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Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar
Born	Jalaluddin Muhammad October 15 Umerkot
Died	October 12, 1605(1605-10-12) (aged 62) Agra, India
Cause of death	heart attack
Resting place	Akbar's Tomb
Occupation	Emperor of Mughal Empire
Successor	Jahangir
Spouse(s)	Ruqayya Sultan Begum Salimah Sultan Begum Jodhabai or Mariam-uz-Zamani Sakinah Banu Begum
Children	Shahzada Nuruddin Muhammad Salim (Jahangir), son Shahzada Shah Murad, son Shahzada Danyal, son Shahzadi Khanim Sultan, daughter Shahzadi Shakr-un-Nisa Begum, daughter Shahzadi Aram Banu Begum, daughter Shahzadi Jahan Begum, daughter Shahzadi Ximini Begum, daughter Shahzadi Khanum, daughter
Relatives	shafiq ullah khan

Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar (Template:Ur Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar), also known as Akbar the Great (Akbar-e-Azam) (full title: Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Imam-i-'Adil, Sultan ul-Islam Kaffatt ul-Anam, Amir ul-Mu'minin, Khalifat ul-Muta'ali Abu'l-Fath Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar I Sahib-i-Zaman, Padshah Ghazi Zillu'llah ) (October 15 1542 – October 17 or October 27 1605) was the son of Nasiruddin Humayun whom he succeeded as ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1556 to 1605. He was the grandson of Babar who founded the Mughal dynasty. He was named Badruddin Mohammed Akbar. Badruddin means full moon because he was born on the night of a full moon. He was named after his maternal grand father Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami. After the capture of Kabul by his father his date of birth and name were changed to throw off evil sorcerers.

Akbar, widely considered the greatest of the Mughal emperors, was only 14 when he became emperor, due to the death of his father Humayun During his reign, he eliminated external military threats from the Afghan descendants of Sher Shah (an Afghan who was able to temporarily oust Humayun from 1540-1555), and at the Second Battle of Panipat defeated the Hindu king Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, also called Hemu. In addition to his military gains, the emperor solidified his rule by repealing the jizya tax on non-Muslims and courting the favour of the powerful Rajput caste, to the extent of marrying Rajput princesses.

Akbar was a polymath: an architect, artisan, artist, armorer, blacksmith, carpenter, construction worker, emperor, engineer, general, inventor, animal trainer (reputedly keeping thousands of hunting cheetahs during his reign and training many himself), lacemaker, technologist and theologian. His most lasting contributions were to the arts. He initiated a large collection of literature, including the Akbar-nama and the Ain-i-Akbari, and incorporated art from around the world into the Mughal collections. He also commissioned the building of widely admired buildings, and invented the first prefabricated homes and movable structures. Having a greatly tolerant attitude toward religion he began a series of religious debates where Muslim scholars would debate religious matters with Sikhs, Hindus, Cārvāka atheists and even Jesuits from Portugal. He founded his own religious cult, the Din-i-Ilahi or the "Divine Faith"; however, it amounted only to a form of personality cult for Akbar, and quickly dissolved after his death leaving his wife behind.

Early years

Akbar was born on October 15, 1542, at the Rajput Fortress of Amarkot in Sind where the Mughal Emperor Humayun and his recently wedded wife, Hamida Banu Begum were taking refuge. Soon they were transferred to State of Rewa (in present day Madhya Pradesh) where Akbar grew up in village of Mukundpur. Akbar and prince Ram Singh who later became Maharaja of Rewa grew up together and stayed close friends through life. In 1547, Humayun had been driven into exile, following decisive battles, by the Afghan leader Sher Shah. Akbar did not go to Persia with his parents, and instead was raised for a time by his uncle Askari and his wife in the rugged country of Afghanistan rather than in the splendour of the Persian court. He spent his youth learning to hunt, run and fight, but he never learned to read or write, the sole exception in Babur's line. Nonetheless, Akbar matured into a well-informed ruler, with refined tastes in the arts, architecture and music, a love for literature, and a breadth of vision that tolerated other opinions.

