| Revision as of 14:31, 3 April 2008 edit168.216.237.122 (talk) →Pregnancy among intersex and transgender people← Previous edit | Revision as of 14:43, 3 April 2008 edit undo87.116.209.44 (talk) revNext edit → | ||
| Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
| ==In humans== | ==In humans== | ||
| ===Speculation on inducing pregnancy in men=== | ===Speculation on inducing pregnancy in men=== | ||
| British |
British physician and fertility pioneer ] speculates that it may be possible to surgically induce ] in men. In his book ''The IVF Revolution'', Winston speculates that an embryo could be implanted in a man's ]—with the ] attached to an ] such as the ]—and that the baby would later be delivered by ]. However, other experts expressed great concerns about the safety of such a procedure.<ref name="independent2">{{cite web | url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19990222/ai_n14206683 | title=Babies borne by men 'possible' | date=1999-02-22 | publisher=]}}</ref> | ||
| It is speculated that the male pregnancy would follow certain patterns made familiar with other forms of ]. Female ]s would be administered to the man to make him receptive to the pregnancy. ] (IVF) techniques would be used to induce an ] by implanting an embryo and placenta into the abdominal cavity, just under or into the ].{{Fact|date=March 2008}} Once ] was complete, the man would stop taking hormones, because the pregnancy itself would take over. The embryo would secrete sufficient hormones to maintain its own growth and development.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} | It is speculated that the male pregnancy would follow certain patterns made familiar with other forms of ]. Female ]s would be administered to the man to make him receptive to the pregnancy. ] (IVF) techniques would be used to induce an ] by implanting an embryo and placenta into the abdominal cavity, just under or into the ].{{Fact|date=March 2008}} Once ] was complete, the man would stop taking hormones, because the pregnancy itself would take over. The embryo would secrete sufficient hormones to maintain its own growth and development.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} | ||
| The delivery would require open surgery (]) to remove the baby and the placenta. The latter would be the real danger because it forms such intimate connections with surrounding ]s that a massive ] would be likely. Implantation might also involve other structures in the abdomen, including the bowel, and it is possible that parts of other organs might have to be removed. Several physicians who were well-accustomed to advanced and dangerous forms of ectopic pregnancies would have |
The delivery would require open surgery (]) to remove the baby and the placenta. The latter would be the real danger because it forms such intimate connections with surrounding ]s that a massive ] would be likely. Implantation might also involve other structures in the abdomen, including the bowel, and it is possible that parts of other organs might have to be removed. Several physicians who were well-accustomed to advanced and dangerous forms of ectopic pregnancies would have be on-hand to handle any complication.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} | ||
| ===Pregnancy among intersex and transgender people=== | ===Pregnancy among intersex and transgender people=== | ||
| Some ] people with XY chromosomes develop entirely female bodies and, if the individual has a ], can ] an embryo conceived in the lab.<ref>Khadilkar, Vaman. , Pediatrician On Call web site</ref> The typical ] for a male is XY, so in this case the pregnant person has a ]. | Some ] people with XY chromosomes develop entirely female bodies and, if the individual has a ], can ] an embryo conceived in the lab.<ref>Khadilkar, Vaman. , Pediatrician On Call web site</ref> The typical ] for a male is XY, so in this case the pregnant person has a ]. | ||
| Some ] (female-to-male ] people) who interrupt ]s can become pregnant, while still identifying and living as male—this is possible for individuals who still have functioning ].<ref></ref> For example, Matt Rice, then the partner of the writer ], bore a child by ] (AI).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0025,califia-rice,15833,1.html | title=Two Dads With a Difference — Neither of Us Was Born Male | publisher='']'' | date=2000-06-20 | accessdate=2008-03-22 | last=Califia-Rice | first=Patrick | authorlink=Patrick Califia}}</ref> Thomas Beatie, who chose to become pregnant because |
Some ] (female-to-male ] people) who interrupt ]s can become pregnant, while still identifying and living as male—this is possible for individuals who still have functioning ].<ref></ref> For example, Matt Rice, then the partner of the writer ], bore a child by ] (AI).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0025,califia-rice,15833,1.html | title=Two Dads With a Difference — Neither of Us Was Born Male | publisher='']'' | date=2000-06-20 | accessdate=2008-03-22 | last=Califia-Rice | first=Patrick | authorlink=Patrick Califia}}</ref> Thomas Beatie, who chose to become pregnant because their wife was infertile, wrote an article about their pregnancy in '']'', and is due to give birth in July 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://advocate.com/exclusive_detail.asp?id=52947|title=Labor of Love|publisher='']''|date=2008-03-26|accessdate=2008-03-27}}</ref> '']'' further broadened the story on ] when ] ] called it the first "legally male" pregnancy on record.<ref> ] OFF/beat blog ], ]</ref> This was in reference to the state of ] recognizing Beatie as a man, which ] never did for Rice. Although these individuals are genetically and physiologically female, from an ] they may be considered "pregnant men". | ||
