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| In 1930, Mengele left Günzburg ] (high school). He studied ] and ] at the ], earning a ] in ] (]), supervised by Prof. Theodor Mollison, in 1935 with a ] on racial differences in the structure of the lower jaw. He worked as an assistant to ] at the ] Institute of Hereditary Biology and ]. In 1938 he obtained a doctorate in ] (]) with a dissertation called "Familial Research on ] and ]." His belief in the Nazi racial ideology was evident in his academic research <ref name="history project"></ref>. The Universities of Munich and Frankfurt revoked his degrees in 1964. | In 1930, Mengele left Günzburg ] (high school). He studied ] and ] at the ], earning a ] in ] (]), supervised by Prof. Theodor Mollison, in 1935 with a ] on racial differences in the structure of the lower jaw. He worked as an assistant to ] at the ] Institute of Hereditary Biology and ]. In 1938 he obtained a doctorate in ] (]) with a dissertation called "Familial Research on ] and ]." His belief in the Nazi racial ideology was evident in his academic research <ref name="history project"></ref>. The Universities of Munich and Frankfurt revoked his degrees in 1964. | ||
| In 1931, at the age of 20, Mengele joined the ], a paramilitary organization, which was incorporated into the ] in 1933. He resigned shortly thereafter, alluding to health problems. He applied for ] party membership in 1937 and in 1938 joined the ].<ref></ref> In 1939, Mengele married his first wife, Irene Schönbein, with whom he had |
In 1931, at the age of 20, Mengele joined the ], a paramilitary organization, which was incorporated into the ] in 1933. He resigned shortly thereafter, alluding to health problems. He applied for ] party membership in 1937 and in 1938 joined the ].<ref></ref> In 1939, Mengele married his first wife, Irene Schönbein, with whom he had two children, a son named Ren and another called Stimpy. | ||
| In 1940 he was placed in the ] medical corps, following which he served with the ]. In 1942 he was wounded at the Russian front and was pronounced medically unfit for combat, and promoted to the rank of SS-] (]). | In 1940 he was placed in the ] medical corps, following which he served with the ]. In 1942 he was wounded at the Russian front and was pronounced medically unfit for combat, and promoted to the rank of SS-] (]). | ||
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Josef Mengele (March 15 1911– February 7, 1979) was a German SS officer and a physician in the German Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. He gained notoriety chiefly for being one of the SS physicians who supervised the selection of arriving transports of prisoners, determining who was to be killed and who was to become a forced labourer, and for performing human experiments on camp inmates, amongst whom Mengele was known as the Angel of Death.
After the war, he first hid in Austria under an assumed name, then escaped and lived in South America, first in Argentina (until 1959) and finally in Brazil, in the cities of Serra Negra, Moji das Cruzes, and then died in Bertioga, where he drowned in the sea after suffering a stroke. His identity was confirmed by forensic experts from UNICAMP (Campinas University) using DNA testing on his remains.
Early years and career
Mengele was born in Günzburg, Bavaria, eldest of three sons of Karl Mengele. He had two younger brothers, Karl (1912–1949) and Alois (1914–1974). In 1930, Mengele left Günzburg gymnasium (high school). He studied medicine and anthropology at the University of Munich, earning a doctorate in Anthropology (Ph.D.), supervised by Prof. Theodor Mollison, in 1935 with a dissertation on racial differences in the structure of the lower jaw. He worked as an assistant to Otmar von Verschuer at the Frankfurt University Institute of Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene. In 1938 he obtained a doctorate in medicine (M.D.) with a dissertation called "Familial Research on cleft lip and palate and Jaw." His belief in the Nazi racial ideology was evident in his academic research . The Universities of Munich and Frankfurt revoked his degrees in 1964.
In 1931, at the age of 20, Mengele joined the Stahlhelm, a paramilitary organization, which was incorporated into the SA in 1933. He resigned shortly thereafter, alluding to health problems. He applied for Nazi party membership in 1937 and in 1938 joined the SS. In 1939, Mengele married his first wife, Irene Schönbein, with whom he had two children, a son named Ren and another called Stimpy.
In 1940 he was placed in the reserve medical corps, following which he served with the 5th SS Panzergrenadier Division Wiking. In 1942 he was wounded at the Russian front and was pronounced medically unfit for combat, and promoted to the rank of SS-Hauptsturmführer (Captain).
Auschwitz
In 1943 Mengele replaced another doctor who had fallen ill at the Nazi extermination camp Birkenau. On May 24 1943, he became medical officer of Auschwitz-Birkenau's "Gypsy camp." In August 1944, this camp was liquidated and all its inmates gassed. Subsequently Mengele became Chief Medical Officer of the main infirmary camp at Birkenau. He was not, though, the Chief Medical Officer of Auschwitz — superior to him was SS-Standortarzt (garrison physician) Eduard Wirths.
It was during his 21-month stay at Auschwitz that Mengele achieved infamy, and it is for this period that he is referred to as the "Angel of Death." Mengele took turns with the other SS physicians at Auschwitz in meeting incoming prisoners at the ramp, determining who would be retained for work and who would be sent to the gas chambers immediately.