Following the chaos over the succession of Islam Shah (Sher Shah's son), Humayun reconquered Delhi in 1555, leading an army partly provided by his Persian ally Shah Tahmasp. Months later, Humayun died from an accident falling down the stairs of his library (probably Feb 9, one of the ascension dates for Akbar; Gregorian date Feb 19). Bairam Khan cleverly concealed the report of Humayun's death in order to prepare for Akbar's accession to the throne. Akbar succeeded his father on February 14, 1556 Gregorian Feb 24, while in the midst of a war against Sikandar Shah for the reclamation of the Mughal throne. Here, in Kalanaur (Gurdaspur, Punjab) the 13 year old Akbar donned a golden robe and Dark Tiara and sat on a newly constructed platform, which still stands, and was proclaimed Shahanshah (Persian for "King of Kings"). The mosque built at the time of Akbar can still be seen and the place where he prayed can be visited.

Early conquests

Akbar decided early in his reign that he should eliminate the threat of Sher Shah's dynasty, and decided to lead an army against the strongest of the three, Sikandar Shah Suri, in the Punjab. He left Delhi under the regency of Tardi Baig Khan.

Sikandar Shah Suri presented no major concern for Akbar, and often withdrew from territory as Akbar approached; However, back in Delhi Hemu, a Hindu warrior, also known as Hemu Vikramaditya, captured Agra and then Delhi on 6th October, 1556 and declared himself as Emperor of India. Tardi Beg Khan promptly fled the city. Hemu Vikramaditya, who during three years from Oct.1553 to Oct 1556, had won 22 successive battles appointed himself not only ruler, or Raja Vikramaditya, but re-established Hindu Kingdom and Vikramaditya Dynasty in Delhi.

News of the capitulation of Delhi spread quickly to Akbar, and he was advised to withdraw to Kabul, which was relatively secure. But urged by Bairam Khan, Akbar marched on Delhi to reclaim it. To bolster troop morale, he ordered that someone should "prepare fireworks as a treat for the soldiers" and "make an image of Hemu, fill it with gunpowder, and set it on fire". Tardi Beg and his retreating troops joined the march, and also urged Akbar to retreat to Kabul, but he refused again. Later, Bairam Khan had the former regent executed for cowardice, though Abul Fazl and Jahangir both record that they believed that Bairam Khan was merely using the retreat from Delhi as an excuse to eliminate a rival.

On November 5,1556 Akbar's army defeated the more numerous forces of Hemu Vikramaditya at the Second Battle of Panipat, 50 miles north of Delhi, thanks to a chance arrow into Hemu's eye. Hemu was brought to Akbar unconscious, and was beheaded. Some sources say that it was Bairam Khan who killed Hemu, but Akbar certainly used the term Ghazi, warrior for the faith, a term used by both Babur, his grandfather, and Timur when fighting Hindus in India. Akbar, in order to become a Ghazi (a slayer of kaffir – infidel), had cut Raja Hemchandra Vikramditya into pieces. Hemu's head was sent to Kabul and hung outside Delhi Darwaza, while his torso was hung outside Purana Qila, opposite present day Pragati Maidan in Delhi. Acting out as a Ghazi ("victor") Akbar constructed a victory pillar made from the heads of the captured/surrendered army of Raja Hemchandra Vikramaditiya and rebellious soldiers, just like Babur did. Pictures of such towers are displayed in National Museum, New Delhi and Panipat Museum in Haryana.

The victory also left Akbar with over 1,500 war elephants which he used to re-engage Sikandar Shah at the siege of Mankot. Sikandar surrendered and so was spared death, and lived the last remaining two years of his life on a large estate granted to him by Akbar. In 1557 the only other threat to Akbar's rule, Adil Shah, brother of Sikandar, died during a battle in Bengal. Thus, by the time Akbar was 15 his rule over Hindustan was secured .

