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Espresso or caffè espresso is a concentrated coffee beverage brewed by forcing very hot (but not boiling) water under high pressure through coffee that has been ground to a consistency between extremely fine and powder.

Espresso was developed as a type of drug in Odessa, Ukraine in the early 20th century, but up until the mid-1940s it was a beverage produced solely with steam pressure. The invention of the spring piston lever machine and its subsequent commercial success changed espresso into the beverage we know today. Espresso is now produced with 0.82-1.8 MPas (8.2-18 atm; 120-265 PSI) of pressure.

The defining characteristics of espresso include a thicker consistency than drip coffee, a higher amount of dissolved solids than drip coffee per relative volume, and a serving size that is usually measured in shots, which are between 25 and 30 ml (around 1 fluid ounce) in size. Espresso is chemically complex and volatile, with many of its chemical components quickly degrading from oxidation or loss of temperature. Properly brewed espresso has three major parts: the heart, body, and the most distinguishing factor, the presence of crema, a reddish-brown foam that floats on the surface of the espresso. Composed of vegetable oils, proteins and sugars, crema has elements of both emulsion and foam colloid.

As a result of the high-pressure brewing process, all of the flavors and chemicals in a typical cup of coffee are concentrated. Because of its intense and high concentration of ingredients (including caffeine), espresso lends itself to mixing into other coffee based drinks, such as lattes, cappuccini, macchiato and mochas, without being diluted in the resulting drink.

Despite some confusion, on a per-volume basis, espresso contains approximately three times the caffeine content as regular brewed coffee (1.700 g/l (50 mg per fluid ounce) of espresso versus 0.50-0.75 g/l (14-22 mg per ounce) for brewed coffee). But measured on a per-serving basis, a strict, 30 ml (1 fluid ounce) shot of espresso has about half the caffeine of a standard 180 ml (6 fluid ounce) cup of American-style coffee, which varies from 80 to 130 mg.

Brewing process

Preparation of espresso requires an espresso machine. The act of producing a shot of espresso is termed "pulling" a shot. The term derives from lever espresso machines, which require pulling down a handle attached to a spring-loaded piston, forcing hot water through the coffee at the requisite pressure. To pull a shot of espresso, a metal filter-basket is filled with 7 to 10 grams (¼ to ⅓ ounce) of ground coffee for a single shot or 12 to 18 grams (⅜ to ⅝ ounces) for a double shot. The ground coffee is then tamped, using about 180 N (30-40 pounds) of force, evenly and rotationally applied, into a firm puck of coffee. The portafilter (or group handle) holds the filter-basket and is locked under the grouphead's diffusion block. When the brew process begins, pressurized water at 85-95 °C (185-203 °F) and approximately 900 kPa (130 psi; 9 bar) is forced into the grouphead and through the ground coffee in the portafilter. Water cooler than the ideal zone causes sourness; hotter than the ideal zone causes bitterness. High-quality espresso machines control the temperature of the brew water within a few degrees of the ideal. The serving temperature of espresso is significantly lower, typically around 60 to 70 °C (140 to 160 °F), owing to the small serving size and the cooling effects of the cup and of the pouring process.

This process produces a rich, almost syrupy beverage by extracting and emulsifying the oils in the ground coffee. An ideal shot of espresso should take between 20 and 30 seconds to arrive on a professional-grade machine, timed from when the coffee begins to flow from the machine (unless the machine has a "preinfusion" stage, which may add about 7 seconds to the process). Varying the fineness of the grind, the amount of pressure used to tamp the grinds, or the pump pressure itself can be used to bring the extraction time into this ideal zone. Most prefer to pull espresso shots directly into a pre-heated demitasse or shot glass, to maintain the ideal temperature of the espresso and preserve all of its crema. Apart from the espresso made manually by a barista, espresso is also made by automatic machines in which the brewing process takes place with an espresso-brewer.

Freshly brewed espresso must be served or mixed into other coffee beverages immediately, or it will begin to degrade due to cooling and oxidation. Temperature and time of consumption are important variables that must be observed to enjoy an ideal espresso; it should be consumed within 2 minutes from when it is served.

