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The Rohingyas are a minority Bengali Muslims who came and settled in Northern Rakhine State, Western Burma from what is now known as Bangladesh. The Bengalis from Arakan who called themselves Rohingyas are mostly concentrated in two northern townships of Rakhine State (formerly known as Arakan): Maungdaw and Buthidaung as they are very close to Bengladesh and as these townships are very easy for those Bengalis to come and settle in Arakan from Bengladesh.

History

In reality, the so-called "Rohingya" are the Chittagonian Bengalis who came to settle in Arakan. The Bengalis who called themselves Rohingyas clamied as an ethnic group from Arakan that has a history in Arakan State back from long time ago such as 7th century AD. There is no historical evidence at all for it. These Bengalis also frequently lied that they have been settling in Arakan from long before the British occupation of the country. These Bengalis also lied that the forefathers of "Rohingyas Bengalis" had entered into Arakan from time immemorial. Actually, most of the Bengalis, who use the term "Rohingya" came to Arakan after the British's annexation of Arakan. Firstly, they came to Arakan as seasonal workers and later, they settled in Arakan. Indeed, these are Bengalis. They also migrated to Arakan subsequently from Chittagong region during the successive periods until now. DNA analysis will definitely prove that these are 100% Bengalis. The Burmese ruling junta never recognize that "Rohingya-Bengalis" have a long history, a language, a heritage, a culture and a tradition of their own and they had built up in Arakan by their long and historic settlements. The Bengalis from Arakan claimed that they have been settling in Arakan for more than a thousand year which is utterly ridiculous statement. In order to know and understand the full context of the Bengali-Rohingya problems, it is necessary to know the geographical location, the population, the historical background and culture, ethnic origin, chronology of activities of Rohingya-Benagalis. People is often cited as evidence for this. U Nu's democratic administration also did recognize these foreigners and there was a Radio Programme for Bengalis under the denomination of "Rohingya" according to U Nu's selfish policy to win the elections.

• Rohingya-Bengali Parliament Members in Burma

Wealthy and influential Bengali Muslim from Akyab, Arakan, a Bengali, Sultan Mahmood was the political secretary in U Nu’s government and later was appointed as Health Minister. Other Rohingya Bengali Muslims in U Nu’s Parliament as parliamentary secretaries were Mr Sultan Ahmed and Mr Abdul Gaffar. Mr Abdul Bashar, Mrs. Zohora Begum @ Daw Aye Nyunt, Mr Abul Khair, Mr Abdus Sobhan, Mr Abdul Bashar, Mr Rashid Ahmed, Mr Nasiruddin (U Pho Khine), were members of Parliament in different terms in U Nu’s Government. Press Release, Rohingya Patriotic Front 9-2-1966.

Human rights violations

According to Amnesty International, the Rohingyas people have continued to suffer human rights violations under the Myanmar junta since 1978, and many have fled to neighbouring Bangladesh as a result:

"The Rohingya ’ freedom of movement is severely restricted and the vast majority of them have effectively been denied Myanmar citizenship. They are also subjected to various forms of extortion and arbitrary taxation; land confiscation; forced eviction and house destruction; and financial restrictions on marriage. Rohingyas continue to be used as forced labourers on roads and at military camps, although the amount of forced labour in northern Rakhine State has decreased over the last decade."

"In 1978 over 200,000 Rohingyas fled to Bangladesh, following the ‘Nagamin’ (‘Dragon King’) operation of the Myanmar army. Officially this campaign aimed at "scrutinising each individual living in the state, designating citizens and foreigners in accordance with the law and taking actions against foreigners who have filtered into the country illegally". This military campaign directly targeted civilians, and resulted in widespread killings, rape and destruction of mosques and further religious persecution."

"During 1991-92 a new wave of over a quarter of a million rohingyas fled to Bangladesh. They reported widespread forced labour, as well as summary executions, torture, and rape. Rohingyas from Arakan were forced to work without pay by the Myanmar army on infrastructure and economic projects, often under harsh conditions. Many other human rights violations occurred in the context of forced labour of Rohingya civilians by the security forces."

Refugees

Subsequent waves of hundred of thousands of Bengalis from Arakan fled Burma and many refugees inundated neighbouring Bangladesh including 250,000 in 1978 as a result of the King Dragon operation in Arakan. In 1991, following a crackdown on Rohingya-Bengalis or Bengalis from Arakan, 250,000 refugees took shelter in the Cox's Bazar district of neighbouring Bangladesh. However, most of them were later repatriated back to the nation that denied them citizenship. Some of them are still in exile. These exiles mostly live in Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia, although a smaller number are also in the UAE, Thailand, and Malaysia.

As of 2005, the UNHCR had been assisting with the repatriation of Rohingya-Bengalis from Bangladesh, but allegations of human rights abuses in the refugee camps have threatened this repatriation effort.

Despite earlier efforts by the UN, the vast majority of Rohingya-Bengali refugees have remained in Bangladesh, unable to return due the nature of the regime in Burma, the refugees however face problems in Bangladesh where they do not receive support from the government.

Culture

So-called Rohingya Languages is the Chittagonian dialect (Bengali) of modern Bangladesh. The first "Rohingya Language" written was back to 300 years and used Arabic Scripts is a fake history as there is no evidence at all for this. They lied that due to the long colonial period under British rule, Urdu, Farsi and English were the main communication languages in that time. Since then many other scholars have tried to write the Rohingya Language using Arabic, Urdu, Burmese and Hanifi Scripts; the last one being the new invented alphabets mostly derived from Arabic Scripts but a few from Latin and Burmese. However, to make Rohingya Bengali language more easy in today's Computers and communications world, Rohingyalish (Bengali language) has been developed using Latin alphabets only. Since these alphabets are readily available in almost all personal computers used today, we need only a few guide lines to write the Rohingya-Bengali Language. there has been a successful effort to write it using Roman script, known as Rohingyalish (Bengali language) which has been recently recognized by ISO with ISO 639-3 "rhg" code.