Bairam Khan

Akbar was only 13 years old when he became emperor, and so his general ruled on his behalf until he came of age. The regency belonged to Bairam Khan, a Shia Afghan noble born in Badakhshan who successfully dealt with pretenders to the throne and improved the discipline of the Mughal armies. He ensured power was centralised and was able to expand the empires boundaries with orders from the capital. These moves helped to consolidate Mughal power in the newly recovered empire.

Respect for Bairam's regency was not, however, universal. There were many people plotting his demise in order to assume the apparent absolute rule they saw in him. Much was written, critically, of his religion. The majority of the early court were Sunni Muslims, and Bairam's Shia'ism was disliked. Bairam knew about this, and perhaps even to spite that, appointed a Shia Sheikh, Gadai to become the Administrator General, one of the more important roles in the empire. Further Bairam lived a rather opulent lifestyle, which appeared to be even more excessive than that of Akbar.

The most serious of those opposed to Bairam was Maham Anga, Akbar's aunt, chief nurse and mother of his foster brother, Adham Khan. Maham was both shrewd and manipulative and hoped to rule herself by proxy through her son. In March 1560 the pair of them urged Akbar to visit them in Delhi, leaving Bairam in the capital, Agra. While in Delhi Akbar was bombarded by people who told him he was now ready to take full control of the empire and to dismiss Bairam. He was persuaded to fund an excursion for Bairam to go on Hajj to Mecca, which was to act, essentially, as a form of ostracism. Bairam was shocked at the news from Delhi, but was loyal to Akbar, and despite Akbar's refusal to even meet with the General, refused the suggestions by some of his commanders to march on Delhi and "rescue" Akbar.

Bairam left for Mecca, but was quickly met by an army sent by Adham Khan, approved by Akbar, which was sent to "escort" him from the Mughal territories. Bairam saw this as the last straw, and led an attack on the army, but was captured and sent as a rebel back to Akbar to be sentenced. Bairam Khan, whose military genius had seen the Mughals regain their lands in India, who had served both Humayun and Akbar loyally, and laid the foundation for a strong empire, was now before the emperor as a prisoner. Maham Anga urged Akbar to execute Bairam, but Akbar refused. Instead, in defiance of Anga, he laid down full honours to the General, and gave him robes of honour, and agreed to fund him a proper Hajj excursion. However, shortly after Bairam Khan's Hajj journey got underway, just before he reached the port city of Khambhat he was killed by an Afghan assassin whose father had been killed five years ago in a battle led by Bairam. Bairam died on January 31, 1561.

Restoration

While previous Muslim rulers, in particular the Mughal founder Babur, restricted freedom of worship for Hindus and other religious groups under their direct domain, Akbar actively encouraged members of the varying religious groups to enter his government. Once Akbar visited Amber and there he fell in love with Jodhaa Bai, the Princess of Amber. In the most critical instance, he persuaded the Kacchwaha Rajput Raja Barmal of Amber (modern day Jaipur) into a matrimonial alliance, and married Raja Barmal's daughter Jodhaa Bai that proved to be a turning point in the history of the Mughal empire, as this was the first instance of royal matrimony between Hindu and Islamic monarchs in India.

Other Rajput kingdoms soon established matrimonial alliances with the Emperor of Delhi. The law of Hindu succession has always been patrimonial, so the Hindu linage was not threatened in marrying their princesses for political gain. Two major Rajput clans remained against him, the Sisodiyas of Mewar and Hadas (Chauhans) of Ranthambore. The Rajputs were of the Hindu warrior caste, the Kshatriyas, who, like the Afghans took opium prior to battle to invoke the god of war and vanquish fear of death. Entering into alliance with these kingdoms enabled Akbar to extend the border of his Empire to far off regions, and the Rajputs became the strongest allies of the Mughals. Rajput soldiers fought for the Mughal empire for the next 130 years till its collapse following the death of Aurangzeb.

In another turning point of Akbar's reign, Raja Man Singh I of Amber went with Akbar to meet the Hada leader, Surjan Hada, to effect an alliance. Surjan grudgingly accepted an alliance on the condition that Akbar did not marry any of his daughters. Surjan later moved his residence to Banaras.