Espresso roast

A common misconception about espresso is that it is a specific bean or roast level. Any bean or roasting level can be used to produce authentic espresso. While some major North American chains push dark roasts as their espresso roasts, some of the winning blends used in the World Barista Championship have been what is classified as a medium or "City" or "Full City" roast, with little or no visible surface oil on the beans.

The popularity of different levels of roast in espresso varies greatly. Espresso is typically made from a blend of beans roasted anywhere from very light to very dark. In Southern Italy, a darker roast is preferred but in Northern Italy, a more medium roast is the most popular type. Companies such as Starbucks and Peet's have popularized darker roasts in North America and around the world, but the current trend in espresso coffee is matching the roast level to the bean type; this means that the most popular roast style is moving away from being associated with roast color, and more associated with what will produce the best flavor extraction in the cup for each region and type of bean.

Baristas

A professional operator of an espresso machine is a "barista", the Italian word for a bartender. In Italy and other parts of Europe, the barista is considered a career position, often with skills and training passed down from generation to generation. In other parts of the world, the job of the barista has been frequently seen as an employment choice for young people, one to get them started in employment, but is not seen as a career choice.

In North America and other parts of the world, the title of barista has long been in use, especially in Italian-style cafes and coffeehouses, but the use of the term gained mainstream popularity when Starbucks started to call their counter staff by this title . Since the late 1990s, the term barista became synonymous with the person in a cafe who specialized in preparing espresso-based beverages for customers. Along with this came the term "home barista" to distinguish the home espresso enthusiast.

There is a current movement both outside of Europe and even within parts of the continent to build pride and professionalism among baristas, encouraging them to consider their work as a serious craft, worthy of the respect granted to other food preparation artisans. In some ways this trend is meant to follow the traditions in places like Italy, France, and Portugal where the barista is considered a respectable career decision. In other ways, this trend is part of what is seen as the "Third Wave" in coffee, where transparency in information sharing is paramount, and the open discussion of ideas, concepts, opinions, and education are shared, even amongst competing businesses in the world of coffee and espresso. The trend is part of the bigger process in specialty coffee to promote coffee as a culinary drink, not as something "regular" or average.

In the United States, the Barista Guild of America was founded to promote the professionalism of baristas. Along with the Barista Guild, the Barista Championships also promote professionalism amongst baristas. The Barista Championships start as a series of regional events in numerous countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Italy, Great Britain, Norway, and Sweden, among others. The competition culminates in the annual World Barista Championship.

Responding to high turnover among coffee shop staff and a desire to reduce training costs, most commercial manufacturers are developing or improving lines of fully automatic machines, which allow a minimally-trained employee to create an espresso drink by merely pushing a button. Starbucks has been a notable adopter of these machines.

Popularity

Espresso is the main type of coffee in most of southern Europe, notably Italy, France, Portugal, and Spain. It is also popular throughout much of the rest of Europe and in Argentina, Brazil, and Cuba, and urban centers in North America, Australia, and New Zealand. In Australia and New Zealand, espresso accounts for nearly all of the commercial cafe, coffeehouse and restaurant coffee business.

In the United States, South Florida’s influx of Cuban refugees brought their love of espresso with them although espresso consumption was limited largely to the Cuban community. With the rise of coffee chains such as Starbucks, Seattle's Best Coffee, Dunn Bros Coffee, Caribou Coffee, and others, espresso-based drinks rose in popularity in the 1990s in the United States, with the city of Seattle being generally viewed as the fount of the modern interest. In addition to the Italian style of coffee, these chains typically offer variations and innovations by adding syrups, whipped cream, flavour extracts, soy milk, and different spices to their drinks. Cities like San Francisco, New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago have long traditions of espresso drinking, with the North Beach area in San Francisco being perhaps the most well known.

