
| {{Template group | |||
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| |title = Paris in the European Union | |||
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| {{European Capital of Culture}} | |||
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| |title = International events | |||
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