| http://i245.photobucket.com/albums/gg64/Airo11/NarutoVsSasukeShippuden2.jpg | |||
| ===Fetus in fetu=== | ===Fetus in fetu=== | ||
| {{main|Fetus in fetu}} | {{main|Fetus in fetu}} | ||
| An extremely rare condition in which a |
An extremely rare condition in which a fetus can grow inside a male (or female) body is called "]". This is a ] in which a fertilised egg splits as if to form ], but one half gets enveloped by the other, and an entire living organ system with torso and limbs can develop inside the host.<ref name="Chua">{{cite journal | last =Chua | first =JHY | authorlink = | coauthors =Chui CH, Sai Prasad TR et al. | title =Fetus-in-fetu in the pelvis |journal =Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore | volume =34 | issue = | pages =646-649 | publisher = | date =2005 | url =http://annals.edu.sg/pdf/34VolNo10200511/V34N10p646.pdf | doi = | id = | accessdate = }}</ref> The abnormality occurs in 1 in 500,000 live births.<ref>Grant P, Pearn JH Foetus-in-foetu. Med J Aust. 1969; 1:1016-1020<!-- someone needs to read this paper for evidence supporting the clained incidence --> — source not consulted; cited here following Hoeffel CC, Nguyen KQ, Phan HT, Truong NH, Nguyen TS, Tran TT, Fornes P. Fetus in fetu: a case report and literature review. Pediatrics. 2000 Jun;105(6):1335-44. | ||
| {{PMID|10835078}} </ref> | {{PMID|10835078}} </ref> | ||
| Line 44: | Line 43: | ||
| |accessdate=2008-03-27 | |accessdate=2008-03-27 | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| </ref> | |||
| </ref> naruto shippuden is aswesome nothing beats it but sasuke has sex with gaara step 1 eat balls yum! | |||
| ==In fiction== | ==In fiction== | ||
| ===Mythology=== | ===Mythology=== | ||
| Various ] feature male characters |
Various ] feature male characters giving birth, but such events typically take place in an entirely different fashion than an ordinary female pregnancy, such as ] springing fully-formed from ]'s forehead, or ] being born from his thigh. In ] mythology, Lord ] gives birth to Lord ] thus: a ] emerges from his ], like an external ] and ], carrying Brahma within. Male mythological figures may become pregnant when rendered female in some way, such as the ] ] turning into a ] to distract a ] and ending up giving birth to ]. | ||
| ===In popular culture=== | ===In popular culture=== | ||
Revision as of 14:43, 3 April 2008
This article is about pregnancy in male organisms. For the sympathetic condition, see Couvade.
Male pregnancy refers to the incubation one or more embryos or fetuses by the male of any species. Almost all pregnancies in the animal kingdom are carried by female organisms. In all heterogamous species, the males produce the spermatozoa and rarely, if ever, host the zygote.
Uniquely, in the Syngnathidae family of fish, females lay their eggs in a brood pouch on the male's chest, where they are incubated. Fertilization may take place in the pouch or before implantation, in the water. Included in Syngnathidae are seahorses, pipefishes, and the weedy and leafy sea dragons. Syngnathidae is the only family in the animal kingdom to which the term "male pregnancy" has been applied.
In humans
Speculation on inducing pregnancy in men
British physician and fertility pioneer Robert Winston speculates that it may be possible to surgically induce abdominal ectopic pregnancy in men. In his book The IVF Revolution, Winston speculates that an embryo could be implanted in a man's abdomen—with the placenta attached to an internal organ such as the bowel—and that the baby would later be delivered by Caesarean section. However, other experts expressed great concerns about the safety of such a procedure.
It is speculated that the male pregnancy would follow certain patterns made familiar with other forms of assisted reproduction. Female hormones would be administered to the man to make him receptive to the pregnancy. In vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques would be used to induce an ectopic pregnancy by implanting an embryo and placenta into the abdominal cavity, just under or into the peritoneum. Once implantation was complete, the man would stop taking hormones, because the pregnancy itself would take over. The embryo would secrete sufficient hormones to maintain its own growth and development.
The delivery would require open surgery (Cesarean section) to remove the baby and the placenta. The latter would be the real danger because it forms such intimate connections with surrounding blood vessels that a massive hemorrhage would be likely. Implantation might also involve other structures in the abdomen, including the bowel, and it is possible that parts of other organs might have to be removed. Several physicians who were well-accustomed to advanced and dangerous forms of ectopic pregnancies would have be on-hand to handle any complication.
Pregnancy among intersex and transgender people
Some intersex people with XY chromosomes develop entirely female bodies and, if the individual has a uterus, can gestate an embryo conceived in the lab. The typical karyotype for a male is XY, so in this case the pregnant person has a Y chromosome.