However, Maharana Pratap of Mewar declined to accept Akbar's suzerainty and till the end was opposed to Akbar.

Akbar is recorded as saying "A monarch should be ever intent on conquest, lest his neighbours rise in arms against him", and he went on to expand the Mughal empire to include Malwa (1562), Gujarat (1572), Bengal (1574), Kabul (1581), Kashmir (1586), and Kandesh (1601), among others. Akbar installed a governor over each of the conquered provinces, under his authority.

Akbar did not want to have his court tied too closely to the city of Delhi. He ordered the court moved to Fatehpur Sikri, near Agra, but when this site proved untenable, he set up a roaming camp that let him keep a close eye on what was happening throughout the empire. He developed and encouraged commerce, in part by abolishing religious restrictions on the conduct of business between Muslims and Hindus.

Akbar's tax reforms were especially noteworthy, and formed the basis of the Mughal Empire's immense wealth in succeeding generations. His officials prepared a detailed and accurate cadaster (land register) noting each land parcel's soil quality, water access, etc., and so assessed their value, taking account of prevailing prices for various crops in each region. This was a distinct improvement on earlier land tax systems, including the Egyptian and Roman ones, which had levied land taxes as an in-kind share of the harvest. By making taxes reflect the value of the land rather than the harvest, this stimulated both investment in improvements and more productive use of the land. Akbar abolished the pilgrimage tax to be paid by hindu pilgrims to bring about equality amongst the subject he ruled. Akbar also abolished the jizyah (tax paid by non-Muslims for their protection against invaders), and gave strict orders to prevent extortion by tax collectors. The economic effect was such that the revered Qing emperor Kang Xi adopted similar measures a century later in China, with similar success.

Personality

Akbar is said to be a benevolent and wise ruler, a man of new ideas, and a sound judge of character. His son and heir, Jahangir, in his memoirs, wrote effusive praise of Akbar's character, and dozens of anecdotes to illustrate his virtues.

According to Jehangir, Akbar's complexion was like the yellow of wheat, Portuguese who visited his court described him as plainly white. Akbar was tall, broad shouldered, strongly built with long arms and hands. Once on his way back from Malwa to Agra, Akbar rode alone in advance of his escort and suddenly found himself in-front of a fierce tigress who along with her cubs came out from the shrubbery across his path. Tigress anxious for the welfare of her cubs charged at the young emperor (Akbar was only 19 at that time). Young Akbar showing immense intrepidity, cold blooded courage and sure-sightedness brought the raging tigress down in a single blow of his sword. His approaching attendants found the 19 year old emperor standing quietly by the side of slaughtered beast.

In yet another instance of Akbar's courage and strength, Bihari Mal (a price of Rajput state Ambir), his son, grandson and few retainers were paying Akbar a visit at an imperial camp near Delhi. Upon their arrival at the camp they came across at a very surprising sight. Men were fleeing in all directions before a raging elephant who was wrecking havoc on everything that came within its reach. On the neck on this raging beast sat a young man in perfect calmness prodding the animal's head with iron prong (this is widely used method in India to guide elephants). Visiting Rajputs watched in utter amazement and respect as the young man conquered the elephant by making it kneel down. He sprang from the back of the elephant and cordially greeted the visitors (who now recognized him as the emperor Akbar) (This incident was also portrayed in the recent bollywood movie 'JodhaAkbar' although certain liberties were taken from the original event for the sake of the script).

Abul Fazal, and even the hostile critic Badayuni, described him as having a commanding personality. He was fearless in chase and in the battle field, and, "like Alexander of Macedon, was always ready to risk his life, regardless of political consequences". He often plunged on his horse into the flooded river during the rainy seasons and safely crossed it. He rarely indulged in cruelty and is said to have been affectionate towards his relatives. He pardoned his brother Hakim, who was a repented rebel. But on rare occasions, he dealt cruelly with offenders, such as his maternal uncle Muazzam and his foster-brother Adham Khan.