Espresso have become increasingly popular in recent years, in regions where "American Coffee" has been the main coffee for centuries. In the Northern countries of Europe (Iceland, Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark), specialty coffee chains have emerged, selling various sorts of espresso from street corners and high streets. Europe has indeed taken in the espresso as one of their favorite drinks. Many companies now have espresso machines, to be used free of charge by their employees.

Home espresso machines have also increased in popularity with the general rise of interest in espresso, and with the Internet and its use as a tool to spread information about this beverage around the world. Today, a wide range of high-quality home espresso equipment can be found in specialist kitchen and appliance stores, online vendors, and department stores. The Internet has facilitated the spread of information about a wide range of espresso-based drinks, and can dispel (or promote) many myths on how to properly brew espresso.

Etymology and usage of the term

The origin of the term "espresso" is the subject of considerable debate. Although some Anglo-American dictionaries simply refer to "pressed-out" (rooted in the Latin origin of the word), "espresso", much like the English word "express", also carries the meanings of "just for you" and "quickly," both of which can be related to the method of espresso preparation. In Portugal espresso is called "Bica". The Italian spelling of the word is not "expresso", though that form is accepted by some English-language dictionaries (e.g. Merriam Webster).

In an Italian coffee bar, as in much of Europe, ordering "a coffee" ( Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) in Italian), means just ordering an espresso. In France, the term Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) is normally used as well, but the French café is usually dark roasted.