Human experimentation
Mengele used Auschwitz as an opportunity to continue his research on heredity, using inmates for human experimentation. He was particularly interested in twins, who were selected and placed in special barracks. He also directed Berthold Epstein, a Czech pediatrician, to study a disease called Noma, which particularly affected children from the Gypsy camp. While the cause of Noma remains relatively unknown, it is now known that it affects chiefly children suffering from malnutrition and a weak immune system, and many develop the disease shortly after having suffered another illness like measles or tuberculosis. Mengele tried to prove that Noma was caused by racial inferiority.
Mengele took an interest in physical abnormalities discovered among the arrivals at the concentration camp. This included dwarves, notably the Ovitz family, a Jewish Romanian artist's family, seven of whose ten members were dwarves. Prior to their deportation they toured in Eastern Europe as the Lilliput Troupe. He often called them "my dwarf family"; to him they seemed to be the perfect expression of "the abnorm."
Not all of Mengele's experiments were of scientific value, including attempts to change eye color by injecting chemicals into children's eyes, various amputations of limbs and other brutal surgeries. Rena Gelissen's account of her time in Auschwitz details certain experiments performed on female prisoners around October 1943. Mengele would experiment on the chosen girls, performing sterilization and shock treatments. Most of the victims died, either due to the experiments or later infections.
A Hungarian Jewish prisoner doctor, Miklos Nyiszli, who was an experienced pathologist and had studied in Germany, was chosen to work as Mengele's assistant, and wrote a book about his experiences. The subjects of Mengele's research were better fed and housed than ordinary prisoners and were, for the time being, safe from the gas chambers. To Mengele they were nevertheless not fellow human beings, but rather material on which to conduct his experiments. On several occasions he killed subjects simply to be able to dissect them afterwards.
After Auschwitz
When the SS abandoned the Auschwitz Camp on January 17, 1945, Mengele came to Groß Rosen camp in lower Silesia, again working as camp physician. Groß Rosen was dissolved in the end of February, when the Red Army was already very near. Mengele worked in other camps for a short time, and, on May 2, joined a Wehrmacht medical unit led by his former colleague at the Institute of Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene, Dr. Hans Otto Kahler, in Bohemia. The unit hurried west to avoid being captured by the Soviets and were taken as POWs by the Americans. Mengele, initially registered under his own name, was released in June 1945 with papers giving his name as "Fritz Hollmann." From July 1945 until May 1949, he worked as a farmhand in a small village near Rosenheim, Bavaria, staying in contact with his wife and his old friend Hans Sedlmeier. It was Sedlmeier who arranged Mengele's escape to Argentina via Innsbruck, Sterzing, Merano and Genova. Mengele may have been assisted by the ODESSA network.
Mengele in South America
In Buenos Aires, Mengele at first worked as a construction worker, but came in contact with influential Germans soon, which allowed him an affluent lifestyle for the next years. He also got money from his family and from Sedlmeier. In Buenos Aires, Mengele practiced medicine specializing in illegal abortions and was detained on one occasion for the death of a patient.. In Buenos Aires, he got to know other Germans such as Hans-Ulrich Rudel and Adolf Eichmann. In 1955, he bought a fifty per cent share of a pharmaceutical company, the same year he divorced from his wife, Irene. Three years later he married Martha Mengele, the widow of his younger brother Karl Jr.; she then went to Argentina with her then fourteen-year-old son, Dieter. Mengele lived with his family in a German owned boardinghouse in the Buenos Aires suburb of Vicente Lopez from 1958 to 1960.
Although he was doing well in South America, Mengele feared being captured so he left Argentina in 1960 and moved to Paraguay after managing to get a Paraguayan passport on the name "Mengele José". Mengele escaped to Paraguay from Argentina weeks before the May 1960 Israeli Mossad operation that abducted Adolf Eichmann. Mengele was a secondary objective of this operation, but was never found. Mengele hoped that Paraguay would be safer for him, as dictator Alfredo Stroessner was of German descent. Among other locations in Paraguay, he lived on the outskirts of Hohenau, a German colony north of Encarnacion in the department of Itapúa. His anxiety, however, haunted him, especially after he heard of the Mossad's abduction of Eichmann and the trial and execution in Israel. Using the identity of "Peter Hochbichler", he crossed the border to Brazil in 1960 and lived in São Paulo with the Austrian-born Neo-Nazi Wolfgang Gerhard, who was a member of Hans-Ulrich Rudel's "Kameradenwerk."
Mengele has an illegitimate daughter born to an Australian woman of German lineage after a liaison between the two; when the woman, aged 23, and her mother and brother visited a German colony in Paraguay in mid-1960. The child was born in Melbourne, Australia on March 10, 1961. She was adopted privately.