He is said to have been extremely moderate in his diet. According to Jahangir's memoirs, he was fond of fruits and had little liking for meat, which he stopped eating in his later years. He is also considered the most tolerant Mughal emperor, as he repealed the jizya tax levied on Hindus. He was also much more religiously tolerant than many of the Muslim rulers after him. Jahangir wrote: "As in the wide expanse of the Divine compassion there is room for all classes and the followers of all creeds, so. . . in his dominions, . . . there was room for the professors of opposite religions, and for beliefs good and bad, and the road to altercation was closed. Sunnis and Shias met in one mosque, and Franks and Jews in one church, and observed their own forms of worship."

To defend his stance that speech arose from hearing, he carried out a Language deprivation experiment, and had children raised in isolation, not allowed to be spoken to, and pointed out that as they grew older, they remained mute.

Akbar, the third generation Moghal emperor who lived from 1542-1605 A.D, has been extolled as the greatest of all Moghals, righteous in deed and noble in character. He is praised to be the only and truly secular Emperor of the times, very caring and protective of his subjects.

Relation with Hindus

Hindu Temples Saved

Akbar sent a golden umbrella for an idol which was detroyed. He also allowed conversion of a mosque into Hindu temple at Kurukshetra, this temple was previously destroyed and converted into a mosque.

Hindu Temples Destroyed

Contrary to popular belief Akbar, continued the policy of Babur and Humayun in the destruction of Hindu temples. It is recorded by Bayazid Biyat, personal attendant of Humayun, that Akbar gave two villages for the upkeep of a mosque and a Madrasa which was setup by destroying a Hindu temple, this was done under the supervision of 'Todar Mal' who was highly regarded Hindu minister (vizir) of Akbar. . Akbar's army was responsible for demolition of rich Hindu temples which had gold idols in the Doab region between Ganga and Yamuna . Historian Abd al-Qadir Badauni records that during Akbar's reign at Nagarkot, near Kangra, 200 cows were slaughtered, numerous Hindus killed and a temple was demolished .

On the 1st Rajab 990 Akbar's forces encamped by a field of maize near Nagarkot. The fortress (hissãr) of Bhîm, which has an idol temple of Mahãmãî, and in which none but her servants dwelt, was taken by the valour of the assailants at the first assault. A party of Rajpûts, who had resolved to die, fought most desperately till they were all cut down. A number of Brãhmans who for many years had served the temple, never gave one thought to flight, and were killed. Nearly 200 black cows belonging to Hindûs had, during the struggle, crowded together for shelter in the temple. Some savage Turks, while the arrows and bullets were falling like rain, killed those cows. They then took off their boots and filled them with the blood and cast it upon the roof and walls of the temple .

Akbar waged a holy war (Jihad) against Rana Pratap. Abd al-Qadir Badauni who was then one of Akbar's court chaplains or imams, states that he sought an interview with the emperor when the royal troops were marching against Rana Pratap in 1576, begging leave of absence for "the privilege of joining the campaign to soak his Islamic beard in Hindu infidel blood". Akbar was so pleased at the expression of allegiance to his person and to the Islamic idea of Jihad that he bestowed a handful of gold coins on Badaoni as a token of his pleasure.

At first the Emperor said: “Why he has just been appointed one of the Court-Imáms, how can he go?” Naqíb Khán represented that I had a very strong desire to take part in a holy war. So the Emperor sent for me, and asked me: “Are you in earnest?” I answered: “Yes.” Then he said, “For what reason?” I humbly replied: “I have the presumption to desire to dye these black mustachios and beard in infidel blood through loyalty to your Majesty's person:— .....And when I put out my hand towards the couch in order to kiss his foot, he withdrew it; but, just as I was going out of the audience chamber, he called me back, and filling both his hands he presented me with a sum of 56 ashrafí, and bid me farewell.