Religion is particularly important to the Bengalis from Arakan, who are predominantly Muslim. There are mosques and religious schools in every quarter and village. Traditionally, the men pray in congregation, while women pray at home. It is common for elderly Rohingya-Bengali or Bengali from Arakan men to grow beards, and for women to wear the hijab.

See also

• Rakhine people
• Islam in Burma
• Burmese Indians

References

1. State of Myanmar's Rohingyas 2007
2. Myanmar - The Rohingya Minority: Fundamental Rights Denied, Amnesty International, 2004.
3. "UNHCR threatens to wind up Bangladesh operations". New Age BDNEWS, Dhaka. 2005-05-21. Retrieved 2007-04-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
4. Burmese exiles in desperate conditions
5. ISO 639 Code Tables - SIL Internationl

• "Rohingya". Banglapedia, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
• "A Short History of Arakan". Mohammed Ashraful Alam. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
• "Myanmar, The Rohingya Minority: Fundamental Rights Denied". Amnesty International. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)

The Rohingya ethnic group has a history in Arakan State from the beginning of the 7th century, when Arab Muslim traders settled in Arakan. Rohingya in essence is one of the ethnic groups of Arakan State of Burma and Rohingya leaders had ruled Arakan State for many centuries before it was invaded by Burma’s Dictators, of-course the Mogi (presently known as Rakhine) leaders had also ruled Arakan State. 1 G.E. Harvey, History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 The Beginning of the English Conquest, (London: Frank Cass and Co. Ltd), 1967, p. 282. 2 Frank Trager, Burma: From Kingdom to Republic (London: Pall Mall Press), 1966, p. 26. 3 Maung Htin Aung, A History of Burma, (New York and London: Columbia University Press), 1967, p. 206. 4 Joseph Silverstein, Burmese Politics: The Dilemma of National Unity, (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press), 1980, pp. 50-51; Moshe Yegar, The Muslims of Burma: The Study of a Minority Group, (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrossowitz), 1972, p. 95. 5 Yegar, p. 95. 6 Ibid., p. 96. 7 Hugh Tinker, The Union of Burma: A Study of the First Year of Independence, (London, New York, and Toronto: Oxford University Press) 1957, p. 357. 8 Ibid. 9 Yegar, p. 98. 10 Tinker, p. 56. 11 U Nu, U Nu: Saturday's Son, (New Haven and London: Yale University Press) 1975, p. 272. 12 In 1964, in response to the new round of abuses the insurgency that had been quieted in the 1950s gained strength with the formation of the Rohingya Independence Force (RIF). In 1973, the RIF became the Rohingya Patriotic Front (RPF). The early 1980s saw the emergence of another group, the Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO). In 1986 the RPF and a faction of the RSO led by Nurul Islam agreed to join forces as the Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front (ARIF). In December 1998, ARIF and two other factions of the RSO merged into the Arakan Rohingya National Organization (ARNO). For a history of the evolution of Rohingya political organizations see AFK Jilani, The Rohingyas of Arakan: Their Quest for Justice, (Dhaka), 1999. 13 K. Maudood Elahi, "The Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh: Historical Perspectives and Consequences," In John Rogge (ed.), Refugees: A Third World Dilemma, (New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield), 1987, p. 231. 14 Martin Smith, Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity, (London and New Jersey: Zed Books), 1991, p. 241. 15 Tony Reid, "Repatriation of Arakanese Muslims from Bangladesh to Burma, 1978-79: `Arranged Reversal of the Flow of an Ethnic Minority," Paper presented to the 4th International Research and Advisory Panel Conference, University of Oxford, January 1994, pp. 13-14. 16 Ibid., pp. 14-15. 17 Ibid., p. 19. 18 For a discussion of the repatriation from 1992 to 1995 see Human Rights Watch, "Bangladesh: Abuse of Burmese Refugees from Arakan," Vol. 5, No. 17, October 9, 1993; Curt Lambrecht, "The Return of the Rohingya Refugees to Burma: Voluntary Repatriation or Refoulement?," (Washington, DC: US Committee for Refugees), March 1995. Amnesty International, "Rohingyas - The Search for Safety," (London), September 1997. 19 Lambrecht, p. 8. 20 See Human Rights Watch, "The Rohingya Muslims: Ending a Cycle of Exodus?," Vol.8, No. 9, September 1996, pp. 16-21. 21 Amnesty International, "Rohingyas - The Search for Safety," (London), September 1997, p. 4. 22 Human Rights Watch discussion with UNHCR Country Office, Dhaka, August 13, 1999. Large-scale crises in Kosovo, the African Great Lakes, and East Timor have also placed strains on the financial and human resources of the agency.

External links

• First Rohingya Portal and Information website
• Free Rohingya Campaign
• Website on Rohingya Language
• Rohingya News (Burmese)
• Arakanese portal
• Kaladanpress Network
• Rohingya League for Democracy
• Rohingya Students Development Movement

• Articles needing cleanup from November 2007
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• Misplaced Pages pages needing cleanup from November 2007
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• Ethnic groups in Burma
• Indo-Aryan peoples
• Muslim communities