The same year, Mengele moved to Nova Europa, about three hundred kilometres (186 miles) outside São Paulo, where he lived with the Hungarian refugees Geza and Gitta Stammer, working as manager of their farm. In the seclusion of his Brazilian hideaway, Mengele became depressed, egomaniacal and aggressive, always fearing being captured. In 1974, when his relationship with the Stammer family was coming to an end, Rudel and Gerhard discussed relocating Mengele to Bolivia where he could spend time with Klaus Barbie, but Mengele rejected this proposal. Instead, he lived in a bungalow in a suburb of São Paulo for the last years of his life. In 1977, his only son Rolf, never having known his father before, visited him there and found an unrepentant Nazi who claimed he "had never personally harmed anyone in his whole life."
Mengele, whose health had deteriorated for years, died on February 7, 1979, in Bertioga, Brazil, where he accidentally drowned or, in another version, suffered a stroke while swimming in the sea. He was buried in Embu das Artes under the name "Wolfgang Gerhard," whose ID-card he had used since 1976.
The manhunt for Mengele
Mengele was listed on the Allies' list of war criminals as early as 1944. His name was mentioned in the Nuremberg trials several times, but Allied forces were convinced that Mengele was dead, which was also claimed by Irene and the family in Günzburg. In 1959, after suspicions had grown that he was still alive, given his divorce from Irene in 1955 and his marriage to Martha in 1958, a warrant of arrest was issued by the German authorities. Subsequently, German attorneys, such as Fritz Bauer, Israel's Mossad, and private investigators like Simon Wiesenthal and Beate Klarsfeld followed the trail of the "Angel of Death". The last confirmed sightings of Mengele placed him in Paraguay, and it was believed that he was still hiding there, protected by Hans-Ulrich Rudel and dictator Alfredo Stroessner. Sightings of Mengele were reported all over the world, but they turned out to be false clues.
In 1985, the German police raided the house of Hans Sedlmeier in Günzburg and seized address books, letters and papers hinting at the grave in Embu. Mengele was exhumed in May 1985 and identified by forensic experts from UNICAMP. Rolf Mengele issued a statement saying that he "had no doubt it was the remains of his father". Everything was kept quiet "to protect those who knew him in South America", Rolf said. In 1992, a DNA test confirmed Mengele's identity. He had evaded capture for 34 years and was the subject of Ira Levin's best-selling novel and later film adaptation, The Boys from Brazil.
On Sept 17, 2007, the US Holocaust Museum released a photo album of Auschwitz containing photos of Mengele. The eight photos of Mengele are the first authenticated pictures of him at Auschwitz, museum officials said.
See also
Mengele was also one of the two main characters in the novel by Ira Levin, Boys from Brazil. The story, filmed by director Frankin Shaffner, is a fictional account of Mengele's attempt to clone Hitler. Gregory Peck appeared as Mengele opposite Lawrence Olivier (Marathon Man) as a Nazi hunter.
References
- ^ The Holocaust history project
- Mengele's CV at Simon Wiesenthal Centre
- Essay by Robert Jay Lifton
- German article at shoa.de
- Ulrich Völklein: Mengele - Der Arzt von Auschwitz. Göttingen, 2001
- Nash, Nathaniel C. " Mengele an Abortionist, Argentine Files Suggest" http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEFDF1E39F932A25751C0A964958260&scp=1&sq=Mengele&st=nyt Feb. 11, 1992
- Harel, I: "The House on Garibaldi Street", page 194. Viking Press, 1975
- Harel, I: "The House on Garibaldi Street", page 194. Viking Press, 1975
- Births and Adoptions records (1961). Department of Births, Deaths and Marriages, Victoria, Australia. Obtained under FOI Act, 1991
- Ulrich Völklein: Mengele - Der Arzt von Auschwitz. Göttingen, 2001
- Ulrich Völklein: Mengele - Der Arzt von Auschwitz. Göttingen, 2001
- http://www.ushmm.org/research/collections/highlights/auschwitz/
- http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077269/
Further reading
- Mengele - the complete story, Gerald Posner and John Ware, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, 1986 ISBN 0-07-050598-5
- Miklos Nyiszli's At Last the Truth About Eichmann's Inferno Auschwitz and Auschwitz—A doctor’s eyewitness account describes his experience involuntary working for Mengele.
- The book Children of the Flames: Dr. Josef Mengele and the Untold Story of the Twins of Ausch by Lucette Matalon Lagado and Sheila Cohn Dekel is a collection of witness accounts pieced together in a biography of sorts about Dr. Mengele and his experiments.
- The Boys from Brazil, a novel by Ira Levin, Bantam, 1991 ISBN 0553290045 — filmed, starring Gregory Peck as Mengele
- The "Last" Nazi - The Life and Times of Dr. Joseph Mengele, Gerald Astor, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1985 ISBN 0 297 78853 1
External links
- A timeline of Mengele's life
- Chicago Tribune Magazine: "How Nazi war criminal Josef Mengele cheated justice for 34 years" by Gerald Posner and John Ware
- Declassified U.S. CIA information on Mengele and other NSDAP war criminals
- "Skeletons in the Closet of German Science," Deutsche Welle September 18, 2005
- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Auschwitz through the lens of the SS. Recently discovered photographs of SS leadership, among them the first authenticated pictures of Mengele at Auschwitz