During the siege of Chittor, 8000 rajputs had remained inside the fort to defend various temples after the cavalry sallied out to meet Akbar's army in the plain below. These 8000 died fighting to the last man in defence of Hindu temples when Akbar's army stormed the fort and attacked the temples. In addition their were 30,000 plus Hindu peasants inside the fort who were unarmed and massacred in cold blood by Akbar's forces by Akbar's order on Feb. 24, 1568 CE. Chittor defenses were under the command of an experienced general 'Jaymal' (Lion of Chittor). Like his usual customary style Akbar lead his troops into the battle and himself inflicted the mortal wound on general 'Jaymal'. But unlike the usual norm of celebrating after a victory, Akbar realizing the bravery and sacrifices of Rajput's never celebrated his triumph but instead saluted the courage of Rajput general Jaymal (and Pata who fought against Akbar forces at chittor)by erecting two immense stone elephant statues infront of the gate of imperial palace at Delhi. These magnanimous act of Akbar earned him more respect from Rajputs.

The shrine of Moinuddin Chisti in Ajmer was presented brass candlesticks by Akbar which were taken after the destruction of Kalika temple by Akbar during the third siege of Chittor . samadhi his wife in aurangabad

Impression of Hindus about Akbar

Hindus did not hold Akbar or his Hindu generals in high regard. Akbar's general Man Singh built Vishwanath temple with the emperor's permission. Hindus boycotted this temple becuase Man Singh's family had marital relations with the mughals . The contempt of Akbar came to the fore when Hindu peasant community leader, Raja Ram, tried to ransack Akbar’s mausoleum at Sikandara. But his attempt was foiled by the local faujdar, Mir Abul Fazl.

After a short while, Raja Ram reappeared at Sikandara and taking advantage of the delay in coming of Shaista Khan, the governor-designate of Agra, he attacked and plundered Akbar’s mausoleum and carried away the precious articles of gold and silver, carpets, lamps etc. and destroyed what he could not carry.

According to Niccolao Manucci Rajaram and his men dragged out the bones of Akbar, threw them angrily into fire and burnt them.

Not getting a proper burial and especially cremation is considered very bad treatment for a departed Muslim.

In media

• In 2008, director Ashutosh Gowariker released a film telling the story of Akbar and his wife Hira Kunwari (known more popularly as Jodha Bai), titled Jodhaa Akbar. Akbar was played by Hrithik Roshan and Jodhaa was played by Aishwarya Rai.
• Akbar was portrayed in the award-winning 1960 Hindi movie Mughal-e-Azam (The great Mughal), in which his character was played by Prithviraj Kapoor.
• Akbar and Birbal were portrayed in the Hindi series Akbar-Birbal aired on Zee TV in late 1990s where Akbar's role was essayed by Vikram Gokhale. Currently, Akbar-Birbal airs on Zee Gujarati, but dubbed in Gujarati.
• A television series, called Akbar the Great, directed by Sanjay Khan was aired on DD National in the 1990s.
• A fictionalized Akbar plays an important supporting role in Kim Stanley Robinson's 2002 novel, The Years of Rice and Salt.
• Amartya Sen uses Akbar as a prime example in his books The Argumentative Indian and Violence and Identity.
• Bertrice Small is known for incorporating historical figures as primary characters in her romance novels, and Akbar is no exception. He is a prominent figure in two of her novels, and mentioned several times in a third, which takes place after his death. In This Heart of Mine the heroine becomes Akbar's fortieth "wife" for a time, while Wild Jasmine and Darling Jasmine centre around the life of his half-British daughter. His end was an unfortunate luck to both Persian and Indian.
• Akbar is also the AI Personality of India in the renowned game Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties. Unfortunately, the game developers didn't do their research - the taunts he uses indicate he is Hindu, not Muslim.