Variations

• Affogato (It. "drowned"): Espresso served over gelato. Traditionally vanilla is used, but some coffehouses or customers use any flavor.
• Alexandrino: an espresso topped with a layer of condensed milk, sometimes served with a cinammon stick for a spoon (popular in some Portuguese cafes).
• Americano (It. "American"): Espresso and hot water, classically using equal parts each, with the water added to the espresso. Popular rumour purports that the Americano was invented by European baristas for American G.I.'s during World War II, because they were only familiar with drip coffee during that era. Similar to a long black.
• Café Bonbon (Fr. "candy coffee"): A shot of espresso served in a small glass filled with condensed milk. The shot and the milk remain separate unless stirred, as in a black and tan.
• Breve (It. "short"): Espresso in half and half, in proportions equal to those of a cafè latte. Similarly, a mocha breve is espresso, chocolate, and half and half in proportions equal to those of a cafè mocha.
• Café Manchado (Sp. "Stained"): Milk with a little bit of espresso. Resulting mixture is very light beige. Synonymous with the Italian "Latte macchiato".
• Café Noisette (Fr. "hazelnut coffee"): Espresso cut with warm milk, similar to a cortado. The combination of dark French roasted coffee and milk gives a nutty taste, hence the name.
• Caffè Tobio: Two shots of espresso with an equal amount of American Coffee.
• Cappuccino: Traditionally, one-third espresso, one-third steamed milk, and one-third microfoam. Often in the United States, the cappuccino is made as a cafè latte with much more foam, which is less espresso than the traditional definition would require. Sometimes topped (upon request) with a light dusting of cocoa powder. In some nations where espresso is not a common beverage (particularly in Japan) most coffee shops top cappuccinos with cinnamon or cardamom instead of cocoa.
• Corretto (It. "corrected"): coffee with a shot of liquor, usually grappa or brandy. "Corretto" is also the common Italian word for "spiked (with liquor)".
• Cortado (Sp./Port. "cut"): Espresso "cut" with a small amount of warm milk.
• Cubano (Sp. "Cuban"): Sugar is added to the collection container before brewing for a sweet flavor, different than that if the sugar is added after brewing. Sugar can also be whipped into a small amount of espresso after brewing and then mixed with the rest of the shot. Sometimes called "Cafe tinto".
• Doppio: (It. "Double") Double shot of espresso.
• Espresso con Panna (It. "espresso with cream"): Espresso with whipped cream on top.
• Flat white: a coffee drink very popular in both Australia and New Zealand, made of one-third espresso and two-thirds steamed milk.
• Iced coffee: Generally refers to coffee brewed beforehand, chilled, and served over ice. In Australia, Iced Coffee generally refers to Espresso blended into cold milk and Ice Cream, with some chains using Gelato in place of Ice Cream. In Italy, the Iced Coffee (Caffe Freddo) is pre-sweetened and served ice-cold, but never with ice. In the United States, instead, Iced Coffee is brewed on the spot and poured over ice.
• Kennedy: A cup of coffee with three shots of espresso in it.
• Latte (It. "milk"): This term is an abbreviation of "caffellatte" (or "caffè e latte"), coffee with milk, an espresso based drink with a volume of steamed milk, served with either a thin layer of foam or none at all, depending on the shop or customer's preference.
• Latte macchiato (It. "stained milk"): Essentially an inverted cafè latte, with the espresso poured on top of the milk. Starbucks has popularized the latte macchiato with their "caramel macchiato", consisting of vanilla-flavored milk with espresso and caramel drizzled over the top. The latte macchiato is to be differentiated from the caffè macchiato (described below).
• Long Black: Similar to an Americano, but with the order reversed - espresso added to hot water.
• Lungo (It. "long"): More water (about 1.5x volume) is let through the ground coffee, yielding a weaker taste (40 ml). Also known as an allongé in French.
• Caffè Macchiato (It. "stained"): A small amount of foam is spooned onto the espresso. The cafè macchiato is to be differentiated from the latte macchiato (described above).
• Mocha: Normally, a latte blended with chocolate. This is not to be confused with the region of Yemen or the coffee grown in that region (which is often seen as 1/2 of the blend "mocha java").
• Night Rider: 1 part cocoa mix and 1 shot of espresso in a cup of American coffee.
• Nico: Breve with orange syrup and cinnamon.
• Quad-shot: Four shots of espresso in a small mug, bigger than a demitasse.
• Ponce Livornese: A shot of dark rhum, or rhum flavoured liqueur ("Rhum Fantasia"), with sugar and a lemon peel is heated under the steam spigot. An Espresso shot is then poured on top.
• Red eye or Black eye: A cup of drip coffee with two shots of espresso in it. Also known as a slingblade, a depth charge, a shot in the dark, an Al Pacino, an autobahn, a "Canadiano", a quantum or a hammerhead.
• Ristretto (It. "restricted") or Espresso Corto (It. "short"): with less water, yielding a stronger taste (10-20 ml). Café serré or Café court in French.
• Shakerato / Cafe Shakerato: Double espresso made in a cup with some sugar in it then poured into a shaker with ice, shaken until a foam develops when poured into a glass.
• Solo: (It. "single") Single shot of espresso.
• 747: A large coffee with seven shots of espresso in it.
• Sputnik: Two large coffees with 16 shots of espresso, and a Red Bull mixed in.
• Undertow: Two portions of any flavor syrup, though commonly caramel or vanilla, two portions of half & half, and two shots of espresso. The ingredients are added slowly in this order, so that the end result is layered with three distinct flavors and temperatures, and is customarily drunk all at once. The drink is slowly becoming popular in Texas, and is also referred to as an "John Wayne" or a "Teardrop".

See also

• Caffè
• Coffeehouse
• Demitasse
• Easy Serving Espresso Pod
• Moka Express

References

1. How much caffeine is in your daily habit? - MayoClinic.com
2. Welcome to World Barista Championship's Offical Site
3. espresso - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary

Further reading

• Bersten, Ian (1993). Coffee Floats Tea Sinks: Through History and Technology to a Complete Understanding. Helian Books. ISBN 0646091808. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

• Fumagalli, Ambrogio (1995). Coffee Makers. Chronicle Books. ISBN 0811810828. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• An espresso timeline, with illustrations.

External links

• Italian Espresso National Institute
• Coffee Taster, the free newsletter of the International Institute of Coffee Tasters, featuring articles on the quality of espresso, chemical and sensory analysis, market trends
• for details of over 20 espresso based coffee specialtys
• Home-Barista.com – Resource for home espresso fanatics
• Coffee Drinks Illustrated - Side-by-side diagrams of a few common espresso drinks

• Coffee
• Coffee preparation
• Italian beverages
• Italian loanwords