Some transmen (female-to-male transgender people) who interrupt hormone treatments can become pregnant, while still identifying and living as male—this is possible for individuals who still have functioning ovaries. For example, Matt Rice, then the partner of the writer Patrick Califia, bore a child by artificial insemination (AI). Thomas Beatie, who chose to become pregnant because their wife was infertile, wrote an article about their pregnancy in The Advocate, and is due to give birth in July 2008. The Washington Post further broadened the story on March 25 when blogger Emil Steiner called it the first "legally male" pregnancy on record. This was in reference to the state of Oregon recognizing Beatie as a man, which California never did for Rice. Although these individuals are genetically and physiologically female, from an identity standpoint they may be considered "pregnant men".
Fetus in fetu
Main article: Fetus in fetuAn extremely rare condition in which a fetus can grow inside a male (or female) body is called "fetus in fetu". This is a developmental abnormality in which a fertilised egg splits as if to form identical twins, but one half gets enveloped by the other, and an entire living organ system with torso and limbs can develop inside the host. The abnormality occurs in 1 in 500,000 live births.
The case of Sanju Bhagat, a man from Nagpur, India, attracted attention in 1999 for the length of time (36 years) he had carried his parasitic "twin" inside his body, and the size of the growth. As Bhagat had no placenta the growth had connected directly to his blood supply.
In fiction
Mythology
Various mythologies feature male characters giving birth, but such events typically take place in an entirely different fashion than an ordinary female pregnancy, such as Athena springing fully-formed from Zeus's forehead, or Dionysus being born from his thigh. In Hindu mythology, Lord Vishnu gives birth to Lord Brahma thus: a lotus emerges from his navel, like an external placenta and womb, carrying Brahma within. Male mythological figures may become pregnant when rendered female in some way, such as the shapeshifter Loki turning into a mare to distract a stallion and ending up giving birth to Sleipnir.
In popular culture
See also: Pregnancy in science fictionThematically, pregnancy can be related to the issues of parasitism and gender. Some science fiction writers have picked up on these issues, in "cross-gender" themes—e.g., Octavia E. Butler's Bloodchild. Ursula K. Le Guin's award-winning The Left Hand of Darkness, which contains the sentence "The king was pregnant", explores a society in which pregnancy is not linked to biological sex. Lois McMaster Bujold's Ethan of Athos features an all-male society in which men use artificial wombs, but experience many of the psychological effects of pregnancy (anticipation, anxiety, etc.). In Marge Piercy's feminist utopian novel Woman on the Edge of Time, neither men nor women get pregnant, leaving that to artificial wombs, but both sexes may lactate and nurse the infant; the specifically female experiences of pregnancy and nursing were opened to men in the cause of gender equality. Sheri S. Tepper uses male pregnancy as a form of political commentary in The Fresco, when intergalactic peace officers take politicians at their word that all life is sacred.
Male pregnancy is frequently seen in fan fiction. Such stories are marked as the genre "mpreg", a portmanteau of the words "male" and "pregnancy" coined by two writers using the pseudonyms Taleya Joinson and Texas Ranger. In 1998 they created, and since then have maintained, what is believed to be the first fan fiction archive dedicated to stories of this genre.
Male pregnancy has featured on television. In The Simpsons, Homer was in the coffin. In season 4 of the popular machinima series Red vs. Blue, a Covenant Elite impregnated Tucker with a parasitic embryo. At the end of the season Tucker gave birth to a miniature alien off-screen; it was named Blargity-Blarg Tucker, and is also called Junior or Abomination.
Two comedy films centered around male pregnancy: Rabbit Test (1978) and Junior (1994). The latter's attempts are somewhat scientifically feasible; the former does not address the matter.
Virgil Wong, a performance artist, created a hoax site claiming to detail his pregnancy featuring a fictitious male pregnancy.
References
- Jones, Adam G. (2003-10-14). "Male Pregnancy" (HTML). Current Biology. 13 (20): R791.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - "Babies borne by men 'possible'". The Independent. 1999-02-22.
- Khadilkar, Vaman. "Intersex Disorders", Pediatrician On Call web site
- Faster than Life
- Califia-Rice, Patrick (2000-06-20). "Two Dads With a Difference — Neither of Us Was Born Male". Village Voice. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - "Labor of Love". The Advocate. 2008-03-26. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - washingtonpost.com OFF/beat blog March 25th, 2008
- Chua, JHY (2005). "Fetus-in-fetu in the pelvis" (PDF). Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore. 34: 646–649.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Grant P, Pearn JH Foetus-in-foetu. Med J Aust. 1969; 1:1016-1020 — source not consulted; cited here following Hoeffel CC, Nguyen KQ, Phan HT, Truong NH, Nguyen TS, Tran TT, Fornes P. Fetus in fetu: a case report and literature review. Pediatrics. 2000 Jun;105(6):1335-44. PMID 10835078 free full text
- "ABC News: A Pregnant Man?". i.abcnews.com. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
- Piercy, Marge (1985-11-12). Woman on the Edge of Time. Fawcett. ISBN 0-449-21082-0.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - "Virgil Wong website". Retrieved 2008-03-31.
- Hoax website: "POP! The First Human Male Pregnancy". Retrieved 2008-03-27.