See also

• Mughal Emperor
• List of people known as The Great
• The Akbarnama
• Touch Pieces

References

1. bookrags.com - Encyclopedia of World Biography article
2. the-south-asian.com - Short Biography
3. bookrags.com - Encyclopedia of World Biography article
4. the-south-asian.com - Short Biography
5. Pg 57 Hoyland, J.S., Banerjee S.N., Commentary of Father Monserrate, S.J: On his journey to the court of Akbar, Asean Educational Services Published, 1996; ISBN 8120608070
6. Women of the Mughal Dynasty - Deborah Hutton - 2002 - Skidmore College.
7. History of India The Nine Gems of Akbar - Neria Harish Hebbar, MD - Saturday, April 5 2003
8. The Second Battle of Panipat - Robert W. Martin - about.com.
9. ^ Abul Fazl - Akbarnama Volume II
10. The life and times of Humayun, by Ishwari Prasad (1955, rev. 1970)
11. Akbar - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2006
12. ^ Irfan Habib (1992), "Akbar and Technology", Social Scientist 20 (9-10), pp. 3-15 .
13. Abul Fazl - Akbarnama Volume III
14. S.K. Banjerji: "Humayun Badshah".
15. Abul Fazl - Akbarnama Volume I
16. http://punjabgovt.nic.in/government/gurdas1.GIF
17. ^ Jahangir, Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri (Memoirs), 17th century, as translated by Alexander Rogers, 1863.
18. Richard von Garbe : Akbar, Emperor of India, Pub: Chicago-The Open Court Publishing Company, 1909
19. Richard von Garbe : Akbar, Emperor of India, Pub: Chicago-The Open Court Publishing Company,1909
20. M. Miles, SIGN, GESTURE & DEAFNESS IN SOUTH ASIAN & SOUTH-WEST ASIAN HISTORIES: a bibliography with annotation and excerpts from India; also from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma/Myanmar, Iraq, Nepal, Pakistan, Persia/Iran, & Sri Lanka, c1200-1750
21. ^ Harbans, Mukhia : The Mughals of India, Pub: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., ISBN: 9780631185550, Page 23
22. H.M. Elliot and J.Dowson, History of India As Told by Own Historians, Volume V, Publisher: Ams Pr Inc (June 1977), p. 358
23. Abd al-Qadir Badauni, Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh, vol. II, p. 383
24. Dr. Satish Chandra: Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals, Pub: Har Anand Publications, ISBN: 8124105227, Page 107
25. Richard von Garbe : Akbar, Emperor of India, Pub: Chicago-The Open Court Publishing Company,1909
26. C.C.Watson (I.C.S): Rajputana District Gazetteers, Pub: 1904 Scottish Mission Industries Co., Ltd., Page 17
27. S. P. Udayakumar, Page No. 99. Presenting the Past: Anxious History and Ancient Future in Hindutva India, Published 2005, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN:0275972097
28. Niccolao Manucci, Storia Mogor, Published by John Murray in 1907, 319th page

Bibliography

• Abu al-Fazl ibn Mubarak Akbar-namah Edited with commentary by Muhammad Sadiq Ali (Kanpur-Lucknow: Nawal Kishore) 1881-3 Three Vols. (Persian)
• Abu al-Fazl ibn Mubarak Akbarnamah Edited by Maulavi Abd al-Rahim. Bibliotheca Indica Series (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal) 1877-1887 Three Vols. (Persian)
• Henry Beveridge (Trans.) The Akbarnama of Ab-ul-Fazl Bibliotheca Indica Series (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal) 1897 Three Vols.
• Haji Muhammad 'Arif Qandahari Tarikh-i-Akbari (Better known as Tarikh-i-Qandahari) edited & Annotated by Haji Mu'in'd-Din Nadwi, Dr. Azhar 'Ali Dihlawi & Imtiyaz 'Ali 'Arshi (Rampur Raza Library) 1962 (Persian)

External links

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

• Akbar
• Akbar, Emperor of India, by Richard von Garbe, translated by Lydia G. Robinson at Project Gutenberg
• The Mughals: Akbar
• The Mughal Emperor Akbar : World of Biography
• Photos of Akbar The Great's Final resting place
• Akbar and Birbal Digital Flipbook

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• Mughal emperors
• Turkic rulers
• People from Agra
• 1542 births
• 1605 deaths
• Former Muslims
• Child rulers who reached age of majority
• Founders of religions